Growth In Germany Research Articles

How might the implementation of a Sustainability Policy influencethe resilience of economic growth A Case of EU Taxonomy for SustainableActivities in Germany, Spain, and Italy

This paper examines how Sustainability Policy influences the resilience of economic growth in Germany, Spain, and Italy. By analyzing the Gross Domestic Product from 20217 to 2022, this paper finds that the three countries experienced economic growth after the pandemic. However, they have economic growth resilience of due to the amount of green investment in small and medium enterprises. The more enterprises and investments in the country, the more economic strength there is to resist the challenges of COVID-19 while contributing to the economic recovery. Interestingly, the analysis finds that policy synergies are linked to the strength of economic growth. This study emphasizes that governments need to align their policies with the EU Taxonomy to ensure their economic growth is both resilient and sustainable.

Impact of Immigration Policies on Economic Growth in Germany

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Germany's immigration policies have had a significant impact on its economic growth. These policies have facilitated the influx of skilled labor, which has helped to address the country's demographic challenges, particularly the aging population and labor shortages in key sectors. Immigrants have contributed to the labor market by filling both high-skilled and low-skilled jobs, boosting productivity and innovation. Additionally, immigration has increased consumer demand, further stimulating economic growth. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, dual labor market theory & endogenous growth theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Implement comprehensive language and vocational training programs for refugees and low-skilled immigrants to facilitate their economic integration and productivity. Formulate balanced immigration policies that address sector-specific labor demands without disadvantaging native workers.

The productivity effects of labor market deregulation: evidence from German firms during 2010–2019

Abstract In the early 2000s, the German government introduced the Hartz reforms, which deregulated German labor markets. These reforms were praised internationally as striking a balance between job growth and productivity growth. While macroeconomic research has shown that the reforms have indeed lowered German unemployment, their effects on labor productivity need to be better understood. This paper addresses the impact of temporary agency work (TAW) on German labor productivity during 2010–2019, based on data from a firm-level panel of the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). It contributes to the rising number of firm-level studies by extending their results in a broader temporal perspective, during which TAW intensities have increased substantially, especially in TAW-using firms. The system generalized method of moment (GMM) estimations based on a firm-level data set with 13,197 observations for the period 2010–2019 show that a robust hump-shaped relationship exists between the extent of TAW and the firms’ labor productivity. We find that the increase in the use of TAWs following the Hartz reforms has, on average, positively contributed to labor productivity growth in German firms. However, the findings also show that if numerical flexibility is increased too much, productivity growth in Germany will suffer. This is particularly the case for several industrial sectors that are important in the German economy. These results are important given recent calls for more labor market flexibility to help firms grow in an increasingly turbulent global economy.

The relationship between finance and growth in Germany and Luxembourg: A timeseries analysis approach

The present paper examines the economic growth and financial development relationship in two of the European Union’s founding countries and Eurozone members, namely Germany and Luxembourg, by taking into consideration a large period, from 1970 to 2019. We motivate the choice of these specific two countries based on the similar rate of GDP per capita growth over the years, and also on the relevance of the financial sector in the total economy. Five different measures of financial development are employed to address the depth and efficiency of the financial sector. We apply Granger causality tests, using the cointegration and Vector Error-Correction (VEC) methodology. The empirical analysis indicates consistent results, as both in the case of Germany and Luxembourg it can be established Granger causality for the economic growth – financial development nexus. There is also evidence of bi-directional relationship.

The contribution of knowledge-intensive firms to employment growth: a Granger causality approach for German regions

ABSTRACT Academic discussions have frequently examined the interrelation between regional employment growth and firm locations. Two growth patterns emerge: employment growth induced through new firm locations or vice versa, where firms locate in areas experiencing employment supply growth. The specific causal relationship responsible for regional employment growth in Germany remains uncertain. In the German context, however, more research is needed to identify contributors to employment growth, as most existing studies rely on highly aggregated data or focus on specific case studies. This paper aims to approach this subject by using a uniquely matched dataset of firm locations and the individual employment of 480 multi-locational firms in the knowledge economy and comparing it to total employment in Germany. We assume that a change in knowledge-intensive firms’ employment may affect regional employment growth. The study uses longitudinal historical employment data at the functional urban area (FUA) level from 1999 to 2019, aggregated to knowledge-intensive high-tech and advanced producer services (APS) sectors. The analysis employs aggregated and individual Granger causality tests, evaluating the relationship between employment in knowledge-intensive sectors and overall employment change. Results are spatialised using GIS to provide evidence of where the Granger causalities occur at the FUA level in Germany. Findings indicate that, in general, knowledge-intensive employment growth Granger causes total employment growth in a few economically more active FUAs. In contrast, for a greater number of FUAs, total employment Granger causes knowledge-intensive employment.

Demographic Aging and Long-Run Economic Growth in Germany

Demographic Aging and Long-Run Economic Growth in Germany

Public debt, current account, and economic growth in Germany: Evidence from a nonlinear ARDL model

This paper investigated the public debt-growth nexus in Germany using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. We first review a history of the public debt problem in Germany from colonial times to the present. Since Germany had trading relationship with the rest of the world, the impact of such a relationship on economic growth is examined by including the current account (CA) as another explanatory variable in addition to public debt. We find that public debt and CA both have asymmetric impacts on the economic growth of Germany. Specifically, an increase in the level of public debt reduces economic growth while a decrease in public debt has no impact. In contrast, an increase in CA raises GDP by more than the increase in public debt-to-GDP ratio reduces GDP growth.

A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Renewable Energy Production and Economic Growth

World relied heavily on non-renewable sources in energy production for a long time.
 Although renewable energy investment is costly, especially for developing countries, the energy continuity provided by these sustainable sources can lower investment costs dramatically in the long run. Improvement of factors like economic growth and social welfare are believed to increase awareness of sustainable energy production. In this context, this paper examines the relationship between renewable energy production and the economic growth of Germany, France, which are low energy-dependent countries, and Turkey, which is heavily dependent on external sources in terms of energy. The paper uses annual data between 1970-2018. The stationarity of variables was tested with methods developed by Zivot and Andrews (1992), and Enders and Lee (2012). Cointegration analysis with structural breaks developed by Gregory and Hansen (1996) was used to evaluate the relationship between variables. The results from the regime shift model indicate that structural reforms caused a big regime shift in the relationship between energy production and economic growth in Germany and Turkey whereas the reforms did not lead to such a shift in France. The results of the causality analysis indicate a unidirectional causality from GDP to RN for Turkey and Germany.

Aging and regional productivity growth in Germany

We investigate the effects of aging on regional productivity growth, the mechanisms and the strength of which are not well-understood. We focus on two different manifestations of population aging—workforce aging and an increasing share of retirees—and investigate channels through which aging may impact on regional productivity growth for a panel of German counties 2000–2019. We find that workforce aging is more negatively associated with productivity growth in urban than in nonurban regions. A likely reason is that aging is detrimental to innovative and knowledge-intensive activities, which are heavily concentrated in cities. We also find a negative association between the share of the retired population and productivity growth in regions with a small household services sector. A likely reason is that older people’s disproportionate demand for local household services (including health care, recreation) requires a re-allocation of resources from more productive manufacturing or business services to less productive household services. Regions specialized more in highly productive industries have more to lose in this process.

Economic Growth in Germany, 1500–1850

New data are used to construct a time series of real GDP in Germany for the period 1500–1850 using an indirect output estimation technique that relies on wages, prices, and sectoral employment. Until the mid-seventeenth century, real GDP per capita moved inversely with population. The eighteenth century saw a modest rise in output per head. From the late 1810s, economic growth gradually accelerated. The results shed new light on the reversal of fortunes in early modern Europe and the transition from a Malthusian regime to modern economic growth.

Measuring and Validating the Factors Influenced the SME Business Growth in Germany—Descriptive Analysis and Construct Validation

In Germany, the medical device industry constitutes a cornerstone of the health sector. In this study, we investigated the challenges and factors affecting the present-day performance of German SMEs concerned with medical devices. The research methodology adopted a cross-sectional and correlational research design, with simple random-sampling techniques, to data obtained from 110 mid-level and senior managers in German SMEs by means of an online structured survey in August 2022. We statistically validated our study data using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) testing, and Bartlett’s test, to assess the relationship between study variables and measure data adequacy using the R4.1.1(21) software, then carried out principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax factor loading and extracted six factors for use as research variables. The researchers also applied descriptive data analysis techniques using SPSS.21. The main study variables were: (1) the business performance of small and medium businesses (SMP); (2) their financial situation (SMEF); and (3) their implementation of new medical device industry regulations (MDR). By such statistical means, results confirmed poorer business performance and lower anticipated growth amongst SMEs affected by MDR, over and above the impacts of the present-day economic situation. The data can be used by management information systems (MIS) and decision system support professionals for planning and developing practical models about how to cope with current industry challenges. We recommend further research involving inferential analysis and triangulation of these data in the form of a semi-structured qualitative study in the larger scope of the population and different sectors.

High‐resolution mapping of 33 years of material stock and population growth in Germany using Earth Observation data

AbstractGlobal societal material stock in buildings and infrastructure have accumulated rapidly within the last decades, along with population growth. Recently, an approach for nation‐wide mapping of material stock at 10 m spatial resolution, using freely available and globally consistent Earth Observation (EO) imagery, has been introduced as an alternative to cost‐intensive cadastral data or broad‐scale but thematically limited nighttime light‐based mapping. This study assessed the potential of EO data archives to create spatially explicit time series data of material stock dynamics and their relation to population in Germany, at a spatial resolution of 30 m. We used Landsat imagery with a change‐aftereffect‐trend analysis to derive yearly masks of land surface change from 1985 onward. Those served as an input to an annual reverse calculation of six material stock types and building volume‐based annual gridded population, based on maps for 2018. Material stocks and population in Germany grew by 13% and 4%, respectively, showing highly variable spatial patterns. We found a minimum building stock of ca. 180 t/cap across all municipalities and growth processes characterized by sprawl. A rapid growth of stocks per capita occurred in East Germany after the reunification in 1990, with increased building activity but population decline. Possible over‐ or underestimations of stock growth cannot be ruled out due to methodological assumptions, requiring further research.

ANTI-CRISIS MEASURES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

The article analyzes the deterioration in the situation in the German energy sector that began in 2021 and continued in 2022. It was complemented by a significant intensification of the crisis surrounding Ukraine. Its consequence was the introduction of a harsh sanction’s regime against Russia by the collective West, primarily by the United States and the European Union. As part of multiple sanctions packages in March-June, restrictions on a number of domestic primary energy sources were imposed, which were major contributors to rising global oil and gas prices and curbed Russian gas supplies to Europe. This has become one of the most important factors driving inflation growth in Germany and raising expectations of gas shortages on the eve of the next autumnwinter season. Since the beginning of the year, the government has taken a number of measures in the energy sector, which, however, at the beginning of the second half of the year were only able to partially alleviate the looming crisis. The author assesses the effectiveness of German anti-crisis instruments and the prospects of maintaining a consensus in the coalition government on further steps to resolve the situation. Particular attention is paid to the conflict over the Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline.

Is development in bariatric surgery in Germany compatible with international standards? A review of 16years of data.

Bariatric surgery has expanded tremendously internationally over the past decade. In recent years, bariatric surgery has experienced a significant growth in Germany. However, the question arises as to whether this development is in line with international developments or whether there is still room for improvement that could be challenged. 63,990 primary bariatric procedures recorded in the German Bariatric Surgery Registry (GBSR) were analyzed from 2005 to April 2021. The distribution of procedures according to different variants was analyzed and presented. In the last 16years, 17 different procedures have been performed. The most common surgical procedure was sleeve gastrectomy (SG), followed by Roux-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (42%). Adjustable gastric banding (AGB) has declined over time, from 23.5% in the first 5 years to 0.2% in recent years. In comparison, omega-loop gastric bypass has increased over the past 5 years (from 0.4% in the first 5 years to 5.9% in the last 5 years). Laparoscopic procedures have accounted for 96.4% of all bariatric surgeries in recent years. The frequency of some procedures has decreased and some bariatric procedures have lost significance. Overall, bariatric surgery in Germany has developed positively compared to the international trend. Nevertheless, there is one area that needs to be optimized: the development of robotic bariatric surgery, which crawls behind in Germany compared to other countries. To establish the technology in bariatric surgery in a timely manner, a balance must be found between cost neutrality and patient-oriented applications.

Financial development and tourism: a century of evidence from Germany

ABSTRACT This article presents findings from the first study to examine the direct effects of financial development on tourism. Using a unique historical dataset for Germany covering 1870 to 2016, we apply an autoregressive distributional lag (ARDL) model with structural breaks. To identify the lead–lag relationship between financial development and tourism, we adopt the wavelet coherence method and the most recently developed Shi, Hurn, and Phillips (2020) time-varying causality test. The ARDL results suggest that, on average, financial development is associated with an increase in tourist arrivals. The wavelet coherence results unveil a significant positive correlation between financial development and tourism in both short- and medium-terms, and financial development leads to tourism growth in Germany. Moreover, the causality results indicate that the positive effect of financial development on tourism is most evident from 2009 onward. Our study provides important implications for policymakers.

An Ideology of Sustainability under Technological Revolution: Striving towards Sustainable Development

The recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented surge in global warming occasioned by human anthropogenic activities. The ensuing effects have brought devastating threats to human existence and the ecosystem, with the sustainability of the future generations highly uncertain. Resolving this pervasive issue requires evidence-based policy implications. To this end, this study contributes to the ongoing sustainable development advocacy by investigating the impacts of renewable energy and transport services on economic growth in Germany. The additional roles of digital technology, FDI, and carbon emissions are equally evaluated using data periods covering 1990 to 2020 within the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. The results show the existence of cointegration among the variables. Additionally, renewable energy and transport services positively drive economic growth. Furthermore, economic growth is equally stimulated by other explanatory variables, such as digital technology and carbon emissions. These outcomes are robust for both the long-run and short-run periods. More so, departures in the long run are noted to heed to corrections at an average of 60% speed of adjustment. The estimated models are confirmed to be valid based on the outcomes of the postestimation tests. Policy implications that support the path to sustainability are highlighted based on the findings.

ДИНАМІКА ТА ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РИВКА В КРАЇНАХ АЗІЙСЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ

The article is devoted to the study consists in analyzing the dynamics and patterns of economic growth in Germany and the countries of the Asian region. The statistical analysis of economic performance, historical analysis, generalization, comparison, analysis and synthesis, economic and mathematical modeling methods are used in the study. The dynamics and patterns of growth of China and the “Asian Tigers” of the first generation are analyzed in the article. A comparison of the features of the economic "leap" in Asian countries (China, Singapore, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan) was done. For each country studied, the existing preconditions are listed and the incentives for intensifying the economic "leap" are named. It is emphasized that Taiwan, Singapore and the Republic of Korea are united by another feature: their rapid economic development took place under the strict leadership of the authorities, i.e. with the use of an authoritarian regime. The rapid economic development of the countries studied is due to the flexibility of state policy on economic restructuring, the development of foreign trade based on export-oriented economies, as well as the creation of a favorable climate for foreign investment. In order to identify the key factors that contributed to the economic growth of these countries, a correlation-regression analysis of the dependence of gross domestic product as the main indicator of economic growth on a number of macroeconomic indicators. Four countries are selected for analysis: China, Singapore, Hong Kong and South Korea in the period of 1960–2020-s. In general it is established, the rapid economic development of Asian countries is associated with on the combination of state regulation and market mechanism, particularly with the flexibility of government policy on restructuring the economy on a high-tech basis, export orientation, creating a favorable climate for foreign investment and financial sector development, as well as the formation of sufficient savings proper rights, institutional environment are transformed into investment, contributing to further economic growth.

Industry Interconnectedness and Regional Economic Growth in Germany

Urban systems, and regions more generally, are the epicenters of many of today’s social issues. Yet they are also the global drivers of technological innovation, and thus it is critical that we understand their vulnerabilities and what makes them resilient to different types of shocks. We take regions to be systems composed of internal networks of interdependent components. As the connectedness of those networks increases, it allows information and resources to move more rapidly within a region. Yet, it also increases the speed and efficiency at which the effects of shocks cascade through the system. Here we analyzed regional networks of interdependent industries and how their structures relate to a region’s vulnerability to shocks. Methodologically, we utilized a metric of economic connectedness called tightness which quantifies a region’s internal connectedness relative to other regions. We calculated tightness for German regions during the Great Recession, comparing it to each region’s economic performance during the shock (2007–2009) and during recovery (2009–2011). We find that tightness is negatively correlated with changes in economic performance during the shock but positively during recovery. This suggests that regional economic planners face a tradeoff between being more productive or being more vulnerable to the next economic shock.

Development of Transport as a Factor of the Economic Miracle (Wirtschaftswunder) of West Germany

Abstract The post-war economic policy of West Germany (FRG) is largely associated with the so-called economic miracle (German: Wirtschaftswunder) and therefore its causes are the subject of many different analyzes. They include the correlation between the rate of economic growth in Germany and the development and transport potential of transport, including rail and road-car transport. This position prompted the author to try to search for long-term interdependencies and thus verify the thesis using the analysis of time series (1950–1989) available for West Germany and using original econometric methods in this field, e.g. unit root test to determine the stationarity and the Engle-Granger cointegration test. In addition to the introduction, the article consists of three parts and conclusions. The broadest one includes the description of the assumptions and stages of the research procedure and its results, both on the empirical and methodological level. It is based on synthetic theoretical foundations presented on the basis of a review of international literature on the subject and review of the essence of the German economic miracle and the main trends in changes in the field of economic growth and transport development in Germany after World War II. The research presented in this way fits into the principles of the new economic history paradigm, which is still not very popular in Europe.

Investigating the causal linkage among economic growth and renewable and non‐renewable energy consumption: cases of Germany, the UK and France

AbstractThis empirical study examines the causal links among renewable energy consumption (REC) and non‐renewable energy consumption (NREC) and economic growth in Germany, the UK and France between 1980 and 2019. To this purpose, we use two different approaches: Toda and Yamamoto (Journal of Econometrics, 66, 1995, 225) time causality test and Lemmens et al. (International Journal of Forecasting, 24, 2008, 414) frequency causality test. For UK and France, the results show no significant causality between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and REC, which supports the neutrality hypothesis. Regarding NREC, similar findings are obtained. However, for Germany, the time approach indicates bi‐directional causality between REC and GDP, while the frequency approach shows uni‐directional causality from REC to GDP in the long‐run. Therefore, there is a consensus on the growth hypothesis in Germany. Furthermore, the frequency analysis displays also one way causal nexus running from Germany’s GDP to NREC in long horizons. The policymakers in UK and France should take into account that renewables and energy conservation policies are neutral in respect to economic growth. As for Germany, measures of reducing NREC would not significantly damage GDP, and renewable energies promotion plan would be beneficial for economic growth.