Growth Of Different Parts Research Articles

ДИКОПЛОДОВЫЕ ПОРОДЫ НА НАРУШЕННЫХ ЗЕМЛЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА

Wild fruit species on disturbed lands grow in degraded areas and have the ability to quickly restore the ecosystem. Restoration of disturbed lands in mountain and piedmont areas plays a big role and is a significant resource in the national economic potential of the region, an important reserve for agricultural production. The article provides an overview of the disturbed lands of the North Caucasus as a result of mining. For the purpose of biological rehabilitation, a classification of technogenic landscapes has been developed. The state of wild fruit and berry plants in disturbed areas has been revealed, which depends on the types of substrate, topography, climate, parts of the slopes and their steepness. Eleven wild fruit species grow naturally in quarries in the study region. Among them, sea buckthorn and dog rose stand out. They tolerate drought well and are resistant to low soil fertility. Cherry plum, common hazel and hawthorn prefer better moisture conditions. The degree of root growth in different parts of the slope has been established, which makes it possible to determine the suitability of soil and hydrological conditions for wild fruit species and to plan appropriate measures. It has been confirmed that the moist parts of the lower slopes are the most favorable for the growth and development of plants. The individuality of the formation of wild fruit and berry plantings according to the exposures at each deposit separately is noted. The prospects of wild fruit breeds capable of producing root shoots are substantiated. It was revealed that the spread of root suckers occurs more intensively on light soils, despite the fact that moisture is better on clay; this is not the main criterion for the spread of suckers. An assortment of wild fruit plants has been developed to create protective plantings in various environmental conditions. Measures are proposed to restore disturbed lands. Key words: WILD FRUIT SPECIES, DISTURBED LANDS, SLOPE, QUARRY, REHABILITATION, ROOT OFFSPRING, ASSORTMENT

Mechanism of Beam-Plasma Discharge Development in the Gas Dynamic Trap

The work studies how a plasma discharge in the Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) is ignited in a volume significantly exceeding the volume of the injected electron beam. This property of a beam-plasma discharge makes it attractive to use relatively low-power electron beams to create starting plasma in open traps with parameters sufficient for its further effective heating by the neutral injection. Despite the fact that effective ionization of plasma far beyond the electron beam in open traps has been observed experimentally for more than 60 years, the detailed mechanism of this phenomenon is still not clear. Particularly many questions arise in regimes that are implemented in such large fusion facilities as GDT, where the relaxation length of the beam turns out to be significantly less than the length of the trap, and the turbulence excited by the beam is localized near the entrance magnetic mirror. Based on recent experiments [E.I. Soldatkina et al. Nucl. Fusion 62, 066034 (2022)], we have proposed a scenario for the development of a discharge in GDT, according to which a compact region of intense plasma turbulence first rapidly expands radially, ionizing the gas outside the beam tube in the vicinity of a magnetic mirror, and then a slower ionization process begins in the rest trap volume both due to the tail of suprathermal particles that are formed in the turbulence zone, and due to thermal electrons that receive energy from the pumping region via the longitudinal electron thermal conductivity. To assess how well this scenario explains the experimentally observed dynamics of plasma density growth in different parts of the facility, we carry out particle-in-cell simulations of the radial expansion of the turbulence zone and propose a simplified model of impact ionization in the entire volume of the trap by both thermal and suprathermal electrons.

Impact of Plasma Treatment on Lady’s Finger Seeds for Germination and its Growth

Atmospheric pressure plasma has emerged as a promising technology in various fields, including plasma medicine, agriculture, food safety and storage, and food manufacturing. Plasma treatment has proven to be beneficial in plasma agriculture, as it enhances seed germination, plant growth, and resilience against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Additionally, it can aid in the removal of pesticides, increase biomass, and improve yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of plasma treatment on seed germination and plant growth are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this study, the authors aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of Lady’s finger seeds treated with cold plasma, characterized by 2.86 W dissipative power at 7 kV in an argon environment and electron density of 4.53×1010 cm–3 under atmospheric conditions. The FTIR technique was used to identify the functional groups present in the seed before and after treatment, revealing the presence of C-H, C=O, C-O, and N-O functional groups, as indicated by their corresponding absorption peaks at different wave numbers. The stretching of bonds between elements of the functional groups was observed based on transmittance. Moreover, the treated seeds were germinated, and the physical growth of different parts (root, shoot, and leaf) was measured. The results showed that the growth rate of different parts was higher in the treated seeds than in the untreated.

Early stages of the formation of axial musculature of the juvenile Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833)

The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of the development of the Russian sturgeon in a specialized fish farm to assess the compliance of the technological conditions of cultivation with the biological needs and physiological characteristics of this type of sturgeon, as well as to ensure the further receipt of highquality fish products. The article considers histogenesis and morphological features of axial musculature of juvenile Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) at the early stages of its formation, aspects of histological structure of musculature in the process of its differentiation into deep (musculus lateralis profundus) and superficial (musculus lateralis superficialis) lateral muscles. The formation and variability in diameter of muscle fibers of various types (oxidative and glycolytic) are discussed. It was found that the main part of the axial musculature is represented by a deep lateral muscle (musculus lateralis profundus). This muscle is formed by typical white (glycolytic) fibers. A smaller part of the axial musculature is represented by red (oxidative) type fibers. The results of the studies indicate the heterogeneity of the studied structures and the uneven period of fiber growth in different parts of the body, a large variability in the diameter of glycolytic fibers in the fingerlings of the Russian sturgeon. Together with the data on the beginning of differentiation of deep and lateral fibers at the age of one month, this allows us to estimate the approximate time of laying the main muscles and pay special attention to nutrition and conditions of fish keeping. The absence of pathologies in the structure and development of muscle fibers suggests that the cultivation of sturgeon fish in a cooling pond on running water is more favorable for the health of fish, unlike farms with closed water supply.

PREDICTION OF THE AMPLITUDE OF 25 TH SOLAR CYCLE USING THE RATE OF INCREASE OF SOLAR ACTIVITY

A prediction of the amplitude of the 25th cycle of solar activity is proposed based on the analysis of data on 24 previous solar cycles, which relate to the statistical relationship between the rate of increase in the number of sunspots in the phase of the growth curve and the amplitude of the cycle. It turned out that the forecasting result depends on which section of the growth curve is taken as the basis for forecasting, as well as whether all 24 cycles are taken into account, or only the odd ones. The prediction result is also affected by the initial assumption about monotonicity or non-monotonicity of the growth phase. A comparison of the rates of sunspot growth in different parts of the growth phase of different cycles shows that the current cycle #25 does not show early signs of non monotonic growth similar to those observed in the 24th cycle. It was concluded that, most likely, the maximum smoothed number of sunspots in the 25th cycle W max (25) should be equal to 185 ± 18 units in the new system, which corresponds to the average power of the solar cycle, with the implementation of the Hnievyshev-Ohl rule. However, if cycle #25 will still have a non-monotonic curve of the growth phase, similar to such a curve in the previous cycle #24, then W max (25) » 130. With such parameters of this cycle, there are no signs of approaching the deep minimum of the age cycle in the middle 21st century. This does not exclude the fact that this deep age minimum can occur suddenly and sharply immediately after the 25th cycle, as was the case, for example, in the Dalton minimum.

Online learning for continuous professional development of healthcare workers: an exploratory study on perceptions of healthcare managers in Rwanda

Due to outbreaks of new diseases, development of new treatment regimens and requirement of evidence-based practice, health professionals continuously need to acquire updated knowledge and skills. This type of learning is known as continuous professional development (CPD). The scarcity of skilled health care professionals in developing countries further increases the need of CPD. Traditionally, face-to-face approach has been preferred as the best mode of CPD. Currently, health professionals have started using online learning for continued professional growth in different parts of the world. Consequently, research studies from different settings are needed to investigate the significance of online learning for CPD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the importance and challenges attributed to online learning by the managers of health facilities in Rwanda. Moreover, the study aimed to identify the status of infrastructures that could support online CPD, and assess the perceived enhancement and barriers for implementing online CPD. The study used a convergence mixed-method design to explore quantitative and qualitative data from 42 health care managers. A descriptive analysis was conducted on quantitative data while qualitative data were thematically analyzed to inform the study findings. It was revealed that 90.5% of managers, who participated in this study, consider positively the use of online learning for CPD. All managers acknowledged that online learning could improve the knowledge and practice skills of health care professionals. Nevertheless, 52.4% of health institutions who participated in this study currently do not use online for CPD. Participants demonstrated challenges such as the lack of access to digital devices, poor or lack of internet access, poor online learning design, low digital skills of healthcare professionals, lack of time dedicated to online learning, and heavy workload of staff. These findings indicate then that the managers of health institutions value the importance of online learning for CPD of health professionals. However, online learning should be designed to fit for the purpose and with a high consideration on needs and preferences of healthcare professionals and thereby improve information communication technology infrastructure that support online learning for CPD. Traditional in-person CPD courses are still recommended in health institutions with shortage in resources and technology. Also, the barriers of online CPD delivery such as low internet connectivity and lack of access to digital devices by healthcare professionals need to be co-creatively addressed through the pyramidal structure of the Rwandan health system.

A survey of the mutual effects of mobile phone usage on the citizenship culture in developing countries

Information and Communication Technologies have made great changes to the lifestyle of human beings. Mobile phones, with their rapid growth in different parts of the world, essential parts of our lives. Mobile phone has helped to overcome location barriers and have had great impacts on the people’s lives, especially in urban areas. In developing countries, mobile phone has grown rapidly in the recent decade and has had great impacts on communications and other aspects of social life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the mobile phone technology push on the culture of citizens, in developing countries. Running a survey-type research, a sample of people in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, have been asked to fill a questionnaire; then, after gathering and cleansing and analysing the data, some recommendations are added that could be used in urban policy making in the various developing countries

Space-time changes in the initial phase of modern climate warming

The initial phase of a temperature growth in different parts of the Earth has been examined. It is found that climate warming in the continental areas began 6–8 years earlier than in the oceanic areas. Climate warming in the sub-polar cyclonic circulation area in the North Atlantic has been started only after the beginning of the positive quasi-30-year phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), i. e. since 2000s. On the basis of the Singular Spectrum Analysis of the air temperature time series the continental areas are found, in which summer air temperature changes are synchronous with AMO on a decadal scale. In those regions, climate warming began with a 10–15 year lag in comparison to other continental areas. The highest level of statistical significance of the correlation between quasi-60-year AMO components and summer air temperatures is observed in Central and Eastern Europe (35–60° N, 10–45° E). This oscillation explains the decadal summer temperature changes within the range of ±(0.5–0.6) °C in Belarus. Climate warming intensifies in summer during the ascending AMO segment, while during the descending segment, which has started since around 2010, the decrease in the rate of growth of summer temperatures should be expected.

Zeppelin-led study on the onset of new particle formation in the planetary boundary layer

Abstract. We compared observations of aerosol particle formation and growth in different parts of the planetary boundary layer at two different environments that have frequent new particle formation (NPF) events. In summer 2012 we had a campaign in Po Valley, Italy (urban background), and in spring 2013 a similar campaign took place in Hyytiälä, Finland (rural background). Our study consists of three case studies of airborne and ground-based measurements of ion and particle size distribution from ∼1 nm. The airborne measurements were performed using a Zeppelin inside the boundary layer up to 1000 m altitude. Our observations show the onset of regional NPF and the subsequent growth of the aerosol particles happening almost uniformly inside the mixed layer (ML) in both locations. However, in Hyytiälä we noticed local enhancement in the intensity of NPF caused by mesoscale boundary layer (BL) dynamics. Additionally, our observations indicate that in Hyytiälä NPF was probably also taking place above the ML. In Po Valley we observed NPF that was limited to a specific air mass.

Zeppelin-led study on the onset of new particle formation in the planetary boundary layer: dataset

Abstract. We compared observations of aerosol particle formation and growth in different parts of the planetary boundary layer at two different environments that have frequent new particle formation (NPF) events. In summer 2012 we had a campaign in Po Valley, Italy (urban background) and in spring 2013 a similar campaign took place in Hyytiala, Finland (rural background). Our study consists of airborne and ground-based measurements of ion and particle size distribution from ~1 nm. The airborne measurements were performed using a Zeppelin inside the boundary layer up to 1000 m altitude. Our observations show the onset of regional NPF and the subsequent growth of the aerosol particles happening uniformly inside the mixed layer (ML) in both locations. However, in Hyytiala we noticed local enhancement in the intensity of NPF caused by mesoscale BL dynamics. Additionally, our observations indicate that in Hyytiala NPF was probably also taking place above the ML. In Po Valley we observed NPF that was limited to a specific air mass.

Migration routes and habitat use of a highly adaptable salmonid (sea trout, Salmo trutta) in a complex marine area

BackgroundUnderstanding fish movements and migrations are paramount for management and conservation efforts. By applying Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) on records from electronic tags, migration routes of tagged fish can be reconstructed and new insights to the movement ecology of a species can be gained. We demonstrate the usability of HMMs on a widespread, iteroparous salmonid (sea trout, Salmo trutta) in a complex marine area with highly variable temperatures and salinities within small geographic distances. Understanding how the highly adaptable sea trout cope with these complex conditions could shed new light on factors driving the movement ecology of salmonids. Migration tracks of fish migrating at sea are reconstructed by applying an HMM on temperature and depth records from eight wild post-spawned sea trout from four Danish rivers.ResultsThe fish migrated at sea for 47–142 days. Estimated positions of all fish were close to the coast (< 100 km) throughout the marine period, but migrations along coastlines up to 580 km away from the natal river occurred. Seven of eight individuals resided in or actively migrated into stratified or shallow marine areas that heat up fast during spring, while all eight individuals resided in deeper and more heterogeneous areas that heat up slow during summer. All fish entered the Skagerrak (located between Denmark and Norway) at some stage during summer. Migrations were directed into less saline areas during the first 15 days at sea for all individuals. Mean linear progression of the fish was 16 km day−1 (range 0–58 km day−1).ConclusionsThe results corroborate the expectation that sea trout are more coastally orientated than other salmonids, but also suggest that longer migrations occur in the seas surrounding Denmark compared to elsewhere. This could be a consequence of the fish seeking out habitats with optimal conditions (e.g. salinity, temperature, predation and foraging options) for growth in different parts of the year. The coinciding movement from shallow or stratified marine areas that heat up fast during spring to deeper, more well-mixed areas that heat up slow during summer suggested that some habitat selection had occurred. These results shed new light on factors influencing marine migrations in salmonids and demonstrate how HMMs can expand our knowledge on behaviour and movement ecology of marine fishes.

Beneficial Effects of Several Nanoparticles on the Growth of Different Plants Species

The excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers led to environmental pollution and serious health issues. Nanotechnology may solve such a type of problems by providing nanomaterials of high performance. Here, we reviewed the beneficial effects of some different nanoparticles on the growth of different parts of different plants belonging to 14 different families. Nanoparticles such as CNT, Ag-NPs, TiO2-NPs, Au-NPs, S-NPs, Ag-NPs+ Magnetic field-NPs, ZnO-NPs, Fe-NPs, SiO2-NPs, RA-NPs, Zinc-NPs, Silica-NPs, Apatite-NPs, CeO2-NPs, Cu-NPs, CaCO3-NPs, Chitosan- NKP-NPs and Carbon nono-tube coated NKP+ Chitosan NPK-NPs show better growth enhancement effect on different parts of plants and crop production when used in proper concentration. We find that the most favorable effect of NPs was on, chlorophyll contents, root and shoot length followed by proteins contents and plant biomass.

International Scientific and Practical Conference on Agrarian Economy in the Era of Globalization and Integration

International Scientific and Practical Conference on Agrarian Economy in the Era of Globalization and Integration (AGEGI 2018)October 24-25, 2018, Moscow, RussiaThe International Scientific and Practical Conference on Agrarian Economy in the Era of Globalization and Integration was held on October 24-25, 2018 in Moscow, Russia. The conference was organized by the Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of the Organization of Production, Labor and Management in Agriculture (VNIOPTUSKH), and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Conference aimed to bring leading scholars, educators, and practitioners in the fields of agricultural economics, environmental studies, agricultural engineering, and sustainable development to share their research results, insights, and experiences and to discuss actual trends, challenges, and solutions. The focus of the Conference, its interdisciplinary approach, and international outreach allowed to create a truly engaging and intellectually challenging atmosphere.The conference was held in the Headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Russia and brought over 300 speakers and participants representing various universities, research institutions, as well as the leading agricultural and industrial enterprises from Eastern Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and a number of Central Asian nations. We were also very honored to have representatives of the emerging African countries. In particular, the conference was marked with participation of Mohamed Ali Kamil, the Emergency and Authorized Ambassador of the Republic of Dzhibuti in Russia, and Dr. Anisset G. Kochofa, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Benin to the Russian Federation and Former High Commissioner of the Eurasian Economic Cooperation Organization for International Cooperation. A great number of policy experts and policy makers took part in the conference and presented their challenging views on the state of agricultural economy in the Eurasian Economic Union and its development prospects in the era of globalization and integration.We are pleased to introduce the Conference Proceedings containing a selection of high-quality papers from contributed presentations in the conference. These papers present an integrated approach to agricultural systems, economic development, and the environment, which is highly necessary in order to respond to a number challenges in conditions of increasing globalization and integration. The intensification and diversification of agricultural systems is observed due to the rapid social development and economic growth in different parts of the world. Such tendencies cause increasing impact on natural resources and lead to unpredictable environmental consequences. Also, agricultural systems are under stress from climate change, environmental degradation, and population growth. The current institutions, policies, and agricultural technologies can hardly cope with such rapid changes. The featured papers present a wide variety of opinions and address these challenges in a comprehensive and innovative ways. Thus, the resulted collection of papers is of interest to a wide audience, including not only specialists and experts with a detailed knowledge of the topic, but also scholars, lecturers, and undergraduates of various fields of economics.Aleksei V. BogovizDoctor of Economics, Professor, Chief ResearcherFederal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics

Monitoring maize growth conditions by training a BP neural network with remotely sensed vegetation temperature condition index and leaf area index

Crop water stress and vegetation status are critical parameters and should be proposed as input variables of an integrated model for crop productivity and yield estimation. In this study, to improve the monitoring of the regional maize growth conditions in the North China Plain, PR China, the remotely sensed vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI) and leaf area index (LAI) at five growth stages of maize (the seeding, jointing, heading, milk and mature stages) during 2010–2015 were generated as inputs of three-layer back propagation (BP) artificial neural networks (ANNs) with different numbers of nodes in the hidden layer to estimate the crop growth. Among these BP ANN models, an architecture with 12 nodes in the hidden layer provided the best training (RMSE = 755.7 kg/ha, MSE = 0.023) and testing (RMSE = 644.3 kg/ha, MSE = 0.037) performance and was selected to simulate values of the integrated growth monitoring index of maize (IGMIM) and to map the regional maize growth conditions pixel by pixel in the North China Plain during 2010–2018. The spatiotemporal characteristics displayed by the maize growth maps based on the IGMIM showed that the best year was 2016, the worst year was 2015, and maize growth in different parts of the plain varied accordingly with variations in the meteorological conditions. Thus, the information reflected by the IGMIM was in good agreement with the actual results. To further validate the accuracy of the integrated index, the correlations between the values of the IGMIM and several growth-related variables, including the measured yield, planting density, plant height and relative soil humidity at the 0–10 cm layer, at thirteen meteorological stations from 2010 to 2012 were analyzed, and the results were meaningful and presented a significant linear relationship. Thus, the BP ANN-based model has the ability to integrate information reflected by multiple maize growth-related factors at each growth stage and provides a better quantification of the monitoring results of regional maize growth conditions.

Investigating the effect of water stress on yield, essential oil content and physiological characteristics of Thymbra spicata L.

هدف انجام این آزمایش بررسی تغییرات عملکرد بوته، اسانس و برخی ویژگی­های فیزیولوژیک برگ دو اکوتیپ گیاه داروئی زوفایی به اعمال تنش رطوبتی بود. آزمایش در قالب طرح کرت­های خرد­شده بر پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و در دو سال (1395 و 1396) در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ایلام انجام گرفت. کرت­های اصلی شامل سه سطح تنش رطوبتی (آبیاری نرمال، تنش ملایم و تنش شدید) و کرت­های فرعی دربرگیرنده فاکتور فرعی شامل دو اکوتیپ گیاه زوفایی بود. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که سطوح مختلف تیمارهای تنش رطوبتی بر صفات موردبررسی ازجمله عملکرد خشک برگ و بوته، درصد و عملکرد اسانس، شاخص سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته و رنگیزه­ های فتوسنتزی تأثیر معنی­داری داشت. به‌طوری‌که افزایش فاصله آبیاری از آبیاری نرمال تا تنش شدید سبب کاهش معنی­دار تمامی صفات مذکور شد. بیشترین عملکرد خشک برگ، بوته، شاخص سطح برگ و کلروفیل a در تیمار آبیاری نرمال و بیشترین میزان درصد و عملکرد اسانس، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید در تیمار تنش ملایم حاصل گردید. با توجه به یافته­های آزمایش اکوتیپ ملکشاهی ازنظر عملکرد خشک برگ و بوته، درصد و عملکرد اسانس نسبت به اکوتیپ سومار برتری داشت. نتیجه بررسی دوساله آزمایش نشان داد که طی سال دوم به دلیل افزایش ارتفاع و شاخص سطح برگ بوته­ ها، میانگین صفاتی از قبیل عملکرد خشک برگ و بوته و عملکرد اسانس 1.7 درصد نسبت به سال اول آزمایش افزایش نشان داد. ازآنجاکه دو اکوتیپ مورد آزمایش در طبیعت به‌صورت خودرو بوده و با شرایط اقلیمی ناپایدار و نامنظم بارشی سازگاری یافته­اند، بنابراین اعمال آبیاری منظم در کشت آن‌ها به‌صورت زراعی در مقایسه با ایجاد محدودیت آبی ملایم موجب پاسخ منفی این گیاه ازنظر درصد و عملکرد اسانس و سایر خصوصیات رشدی می­گردد که در مدیریت زراعی آن باید در نظر گرفته شود.

Relative growth in rabbits: the effects of genetic line, diet and gender

&lt;p&gt;The relative growth of different parts of the body and tissues was analysed using an allometric model. Animals were crossbred rabbits (males and females) from the mating of commercial lines HYLA-grand parental doe (HY-GPD) female with HYLA Coloured (HY-CO) or Grimaud (GR) males, both selected for the growth rate, or HY-GPD males, selected for weaning weight. They were fed on two different diet, mainly differing in their energy content, and the relative growth of the different parts of their body was assessed. The components with a nearly isometric growth pattern, which grew at the same mean rate as the rest of the body, were skin, chilled carcass and reference carcass; hind legs for retail cuts; and dorsal and carcass length for linear measurements. All allometric coefficients were calculated with respect to the slaughter weight, except percentage of hind leg inter-intramuscular fat (IIMF), which was calculated with respect to the weight of the hind leg. The components that showed early maturing were liver, kidneys, breast and rib viscera for offal and organs; head and breast and ribs for retail cuts; and bone and IIMF percentage of the hind leg. The components with late maturing were forelegs and loin for retail cuts, inguinal, scapular and perirenal fat, meat of the hind leg, and thigh and lumbar circumference length for carcass linear measurements. The GR line showed earlier growth for loin than the maternal HY-GPD line. In addition, the GR and HY-CO lines developed scapular and inguinal fat later than the HY-GPD line. For IIMF percentage, GR presented later growth than HY-CO and HY-GPD. The main effect of the diet was on liver development and on scapular fat: rabbits fed on the high-energy diet showed later liver and scapular fat growth.&lt;/p&gt;

Uncomplexity and black hole geometry

We give a definition of uncomplexity of a mixed state without invoking any particular definitions of mixed state complexity, and argue that it gives the amount of computational power Bob has when he only has access to part of a system. We find geometric meanings of our definition in various black hole examples, and make a connection with subregion duality. We show that Bob's uncomplexity is the portion of his accessible interior spacetime inside his entanglement wedge. This solves a puzzle we encountered about the uncomplexity of thermofield double state. In this process, we identify different kinds of operations Bob can do as being responsible for the growth of different parts of spacetime.

Determination of the oxide scale growth mechanism using 18O-tracer experiments in combination with Transmission Electron Microscopy and nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Two-stage 18O2/16O2 exposures can be used to investigate the effect that alloying elements, secondary phases, or surface treatments have on the high temperature oxidation behaviour of certain materials. During subsequent exposures to 16O2- and 18O2-rich atmospheres, 16O- and 18O-rich layers are formed. Analysis of the layers using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling allows for conclusions to be drawn about the oxide scale growth mechanism. The conclusions are, however, not entirely unambiguous due to the limited lateral resolution of the technology. Rough surface topography and the thickness variation of the oxide scale over the analysed volume add to the ambiguity of the findings. In this study, an Fe-20%Cr alloy was exposed to both 18O- and 16O-rich environments at 850°C. Two methods were used to analyse the thermally grown Cr2O3 scale: (1) traditional SIMS depth profiling and (2) preparation of a cross-sectional lamellae for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which, subsequently, was analysed in a NanoSIMS. The NanoSIMS 16O and 18O elemental maps were then superimposed on the TEM image. In comparison with traditional SIMS depth profiling, the nanoSIMS elemental maps reveal detailed information about local oxide growth in different parts of an oxide scale. Moreover, a clear 16O/18O interface can be seen in the nanoSIMS maps, which is not the case in the sputter depth profiles. The findings of this study show that the aforementioned issues associated with sputter depth profiling can be eliminated by mapping a cross-section of an oxide scale using high resolution nanoSIMS.

Don't judge a fish by its fins: species delineation of Congolese Labeo (Cyprinidae)

Conspicuous characters are often useful in species identification. Yet, identification and delineation are two different processes, and such characters do not necessarily provide the best basis on which species can be delineated. This is illustrated by the case of the Labeo with papillary lips from the Congo basin. Traditionally, species delineation in this group was based on a conspicuous trait: the shape of the dorsal fin, which shows a profound degree of differentiation. Morphometric analyses were performed on 185 specimens both with and without measurements taken on this fin. The groups obtained using these two approaches were compared with those obtained through DNA barcoding. For this, 24 sequences of the standard barcoding COI gene were obtained. Species delineations based on morphological and molecular results were in agreement when the shape of the dorsal fin was ignored. This suggested that of the five nominal species known from the Congo basin, L. altivelis, L. rosae, L. lineatus, L. weeksii and L. maleboensis, only the former three remain valid. Consequently, L. weeksii was synonymised with L. altivelis and L. maleboensis with L. lineatus. The sole Congo basin endemic is L. lineatus as L. altivelis and L. rosae also occur in more southern basins. The use of the shape of the dorsal fin in morphological studies has previously led to overestimates of species diversity in this group. This is due to the fact that L. altivelis shows a remarkable amount of geographical variation for this trait. The large amount of intra‐ and interspecific variation in this character was caused by differential allometric growth in different parts of the dorsal fin.

Seasonal vegetation response to climate change in the Northern Hemisphere (1982–2013)

This study investigated vegetation response to climate change exhibited by temperature, soil moisture, and solar radiation at Northern Hemisphere (NH) scale during the growing season and seasonal periods by analyzing satellite observations of vegetation activity and climatic data for a period of 1982–2013. Generally, About 75.8% of NH was dominated by increasing NDVI3g during growing season in 1982–2013, and 50.7% significantly increase. Autumn NDVI3g is the main cause, with 77.7% increase (45.0% significantly increase). The increasing tendency of greenness was stalled and even shifted to vegetation browning after 1994–1997 specifically in Central Europe, Northern North America, and Central Siberia. NDVI3g increase during the growing season shifts from 0.017year−1 to 0.006year−1, which mainly due to decreased spring NDVI3g and slowdown of summer NDVI3g increase. Specifically, three time intervals were identified with relatively peak NDVI3g, i.e., 1990, 1997 and 2010, and three time intervals with trough NDVI3g, i.e., 1983, 1992–1994, 2002–2005. The factors potentially influencing vegetation growth in different parts of NH are complex and varied. Temperature is recognized as the critical factor behind vegetation greenness in high latitudes especially for spring and autumn temperature, in North America and Siberia. Soil moisture is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in central Canada, eastern USA and western Africa. And solar radiation is corresponding to vegetation trend in North part of North America, eastern China. This study helps identify key factors for vegetation changes and understand vegetation response to climate change at NH scale.