Growth Body Length Research Articles

Combined effects of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, salinity, and temperature negatively impact the growth, survival, physiological, and biochemical parameters, and hepatopancreatic structure of Litopenaeus vannamei

Most studies of the impact of environmental factors on aquaculturally reared whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei focus mainly on single factors, ignoring their combined effects. Thus, a four-factor three-level orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the combined effects of ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N), nitrite (NO2−-N), salinity (S), and temperature (T) on L. vannamei over a 35-day period. Survival rate (SR), and daily growth in body length (DGL), and body weight (DGW) were lower at higher NH3-N and NO2−-N concentrations. DGL and DGW also increased at higher S, but increased at lower T and decreased at higher T. SR was most affected by NH3-N, whereas DGL and DGW were most affected by S. There was a significant interaction between NH3-N and T in all three growth indices, but none between NH3-N and S. Among the four serum physiological indices, NO2−-N had the greatest influence on blood urea nitrogen and ammonia, whereas the interaction of NH3-N and NO2−-N (INH3-N⁎NO2−-N) had the greatest effect on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. NH3-N, INH3-N⁎NO2−-N, and INH3-N⁎S had significant effects on all four indices. Among the six hepatopancreatic physiological indices, NH3-N had the greatest effect on ATP content, Na+-K+-ATPase, and glutathione. Superoxide dismutase activity was most affected by NO2−-N, acid phosphatase activity by INH3-N⁎NO2−-N, and alkaline phosphatase activity by T. NH3-N had a significant effect, whereas INH3-N⁎NO2−-N had the most significant combined effect, on all six hepatopancreatic indices. At higher NH3-N and NO2−-N concentrations, numerous hepatocytes separated from the basement membrane, and the hepatic tubule lumen was mildly dilated, followed by hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis. These results provides a basis for the healthy aquaculture of L. vannamei.

Effects of dietary 5-aminolevulinic acid on growth performance and nonspecific immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei, as determined by transcriptomic analysis

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an endogenous non-protein amino acid that is frequently used in modern agriculture. This study set out to determine how dietary 5-ALA affected the nonspecific immunity and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. The shrimp were supplemented with dietary 5-ALA at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg for three months. Transcriptome data of the control group and the group supplemented with 45 mg/kg dietary 5-ALA were obtained using transcriptome sequencing. 592 DEGs were identified, of which 426 were up-regulated and 166 were down-regulated. The pathways and genes associated with growth performance and nonspecific immunity were confirmed using qRT-PCR. The highest survival rate, body length growth rate, and weight gain values were observed in shrimp fed diets containing 45 mg/kg 5-ALA. L. vannamei in this group had a significantly higher total hemocyte count, phagocytosis rate and respiratory burst value than those in the control group. High doses of dietary 5-ALA (45 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg) significantly increased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, oxidized glutathione, glutathione-peroxidase, phenoloxidase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase. At the transcriptional level, dietary 5-ALA significantly up-regulated the expression levels of antioxidant immune-related genes. The optimal concentration of 5-ALA supplementation was 39.43 mg/kg, as indicated by a broken line regression. Our study suggested that dietary 5-ALA positively impacts the growth and nonspecific immunity of L. vannamei, providing a novel theoretical basis for further research into 5-ALA as a dietary supplement.

Exogenous growth hormone (GH) increases dimension and reduces strength of vertebrae in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Growth hormone (GH) administration increases bone strength in rats, mainly through alterations of the dimensional proportions of vertebrae. However, similar knowledge is lacking in other clades. In order to pursue this, Atlantic salmon were fed diets with high or low vitamin C and E and administered a slow-release implant of bovine GH.While neither the diets or the GH treatment affected growth, GH reduced condition factor and carcass-somatic index, and increased the hepatosomatic and visceral-somatic indexes. GH had an impact on the dimensional proportions of the vertebrae and increased the relative dorso-ventral and lateral vertebra diameters. Moreover, GH decreased the mechanical strength of the vertebra, both with (modulus of elasticity, failure point) and without (stiffness) normalizing the mechanical data for the dimensions of the vertebrae. Diet did not impact on the vertebra morphometry or mechanical strength. RNA-seq of vertebra centra show that several genes associated with bone growth and remodelling were affected by GH, while there was an interactive effect between diet vitamin level and GH on several genes associated with lipid metabolism.The data may suggest that exogenous GH affects the bone cellular mechanisms of Atlantic salmon postsmolts in such a way that their vertebrae increase in diameter but not length, not disturbing growth in body length. The GH and diet effects on lipid metabolism associated genes indicate a complex regulation of the lipids stored inside the vertebral column by endocrine and nutritional factors.

The Effect of Short-Term Artificial Feed Domestication on the Expression of Oxidative-Stress-Related Genes and Antioxidant Capacity in the Liver and Gill Tissues of Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi).

To investigate whether Mandarin fish developed oxidative stress after being domesticated with artificial feed, we conducted a series of experiments. Oxidative stress is an important factor leading to diseases and aging in the body. The liver integrates functions such as digestion, metabolism, detoxification, coagulation, and immune regulation, while the gills are important respiratory organs that are sensitive to changes in the water environment. Therefore, we used the liver and gills of Mandarin fish as research materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term artificial feed domestication on the expression of oxidative stress genes and the changes in oxidative-stress-related enzyme activity in the liver and gills of Mandarin fish. We divided the Mandarin fish into two groups for treatment. The control group was fed with live bait continuously for 14 days, while the experimental group was fed with half artificial feed and half live bait from 0 to 7 days (T-7 d), followed by solely artificial feed from 7 to 14 days (T-14 d). The experimental results showed that there was no difference in the body weight, length, and standard growth rate of the Mandarin fish between the two groups of treatments; after two treatments, there were differences in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress in the gills (keap1, kappa, gsta, gstt1, gstk1, SOD, and CAT) and in the liver (GPx, keap1, kappa, gsta, gstt1, gr, and SOD). In the liver, GPx activity and the content of MDA were significantly upregulated after 7 days of domestication, while in the gills, SOD activity was significantly upregulated after 7 days of domestication and GPx activity was significantly downregulated after 14 days of domestication. These results suggest that artificial feed domestication is associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these results provide experimental basic data for increasing the production of aquaculture feed for Mandarin fish.

EFFECT OF POLYSTYRENE PAPER STYROFOAM FEED ON SURVIVORSHIP AND GROWTH OF Tenebrio molitor L.

Polystyrene Paper Styrofoam (PSP) styrofoam waste is one of the plastic waste that is difficult to degrade. However, from the recently research reported that the PSP styrofoam can be degradated by Tenebrio molitor L. The degradation depends on composition of PSP styrofoam as a part of feeding. This research was aimed to get the composition of good feed to increase the degradation rate of the PSP styrofoam waste, but it still had a good effect on the survivorship and growth of T molitor L. larvae. This research was an experimental laboratory and designed using a control and seven treatments with 3 replications. The parameters observed were survivorship, growth in body length, biomass, and waste degradation rate. The data obtained was analysed using Anova and Duncan test. The results showed that differences in PSP styrofoam waste feed had a significant effect on survivorship (p=0.00), on the growth of body length (p=0.002) and biomass (p=0.00), and waste degradation rate (p=0.02). The research revealed that lower the composition of PSP styrofoam and higher the composition of concentrate combination effected on increasing the survivorship, growth, and waste degradation rate. The result shows that 1 kg T molitor L. larvae can degrade 0.25 kg of PSP styrofoam waste for 60 days. The finding can be used to solve the problem according to the styrofoam pollution.

Using scale-derived estimates of body size in analyses of Atlantic salmon life-history variation: a cautionary note

Measurements of individual body length at different life stages are critical in understanding fish ecology and evolution. Such data can be obtained via back-calculation from measurements of fish scales or by using the size of the scale as a direct proxy for body length. Using data from Atlantic salmon, we test key assumptions associated with each approach and their implications for investigating how variation in growth earlier in life is associated with age at maturity. The scaling of scale size approximated isometry and was similar among individuals who matured at different ages—validating a key assumption of back-calculation. However, we observed that individuals genetically predisposed to delay maturation have smaller scales for their body size—challenging a key assumption of the “direct scale-size” approach. Depending on the method of body length estimation, the relationship between body length growth earlier in life and age at maturity was observed to differ. Thus, when using scale material to study the relationship between growth and maturation in salmon, we recommend back-calculation and an assumed allometric scaling coefficient.

Associations between maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and trajectories of infant growth: A birth cohort study

ObjectiveWe examined the relationships between infants’ growth trajectories and prenatal exposure to air pollution, which is still under-investigated. MethodsA birth cohort study was constructed using medical records of pregnant women and infants born between 2015 and 2019 in Foshan, China. Using satellite-based spatial-temporal models, prenatal exposure to air pollutants including particulate matter with an aerodynamic dimension of < 2.5 µm (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) was assessed at each woman's residence. Latent class growth modeling was used to identify trajectories of physical (body length and weight) growth and neurodevelopment, which were repeatedly measured within 1 year after birth. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to air pollution and the risks of growth disorders, adjusting for an array of potential confounders. ResultsWe identified two growth trajectories for body length [normal: 3829 (93%); retardation: 288 (7%)], three for weight [normal: 2475 (59.6%); retardation: 390 (9.4%); overgrowth: 1287 (31%)], and two for neurodevelopment [normal: 956 (66.1%); retardation: 491 (33.9%)]. For exposure over whole pregnancy, SO2 was associated with an increased risk of body length retardation (OR for per 1 µg/m3 increment: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.01–1.17); PM2.5 (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.03–1.07), SO2 (OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.08–1.22), and NO2 (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.03–1.07) were positively associated with neurodevelopmental retardation. Such associations appeared stronger for exposures over the first and second trimesters. No significant associations were detected for weight growth. ConclusionsMaternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy was associated with higher risks of impairments in both physical growth, particularly body length, and neurodevelopment.

Effects of Different Sources of Culture Substrate on the Growth and Immune Performance of the Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

The substrate in the aquatic environment plays a crucial role in nutrient deposition and recovery for the growth of aquatic organisms. In order to optimize the culture medium of Procambarus Clarkii, culture media from different sources were selected in this study to explore their effects on the growth and immune performance of red swamp crayfish. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), body length growth rate (BLGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in group I2 were the highest, followed by group I1 and group I3. The WGR and SGR of crayfish in the I1 and I2 groups were significantly higher than those in the I3 group (p < 0.05). The activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were the highest in group I2, followed by group I3, and the lowest in group I1. The expression trends in growth-related genes, nuclear hormone receptor (E75), molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and chitinase genes were similar, and the expression levels in the I2 group were higher than those in the I1 and I3 groups. It was noted that the expression levels of E75 and MIH genes in the I2 group were significantly higher than those in the I3 group (p < 0.05). α diversity analysis of 16S rRNA data showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the abundance of intestinal flora among the three culture substrate groups. The β diversity in the Xitangni group, crayfish Tangni group and Shuitangni group was significantly different. These changes in microbiota suggest that using different substrates to culture crayfish leads to differences in gut microbiota diversity. To sum up, the growth in crayfish and immune performance influenced by the culture substrate condition and aquatic breeding sediment substrates, rather than crab pool and paddy field pond sediment substrates, showed a better effect.

Effects of dietary melatonin on growth performance, nutrient composition, and lipid metabolism of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary melatonin (MT) on the growth physiology and lipid metabolism of Penaeus vannamei (P. vannamei). We prepared six experimental diets with varying MT levels (0 (control), 22.5, 41.2, 82.7, 165.1, 329.2 mg/kg) and fed six groups of shrimp with these diets for 2 months. The highest survival, body length growth rate, weight gain, and specific growth rates occurred in shrimp that were fed the diet containing 82.7 mg/kg MT, and the highest levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) were also found in this treatment group. Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, and ash contents in shrimp fed with MT, but the crude lipid content was significantly decreased in the high concentration MT supplemented group. Compared to the control group, shrimp fed 82.7 mg/kg MT had better morphology and structure of the hepatopancreas, whereas the hepatopancreas tissues were damaged in shrimp from the high dose MT groups. Analysis of lipid metabolism-related enzymes and genes in the hepatopancreas showed that dietary MT greatly decreased fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities but increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity. At the transcriptional level, dietary MT reduced hepatopancreas fat accumulation by upregulating lipid oxidation genes and downregulating lipid synthesis genes. A broken-line model revealed that the ideal MT concentration was in the range of 59.59–71.97 mg/kg. We found that MT supplementation improved P. vannamei growth performance, enhanced fatty acid β oxidation, and prevented fat deposition in the hepatopancreas.

Growth patterns and feeding characteristics in early developmental stages of Takifugu rubripes cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system

The growth patterns and feeding characteristics of Takifugu rubripes at different developmental stages (0–50 days after hatching, DAH) were investigated under artificial breeding conditions using ecological and traditional biological methods. The results revealed rapid growth in head length, head height, and eye diameter from hatching to 50 DAH, and the inflection point for body length growth occurred at 27 DAH. From 27 to 50 DAH, the growth rate slowed. In the swimming organs, the inflection points for tail, pectoral, dorsal, and anal fin growth occurred from 29 to 31 DAH. The growth rate for fins slowed after this period, suggesting the preferential development of important organs related to sensation, locomotion, and feeding during early development, with varied developmental periods. An investigation of the feeding rhythm of T. rubripes larvae, juveniles, and young fish showed that feeding activities mainly occurred during the daytime, a behavior typical of daytime feeders. The average daily feeding rate of T. rubripes was 12.61% for the early-stage larvae at 6 DAH, 43.89% for the late-stage larvae at 15 DAH, 40.05% for juveniles at 30 DAH, and 28.46% for young fish at 46 DAH. In addition, the satiation time for juveniles tended to decrease with increasing age, whereas the time for digestion tended to increase. These data can be used as a reference for the daily feeding of T. rubripes at different developmental stages. Comprehensive understanding of the growth and feeding characteristics of early-stage T. rubripes developed in this study will be useful for the management of artificially bred fry and will aid in promoting the growth and survival rates of aquaculture fish larvae.

Effectiveness of Adas Leaf Infusion (Foeniculum vulgare L.) in Post-Best White Rats (Rattus Sp.) On The Growth Of Children

Adas leaf (Foeniculum vulgare L.) was known by the people around the mountain sides of Merbabu as one type of vegetable to increase breast milk secretion. Increased breast milk secretion has positive effect on pups development in early period of life. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of infusion of adas leaves, the effective dose of infusion against the growth of body weight and body length of pups and the levels of flavonoids, steroids, and stigmasterol on adas leaf. The study was conducted using 12 post-partum rats that have each 5 pups. White rats were divided into 4 groups: control group; the G1 (20 grams/300 ml dose infusion); the G2 (40 grams/300 ml dose infusion); and G3 (60 grams/300 ml dose infusion). Each group consisted of three replications. All of rats mother treated with the adas leaves by infuse feeding (sonde). Adas leaves was infused by 1 ml for 2 times a day on the rats mother (morning and evening). Rats mother were given pellets and also drinking water by adlibitum. Both mother and inbred rats were weighed, length of its body weight was measured every 5 days for 15 days. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) two way and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Quantitatively measurements of total flavonoids, steroids and stigmasterol of adas leaves analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The results showed that infusion of adas leaves significant difference in the growth of body weight and body length between control and treatment groups (p &lt; 0.05). A dose of 60 grams/300 ml of distilled water can effectively increase the growth of body weight and body length of pups. Levels of total flavonoids, steroids and stigmasterol of adas leaves, respectively, are 0.43 %, 0.029 %, and &lt; 0.011 %.

Nutrition assistance of breastfeeding and complementary feeding associated with the linier growth of stunted children aged 6-24 months

Background and purpose: Age 6-24 months is a critical period for experiencing nutrition and health problems, especially among children who are stunted. Stunting children need to recover their nutritional status through appropriate interventions to be able to pursue their growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition assistance on breastfeeding and complementary feeding on the length growth of children aged 6-24 with stunting.&#x0D; Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. A sample of 60 intervention and 60 control groups were divided into North Bengkulu District and Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) District. Nutrition assistance for 6 months (July-November 2019) was carried out by 10 trained cadres. Each cadre is responsible for 6 stunted children aged 6-24 months (3 children received assistance and 3 children with standard services from the public health center). Data analysis uses independent t-test and dependent t-test after passing the homogeneity test phase of the proportion of sample characteristics and normality of the data.&#x0D; Results: We found that assistance for breastfeeding and complementary feeding for mothers with stunting children aged 6-24 months was effective in increasing the growth of the child's body length. As many as 53.3% of stunted children in North Bengkulu District and 36.7% in TTS District showed growth after nutrition assistance. &#x0D; Conclusion: It is recommended that the implementation of a nutrition assistance model be accompanied by continuous family and community empowerment in the recovery of nutritional status, especially in families with stunted children aged 6-24 months.

The Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei on The Performance of Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata var. Mosaic)

Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata var. Mosaic) is a type of ornamental fish that has many enthusiasts. Guppy fish culture still has low growth and viability in guppy fish culture. The previous solution was to apply antibiotics, but as time goes by antibiotics cause bacterial resistance. Another solution is the application of probiotics to feed. L.paracasei is one of the lactic acid probiotic bacteria and has never been applied to guppies. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the probiotic on performance (growth and viability, gill and gut histology, and LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria L.paracasei) total) in guppies. 180 fish were randomly assigned into four triplicates groups and there were four treatment groups: 0 (Control), 5, 10, and 15 mL. kg-1 feed. As the result of this research, the highest body weight and length growth performance is found in the P3 group. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the groups of guppies viability. Gill and intestinal histology showed that control group was the best group. The conclusion of this study is that 15 mL. kg-1 is considered the most effective for improving the performance of guppy fish. The addition of L.paracasei can be used as feed supplements to improve performance of guppy fish.

Revised estimates of foetal and post-natal growth in young gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus)

Patterns of gray whale growth in body length and weight with age are evaluated using published values of foetal and post-natal body dimensions at reported ages, supplemented with previously unpublished measured lengths of 88 mid-gestation foetuses, 82 first-summer calves and 30 secondsummer whales taken in the summer/autumn Chukotkan native subsistence fishery. Gompertz growth models are fitted to foetal and post-natal lengths at age, predicting mean lengths at birth in mid-January of 4.7m, 7.9m at weaning and 8.7m at one year. The late foetal diapause in growth of length is not supported by the available data. Two equations were derived for estimating body weights from the linear body dimensions of length and maximum girth. For biomass estimates, two equations based on length alone and on both girth and length are derived. A multiple least squares regression equation fit to 14 measurements of the same whale over 14 months of captive rehabilitation predicts mean body weights at birth of 1,100–1,200kg, 5,100–5,200kg at six months (weaning), and 6,700–6,800kg at one year of age.

Sizing up spotted lanternfly nymphs for instar determination and growth allometry.

A major ongoing research effort seeks to understand the behavior, ecology and control of the spotted lanternfly (SLF) (Lycorma delicatula), a highly invasive pest in the U.S. and South Korea. These insects undergo four nymphal stages (instars) before reaching adulthood, and appear to shift host plant preferences, feeding, dispersal and survival patterns, anti-predator behaviors, and response to traps and chemical controls with each stage. However, categorizing SLF life stage is challenging for the first three instars, which have the same coloration and shape. Here we present a dataset of body mass and length for SLF nymphs throughout two growing seasons and compare our results with previously-published ranges of instar body lengths. An analysis using two clustering methods revealed that 1st-3rd instar body mass and length fell into distinct clusters consistently between years, supporting using these metrics to stage nymphs during a single growing season. The length ranges for 2nd-4th instars agreed between years in our study, but differed from those reported by earlier studies for diverse locations, indicating that it is important to obtain these metrics relevant to a study's region for most accurate staging. We also used these data to explore the scaling of SLF instar bodies during growth. SLF nymph body mass scaled with body length varied between isometry (constant shape) and growing somewhat faster than predicted by isometry in the two years studied. Using previously published data, we also found that SLF nymph adhesive footpad area varies in direct proportion to weight, suggesting that footpad adhesion is independent of nymphal stage, while their tarsal claws display positive allometry and hence disproportionately increasing grasp (mechanical adhesion). By contrast, mouthpart dimensions are weakly correlated with body length, consistent with predictions that these features should reflect preferred host plant characteristics rather than body size. We recommend future studies use the body mass vs length growth curve as a fitness benchmark to study how SLF instar development depends on factors such as hatch date, host plant, temperature, and geographic location, to further understanding of life history patterns that help prevent further spread of this invasive insect.

Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) from Demta Coast, Jayapura Regency, Papua

The population of Thunnus albacares yellowfin tuna from the Scombridae family is very abundant in North Papua Waters (WPP 717). This study aims to analyze the parameters of population dynamics based on the long-weight relationship and condition factors on Thunnus albacares in Demta Coastal Waters, Jayapura Regency. Fish data collection uses passive and active fishing methods using gill nets, handlines, and long line fishing through fishing activities by traditional fishermen during April - June 2022. Data analysis uses analysis length-weight relationship and condition factor. The results of this study found that the population structure of yellowfin tuna (T. albaceras) was very diverse in the waters of North Papua, with a negative allometric growth pattern (b &lt; 3), i.e. the growth of body length was faster than weight. The condition factor averaged 1.1302 with a maximum of 1.4718 and a minimum of 0.7028. Where in the gonadal maturity period morphometric adaptation occurs, weight growth becomes faster and body length becomes slower.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) during Early Development under Hypoxia and Acidification Stress.

Fishes live in aquatic environments and several aquatic environmental factors have undergone recent alterations. The molecular mechanisms underlying fish responses to hypoxia and acidification stress have become a serious concern in recent years. This study revealed that hypoxia and acidification stress suppressed the growth of body length and height of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Subsequent transcriptome analyses of L. crocea juveniles under hypoxia, acidification, and hypoxia-acidification stress led to the identification of 5897 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the five groups. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that several DEGs were enriched in the 'protein digestion and absorption' pathway. Enrichment analysis revealed that this pathway was closely related to hypoxia and acidification stress in the five groups, and we found that genes of the collagen family may play a key role in this pathway. The zf-C2H2 transcription factor may play an important role in the hypoxia and acidification stress response, and novel genes were additionally identified. The results provide new clues for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-acidification tolerance in L. crocea and provides a basic understanding of the potential combined effects of reduced pH and dissolved oxygen on Sciaenidae fishes.

The Influence of Innovative Forms of Education on the Physical Development of Schoolchildren

Background: The school system is forced to change with the development of scientific and technological progress, and advances in the information society and education. However, not all changes in the school system have produced positive results. Innovations in education have actually led to a decrease in the level of health and physical development of children. The problem of health and physical development of children is currently relevant, especially in the transition from mass unified education to differentiated education. The purpose of our research was to study the indicators of physical development of primary school students enrolled in schools of different types. Methods and Results: The younger students enrolled in the first and third grades of traditional primary school and innovative school were under supervision. Children were formed into age groups according to their full calendar age. The study involved primary school students (n=499) aged between 7 and 9 after studying the risk factors in ontogenesis. One hundred fifty-two children were trained in a traditional school: 78 children aged 7-8 years and 74 children aged 8-9 years. Three hundred forty-seven children were trained in the innovative school: 116 children aged 7-8 years and 231 children aged 8-9 years. The physical development of the school children was determined by weight, height, and chest circumference. Performance was evaluated through percentile-type tables. The research allowed us to conclude that the increased workload in the innovative school leads to a decrease in the growth of body length and weight and a lag in the growth rate of anthropometric indicators, compared with children enrolled in the programs of traditional schools. Innovations in education require further study of health and the health of children, development of hygienic standards, methodological approaches to pediatric care, and physical education of preschool children.

Some Hatchery Parameters of Three Species of Groupers: Tiger Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), Humpback Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), and Leopard Coral Grouper (Plectropomus leopardus)

Three species of groupers, including tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), and leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), have been successfully cultivated. However, the constraints on larviculture that have been described still arise in the hatchery. This study compares several hatchery parameters in these three grouper species representing three different genera (Epinephelus, Cromileptes, and Plectropomus). The egg incubation and larval rearing were carried out in a concrete tank (3 x 3 x 1.2 m3) filled with 6-7 m3 seawater. Eggs were stocked with a density of 100,000 eggs/tank. The grouper larvae were reared until they became juvenile. The eggs were incubated until they were hatched in the same container and media as larval rearing. Larvae were reared until 60 dah (days after hatching), and data were taken from the rearing for three cycle's larval culture. Management of grouper larval rearing follows the Good Fish Hatchery Method (Cara Pembenihan Ikan yang Baik/CPIB) based on Indonesian National Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia/SNI). The experimental parameters were egg diameter, hatching rate, larvae mouth opening width, survival activity index (SAI), larvae development, and total body length growth. The several hatchery parameters in three grouper fish species are significantly different. The tiger grouper has the best larval performance.

EFFECT OF FEED COMPOSITION ON SPONSTIC PLASTIC WASTE DEGRADATION, SURVIVALITY AND LARVA GROWTH Tenebrio molitor L.

Sponge plastic is one of the plastic wastes that is difficult to degrade. Recently research reported that Tenebrio molitor L larvae have the potential capability to degrade plastic waste. But still a lack information according to the effect of feed composition on survival, and growth of T. molitor L larvae. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plastic feed composition on the rate of degradation of sponge plastic waste, survival, and growth of T. molitor L larvae. The method used in this study was an experimental laboratory using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and using controls and six treatments with 3 repetition times. The parameters measured in this study were survival (%), body length growth (cm/week) and body biomass (gram/week), and degradation rate (gram/week). The data obtained from the research results will be analyzed using ANOVA which is then tested by Duncan. The results showed that feed composition had a significant effect (p=0.001) on the rate of degradation of plastic sponge waste, survival (p=0.000), and growth (p=0.001) of T. molitor L larvae. degradation, survival, and growth of T. molitor L. larvae.