Plant Growth Quality Research Articles

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Rhizobacteria Strains for Biological Control of Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of Eggplant in China

Bacterial wilt of eggplant is the most destructive disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum throughout the world. Eleven bacterial strains with high antagonistic activity were obtained from 245 rhizobacteria. Based on analysis of morphology, 16S rRNA sequences, fatty acid profiles, gyrA and rpoB genes, they were identified as Pseudomonas putida (IMA3), Paenibacillus polymyxa (IMA5), Bacillus cereus (IMA4, IMA7 and IMA11) and the “operational group Bacillus amyloliquefaciens” (IMA1, IMA2, IMA6, IMA8, IMA9 and IMA10). The lipopeptide compounds produced by each strain also were determined. The biocontrol tests demonstrated that co-inoculation by strain IMA5 and the pathogen gave the greatest biocontrol efficiency of 87.0% and 69.2% 30 and 40 days after co-inoculation, respectively. Plant growth promotion tests revealed that IMA5 markedly promoted eggplant growth, enhancing aboveground seedling length and biomass by 60.8% and by 107.6% and underground root length and biomass by 33.0% and 69.2%, respectively. Hence, strain IMA5 could be considered for developing potential biocontrol agents and for promoting plant growth characteristics, to aid the management of the pathogen R. solanacearum in eggplants.

Reduced major minerals and increased minor nutrients improve micropropagation in three apple cultivars

Mineral nutrient medium requirements for propagation of in vitro shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Maksat’, and ‘Voskhod’ were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The mineral nutritional factors evaluated were based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral nutrients (NH4NO3, KNO3, CaCl2, KH2PO4, MgSO4, and minor nutrients), with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3.0× the MS concentrations. Nine plant growth qualities were evaluated. The most significant factors were NH4NO3 at 0.5 to 1.0× MS, and minor nutrients at 2.0× MS. Most of the other factors were optimal at 0.5×. The quality rating was highest when minor nutrients were 2.0× MS, and most other nutrients were standard concentrations or lower. Increased KH2PO4 and minor nutrients were the most significant for improved multiplication, and higher KNO3 for shoot length. Optimized media were developed for each cultivar based on these models. The cultivars were grown on the three individual optimized media, a general medium based on the three optimizations, and MS. The optimized medium for each cultivar was significantly better for shoot quality and shoot length of each cultivar than MS, but the generalized medium of minors at 2.0× and NH4NO3, CaCl2, and MgSO4 at 0.5× MS, was significantly better for two of the three cultivars and not significantly different for the third. The next step to develop a final optimized medium will require the evaluation of the minor nutrients, determination of optimal concentrations of each, and screening a wide range of Malus germplasm on the finalized medium.

Characterisation of andrographolide in andrographis paniculata under different cultivation conditions

The trend in the practical uses of herbal medicine has gained increasing momentum in recent years. One of the trends includes the use of the andrographolide-containing Andrographis paniculata, which is a herb that is traditionally used as medicine. There are not many studies have investigated the cultivation of this plant. The aim of this study is to develop a standard of procedure for cultivating Andrographis paniculata using the fertigation technique. A total of 6 treatments in 2 growth medium compositions were studied; treatments T1, T3, and T5 in Cocopeat-RHA (70:30) and treatments T2, T4, and T6 in 100 % cocopeat. 3 magnesium compositions of 10 ppm (T1 and T2), 50 ppm (T3 and T4), and 70 ppm (T5 and T6) in nutrient solution were also studied. Treatments T1, T3, and T5 showed the potential for better growth quality with a maximum plant height of 32.51 cm, 32.51 cm, and 31.75 cm. The andrographolide content was comparable with controls 1 and 2 (0.67-0.70 µg/mL). In higher magnesium compositions of the nutrient solution, the dry herb yield of T5 and T6 decreased from 2.4 g to 1.6 g and 2.4 g to 1.2 g. The T3 and T5 treatments exhibited a higher yield than T4 and T6 based on a comparison of dry herb yield. The incorporated fertigation technique showed an on-par quantity of andrographolide yield to that of conventional techniques (0.67-0.70 µg/mL) although it showed an advantage of overcoming the cleanliness problem faced in this study. Hence, the T3 standard of procedure was deemed the best, as it gave better plant growth quality with a maximum plant height of 31.75 cm, a maximum number of leaves (141 total count), a good dry herb yield of 2.2 g, and better andrographolide content 0.7 µg/mL. The fertigation technique incorporated with the combined Cocopeat-RHA medium and 50 ppm magnesium composition in the nutrient solution is suggested for the cultivation of Andrographis paniculata.

The effectiveness of nanobiochar for reducing phytotoxicity and improving soil remediation in cadmium-contaminated soil

There is growing concern that Cd in soils can be transferred to plants, resulting in phytotoxicity and threats to human health via the food chain. Biochar has been reported to be a soil amendment capable of reducing the bioavailability of metals in soil by electrostatic interactions, ionic exchange and the specific binding of metal ions by surface ligands. To determine the effects of Cd contamination and nanobiochar on the growth characteristics of plants, the dynamics of Cd in soil were explored in Petri dish and pot experiments (0%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1% nanobiochar), respectively. The diversity, distribution and composition of the bacterial community in treated soil were monitored by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the germination potential and height and weight of plants were significantly decreased in Cd-treated soil samples (P < 0.05). The Cd content of Brassica chinensis L. in the treated soil groups was lower than that in the untreated soil groups (P < 0.05) after nanobiochar application. The application of biochar significantly improved the microbial biomass, microorganism abundance and diversity of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in Cd-contaminated soil and reduced the diversity of Proteobacteria, which was relatively more persistent than in the contaminated sites without biochar application. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for understanding the environmental behavior of nanopassivators, thus enhancing the role of biochar in the remediation of soil pollution.

Supplementary Calcium Restores Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Growth and Photosynthetic Capacity Under Low Nocturnal Temperature.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oil crop, which often experiences poor growth and seedling necrosis under low nocturnal temperatures (LNT). This study assessed the effects of supplementary calcium (Ca2+) and a calmodulin inhibitor on peanut growth and photosynthetic characteristics of plants exposed to LNT, followed by recovery at a higher temperature. We monitored key growth and photosynthetic parameters in a climate-controlled chamber in pots containing soil. LNT reduced peanut growth and dry matter accumulation, enhanced leaf nonstructural carbohydrates concentrations and non-photochemical quenching, decreased the electron transport rate, increased the transmembrane proton gradient, and decreased gas exchange rates. In peanuts subjected to LNT, foliar application of Ca2+ restored growth, dry matter production and leaf photosynthetic capacity. In particular, the foliar Ca2+ application restored temperature-dependent photosynthesis feedback inhibition due to improved growth/sink demand. Foliar sprays of a calmodulin inhibitor further deteriorated the effects of LNT which validated the protective role of Ca2+ in facilitating LNT tolerance of peanuts.

Recycling industrial biosludge for buffel grass production in Qatar: Impact on soil, leachate and plant characteristics

The agricultural industry in Qatar is highly dependent on using soil enhancing materials due to challenging soil and climatic conditions. Hence, this work investigated the potential of industrial biosludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of a Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) plant to enhance an arid soil compared to fertilizer and compost. A fodder crop, buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), was grown in semi-controlled pots containing a typical Qatari agricultural soil and admixtures over a 12-month period. The treatments included soil plus five biosludge percentage contents: 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12%. These were compared with soil only, soil plus 20-20-20 NPK fertilizer and soil plus 3% compost controls. Analyses of soil physical and chemical properties, the resulting leachate, and plant growth characteristics were conducted at set periods. The results indicate that up to 3% biosludge content led to better plant growth compared to the controls, with the optimum at 1.5% biosludge content for all growth characteristics studied. Biosludge addition to soil increased the volume of different pore types, especially micropores, which enhanced water retention and influenced plant growth. Regression modelling identified leachate Si and Fe concentrations, and biomass K content as the most influential variables for fresh biomass weight, plant height and the number of tillers, respectively. Biosludge addition to the soil around the optimum level did not cause detrimental changes to the resulting leachate and plant biomass. The findings of this work could lead to minimization of biosludge landfilling and allow for savings in fertilizers and irrigation water in arid regions.

Superabsorbent polymer characteristics, properties, and applications

AbstractSuperabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are materials that can absorb significant amounts of water relative to their mass. The nature and properties of SAPs make them a widely utilized material across many disciplines. A systematic review was conducted to examine the use of SAPs within agriculture and environmental science. The method of application, rate, and the subsequent impact on soil properties were determined. Superabsorbent polymers can be used to improve and prolong soil water holding capacity, decrease drought stress, and increase time between irrigation events. There are results indicating SAPs can reduce compaction. Yield and plant growth characteristics were improved for all but one of the reviewed studies. While SAPs show potential as a tool, their economic feasibility on large‐scale and long‐term projects should be evaluated.

水分和种植密度对干热河谷车桑子生长性状及种内相互关系的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 水分和种植密度对干热河谷车桑子生长性状及种内相互关系的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202002130246 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0200502）；绵阳师范学院生态安全与保护四川省重点实验室开放基金项目（ESP1901）；绵阳师范学院科研启动项目（QD2019A04） Effects of water and planting density on the growth characteristics and intraspecific relationships of Dodonaea viscosa in a dry-hot valley Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:水分是干热河谷植物生长过程中最主要的限制因子，种植密度增加也会引起植物生长的资源限制，两者交互作用下植物生长性状及种内关系的变化特征还不清楚。以干热河谷优势植物——车桑子为研究对象，根据元谋干热河谷年均生长季降雨量设置3种水分梯度：高水分、中水分和低水分，同时在各水分梯度下设置4个种植密度：1、2、4、9株/盆，探究水分、种植密度及其交互作用对车桑子生长性状、生物量分配及种内相互作用的影响。结果表明：（1）低水分条件下，车桑子生长和水分生理受到抑制，但车桑子在较低的叶水势下依然能够保持较高的相对含水量；（2）干旱胁迫显著降低了车桑子总生物量和单株生物量，显著增加了枯叶生物量比例，低水分和中水分条件下，增加种植密度对总生物无显著影响；而高水分条件下，增加种植密度显著提高了车桑子总生物量；（3）低水分显著增加了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数，将更多生物量分配到叶，而种植密度增加显著降低了茎、叶生物量的异速生长指数，增加了茎的生物量分配；（4）通过相对邻体效应的计算，各处理条件下，车桑子种内关系均表现为竞争作用，并且，这种竞争作用的强度随水分的减少和密度的增加而增加。在高密度条件下（9棵/盆），增加水分不会减轻种内竞争作用。综上，水分和种植密度均会对车桑子个体的生理生长产生影响，在植被恢复过程中，应考虑水分和种植密度对车桑子个体产生的资源限制作用。 Abstract:Water is the most important limiting factor in the growth of plants in dry-hot valleys; furthermore, the increase in planting density also causes resource limitation in plant growth. However, the interactive effects of water and planting density on plant growth characteristics and intraspecific relationships are not clear. In this study, Dodonaea viscosa, a dominant species in dry-hot valleys was used as the research subject. According to the rainfall during the growing season of Yuanmou dry-hot valley, D. viscosa was planted with three water levels (high water, medium water, and low water) and at four densities (1, 2, 4, and 9 plants/pot) to explore the influence of water, planting density, and their interaction on growth, biomass accumulation, and intraspecific interaction of D. viscosa. The results showed that (1) under the low-water treatment, the growth and water physiology of D. viscosa were inhibited, but the relative water content was still high when the leaf water potential decreased greatly. (2) Drought stress significantly reduced the total biomass and individual biomass and significantly increased the proportion of litter biomass. Under the low-water and medium-water treatments, the increase in planting density had no significant effect on total biomass, whereas under the high-water treatment, the increase in planting density significantly improved total biomass of D. viscosa. (3) The allometric exponent of stem biomass and leaf biomass was significantly greater under the low-water treatment, which indicated relatively more biomass was allocated to leaves, and the allometric exponent decreased under high-planting density. (4) The intraspecific relationship of D. viscosa exhibited a competitive effect, and the intensity of the competitive effect increased with decreased water content and increased with an increase in planting density. Under the high-density treatment (9 plants/pot), increasing water content did not reduce the competitive effect. In conclusion, both water and planting density affected the growth and physiological characteristics of D. viscosa. In the process of vegetation restoration, the effect of water and planting density on resource constraints of D. viscosa should be considered. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Chemical stress reduces the lateral shoot growth in vernalized garlic

ABSTRACT Brazil’s low garlic productivity is attributed, mainly to the lateral shoot growth, a physiological anomaly characterized by early lateral shoot growth of cloves in noble group garlic cultivars. Considering the aforementioned information, the aim was to evaluate the occurrence of lateral shoot growth and productivity characteristics in garlic plants, cv. Chonan, subject to herbicide chemical stress. In order to do so, an experiment was conducted in outlining randomized blocks in a 3x5 factorial scheme, constituted by three herbicides (paraquat 500 g ha-1; ammonium gluphosinate 400 g ha-1 and glyphosate 720 g ha-1) and five subdoses (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the minimum recommended dose of each herbicide). The electron transport rates (ETR) were evaluated after herbicide application, as well as the culture’s morphological and productive characteristics. The chemical stress caused by herbicides paraquat, ammonium gluphosinate and glyphosate in underdoses of 25, 40 and 36 i.a. ha-1, respectively, was efficient in reducing the electron transport rate and the lateral shoot growth of the Chonan garlic cultivar, and also technically viable in increasing the productivity of commercial bulbs.

Influence of drought stress and brassinosteroid on growth and Physio-biochemical characteristics of apple plants

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of drought stress and brassinosteroid on growth and physio-biochemical responses of one-year-old apple plants of ‘Super Chief’ and ‘Red Chief’ varieties. These plants were treated with foliar application of brassinosteroid 0.05 ppm and 0.10 ppm, three days prior to 15 days and 30 days of drought stress. The maximum reduction in growth parameters were registered by plants subjected to 30 days of drought stress as compared to 15 days of drought stress. The transpiration rate owed significant reduction under drought stress. Osmoregulating substances like free amino acid, total soluble sugar content and antioxidant enzyme such as catalase activity enhanced during drought stress which helped in enhancing drought tolerance. Maximum reduction of soil moisture content was registered in 30 days of drought stress over 15 days. However, brassinosteroid at both concentrations could help in maintaining vital growth and physio-biochemical processes under drought stress conditions. Foliar spray of brassinosteroid (0.05 ppm) before the imposition of stress can pave the way to minimize the deleterious effects of drought stress on apple plants.

模拟增雨对荒漠植物幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 模拟增雨对荒漠植物幼苗生长和根系形态的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201902180285 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国林业科学研究院基本科研业务费专项资助（CAFYBB2020MB007）；内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站运行补助（201913214） Effects of simulated precipitation addition on growth and root morphological characteristics of desert plant seedling Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:降雨是荒漠生态系统过程和功能的最重要限制因子，荒漠植物幼苗对生长季降雨的变化极端敏感。为探讨荒漠植物对未来降雨格局变化的响应，选取乌兰布和沙漠两种典型荒漠植物幼苗（白刺和油蒿）为研究对象，根据生长季内（6-9月）每次降雨量，进行不同梯度的人工模拟增雨试验（CK：自然降雨、A：增雨25%、B：增雨50%、C：增雨75%、D：增雨100%），研究两种植物幼苗生长和根系形态特征对降雨量变化的响应。结果表明：（1）不同增雨处理对白刺和油蒿幼苗的地上部生长有显著影响（P<0.05），增雨处理的白刺和油蒿幼苗的株高、平均冠幅和基径显著高于CK，并随着增雨量的增大而增大（白刺基径除外）；（2）增雨处理之间、白刺和油蒿之间在总根长、总表面积、平均直径、总体积、根尖数和分叉数均有显著差异（P<0.05）。对白刺幼苗而言，B处理和C处理的根系参数均显著大于CK、A和D处理，且B和C处理之间没有显著差异（平均直径除外）；对油蒿幼苗而言，随着增雨量的增加，油蒿总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数和分叉数呈现逐渐增加的趋势，而平均直径呈现先增加后降低的趋势，且在B处理下达到最大值。（3）增雨处理显著降低了白刺幼苗的根冠比，而对油蒿幼苗的根冠比没有显著影响，并且白刺幼苗根冠比显著大于油蒿幼苗。（4）白刺和油蒿幼苗的根系主要分布在0-0.5 mm和0.5-1 mm内，<2 mm的细根比例分别在B和D处理下达到最大值。这表明白刺和油蒿幼苗能够通过调整地上部生长和根系形态来适应降雨的变化。 Abstract:Precipitation is the most important limiting factor for processes and functions of desert ecosystems and desert plant seedlings are extremely sensitive to precipitation changes during the growing season. In order to explore the response of desert plant seedlings to future precipitation pattern changes, two typical desert plant seedlings (Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia ordosica) in Ulan Buh desert were selected as research objects. The artificial simulated precipitation addition experiment was conducted with five different gradients (CK: natural precipitation, A: +25% precipitation, B: +50% precipitation, C: +75% precipitation, D: +100% precipitation) based on the precipitation of growing season from June to September to study the growth of two plant seedlings and the response of root morphological characteristics to precipitation changes. The results showed that 1) different precipitation treatments had significant effects on the shoot growth of Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia ordosica seedlings (P <0.05). The height, average crown, and base diameter of Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia ordosica seedlings were significantly higher than the CK and increased with the amount of precipitation(except for the base diameter of Nitraria tangutorum).2) There were significant differences in total root length, total surface area, average diameter, total volume, number of root tips and number of branches between precipitation treatments(P <0.05). For the Nitraria tangutorum seedlings, the root parameters of B and C treatments were significantly greater than those of CK, A and D treatments, and there was no significant difference between B and C treatments (except for the average diameter); for the Artemisia ordosica seedlings, the total root length, total surface area, total volume, number of root tips and number of branches increased gradually with the increase of precipitation, while the average diameter increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum under B treatment.3) Precipitation addition treatment significantly reduced the root-shoot ratio of Nitraria tangutorum seedlings, but had no effect on the seedlings of Artemisia ordosica, and the root-shoot ratio of Nitraria tangutorum seedlings was significant greater than the seedlings of Artemisia ordosica.4) The roots diameter of two seedlings were mainly distributed in 0-0.5mm and 0.5-1mm, and the ratio of fine root (<2mm) reached the maximum value under B and D treatment, respectively. It suggested that Nitraria tangutorum and Artemisia ordosica seedlings could adjust shoot growth and root morphology to adapt precipitation changes. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Physiological alteration in Kinnow developed through physical and chemical mutagen

Alteration in plant growth, fruit yield and leaf gas exchange characteristics such as photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were investigated in five year old putative Kinnow developed from different doses of gamma irradiation and chemical mutagen (EMS) and compared with wild type (WT). The result showed dose-dependent decrease in plant height and yield in the developed from higher dosimetery. The plant height in the (G17-G20) developed from 30 Gy was inhibited by > 45.0%, while in the Eand Edeveloped from 0.02 and 0.05% EMS, it was reduced by >24%. Fruit yield was reduced by 66% in the G18 and G20 developed from 30Gy and >50% reduction in fruit yield were noted in E6 and E8 developed from intermediary dose of 0.1% EMS. Leaf gas exchange parameters recorded during different seasons of the year (April, August and December) exhibited differential response. Photosynthetic rate as compared to the wild type was reduced in the mutagenic population and maximum reduction without any seasonal variation were observed in the G12(4.92, 5.20 and 4.92 μmol m−2 s−1) and G13(4.98, 5.04 and 4.96 μmol m−2 s−1) developed from 25 Gy. Amongst the developed from chemical mutagen, photosynthetic rate was minimum in mutant E13 (5.15, 5.27 and 5.09 m−2 s−1) developed at EMS 0.2%. Both stimulatory and inhibitory response were observed in the magnitude of transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and leaf intercellular CO2 in the developed from higher doses of gamma rays and EMS. The result demonstrated that physiological alterations can also play a role in characterising genetic variability and pave way for selecting putative for future use in the breeding programme.

Investigation of the Effects of Radio Frequency Water Treatment on Some Characteristics of Growth in Pepper (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Capsicum annuum&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Plants

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radio frequency treatment of water on the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. For this experiment, one hundred one-week old plants were divided into two groups. The first group of plants was watered with water subjected to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation from an internet router for one hour a day, while the other group was watered with tap water (control). The overall results showed changes of growth characters of plant watered with electromagnetic water. The length of pepper plants is significantly affected by the treated water, where the length of shoot was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water (22.43 ± 7.17 cm) than those grown without treated water (28.11 ± 8.57 cm). The results revealed that the stem diameter of control plants (1.74 ± 0.39 cm) was significantly higher than that of the treated plants (1.66 ± 0.35 cm). In addition, the root length was lower in plants grown under the effect of treated water than those grown without treated water. Pepper plants watered with electromagnetic treated water exhibited marked decreases in health index, fresh and dry weight, relative water content, number of flowers and fruits/plant as well as number of seeds/fruit. In addition, the current experiment showed a significant decrease in the number of leaves, branch and flower per plant when watered with electromagnetic treated water. The results revealed that the first flowering time for plants in treated group was remarkably decelerated when compared to other plants in control group.

Exploration of endophytic bacteria for inducing plant growth and diseases resistance to vascular streak dieback (Ceratobasidium theobromae) on cacao

Indonesia is the third largest cacao production in the world after Ghana and Ivory Coast. The yield loss of cacao is drastically limited by the cacao diseases. Endophytic bacteria has been reported plays important role in inducing plant growth and diseases resistance. The aim of this research is to explore the endophytic bacteria capable to induce plant growth and diseases resistance to vascular streak dieback on cacao. The research step included: (1) isolation of endophytic bacteria from cacao tissues; (2) selection of endophytic bacteria as inducer of plant growth; (3) selection of endophytic bacteria as inducer of cacao plant resistance to Ceratobasidium theobromae; and (4) identification of potential isolates. Isolation of endophytic bacteria from Southeast Sulawesi, West Sumatera, and West Java resulted 288 bacterial isolates, and 40 of them induced strongly cacao seed germination. Further characterization on inducing plant growth characters and production of metabolite compound resulted 15 bacterial isolates for further analysis. Analysis phytoalexin compound produced by cacao seedling treated with endophytic bacteria revealed 10 isolates increases the relative ratio of Cyclohexene, 2-Methoxy-guaiacol, and 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran, indicated inducing plant resistance to C. theobromae. Molecular identification showed highly similarity to Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas geniculata, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, and S. maltophilia, respectively.

Influence of the rootstock variety on the vegetative and uvological measures of grapes

The goal of research – signification of influence of the genotype of rootstock varieties on the vegetative and reproductive characteristic of the Purple early (Fioletoviy ranniy) grafted grape variety during adaptation in the field. Observations of research was made with using rootstock varieties - PP 101-14, Kober 5BB, Vierul-3. The influence of the rootstock genotype was introduced on the basis of by the survival rate of bushes, plant growth characteristics of the Purple early (Fioletoviy ranniy) variety, and uvological properties. The least death of bushes was found by usage the rootstock Vierul -3. Was revealed influence of the rootstock genotype on the vegetative measures of the grafted variety. The genotype of the Vierul - 3 rootstock variety was materially affected the leaf-area and leaf-area duration of the bush. Was found that influence of rootstock on the reproductive properties of graft - rootstock combinations. Grafting on the rootstock Cober 5BB foster the increase slightly of yield per Bush. Uvology indicators point at a positive effects of rootstock Vierul-3 on the weight of cluster and berries, the size of cluster and berries, the structure and form of the cluster and total sugars. On-farm research of agrocenosis, is advisable to graft the rootstock Vierul-3 for Fioletoviy ranniy variety.

Comparison Effects of Soil and Foliar NPK Fertilizers Applications with Various Times on Growth of Rosa Plant (Rosa hybrida L.)

This experiment was conducted in greenhouse during the 2018-2019 growing season at Horticulture and landscape design department, Technical Institute of Bakrajo, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region/ Iraq. The Rosa plants (Rosa hybrida L.) were used as a test plant .The main objective of the study was to determine the impact of two different ways of NPK (20:20:20) fertilizer applications (soil and foliar), and four different time with five replications per treatment on some of the plant’s growth parameters; Height of plants (HP) cm, Number of Branch / Plant (NBP), Leave Number / Plant (LNP), Number of Flowers / Plant (NFP), Flower Diameters (FD) cm, Number of Buds Remaining (NBR), Number of Petals/Flower(NPF). The different fertilizer application had significant impacts on studied parameters over time, the addition of fertilizer through soil had positive growth impacts in compare with foliar one. However, the foliar application increased some plant growth characteristics like PH, NBP, NLP, and FD. As the NPK doses applied once / two weeks the plant morphological characteristic increased over the control. The best interaction among the Soil and Foliar fertilizer, and different time NPK application was a combination of the NPK applied directly from the soil once / two weeks.

Technosol as an integrated management tool for turning urban and coal mining waste into a resource

The present study aims to evaluate plant growth and chemical characteristics of technosols produced from fine coal waste and an organic compost from urban waste. This could be an alternative method for current disposal practices and a way to promote vegetation cover of mined lands. The experiment was conducted in 2 L containers filled with different substrates conditions: (I) exclusively coal waste, (II) coal waste + 2.5% organic matter, (III) coal waste + 5.0% organic matter, and (iv) agricultural soil as control. All substrates were performed in triplicate, with and without Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) planting. Plant growth was monitored for biomass production and plant tissue composition. Soils were evaluated in terms of fertility, acid generation potential, and sulfur speciation. The substrate composed exclusively of coal waste had almost no plant growth. However, the addition of compost allowed equivalent (with 2.5% organic matter) or even superior (with 5.0% organic matter) plant growth in terms of dry matter compared to the agricultural soil. At both levels of organic matter, soil fertility parameters were appropriate for Alfalfa growth. Regarding the plant tissue, the elemental composition of the shoots was considered adequate for cattle nutrition. Also, there was a reduction of both pyrite content and acid generation potential of the substrates after plant growth. In relation to urban waste, it is estimated that each hectare of technosol (condition III) could utilize around 550 t of organic compost. Thereby, this study addresses the possibility of improving waste management in both mining and urban contexts consistent with circular economy concepts.

Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Rootability of Rosmarinus officinalis Cuttings and their Alleviation by Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and Bacillus subtilis

This study was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, El-Zawia University, Libya during 2014 and 2015 seasons, to investigate the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0, 50 and 100 ppm) alone or in combination with Bacillus subtilis on the rootability, root and shoot growth of Rosmarinus officinalis L. cuttings under salt stress conditions (control, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl). The obtained data revealed that irrigation of cuttings with NaCl at 2000 and 4000 ppm resulted in a significant reduction in rooting percentage, root and vegetative growth characteristics, contents of N, P and K as well as C/N ratio in cutting tissues compared to control and the lowest salinity level used, whereas Na % and Na/K ratio were high, especially at high salinity levels. Treatment of cuttings with IBA alone or combined with B. subtilis modified and alleviated most of the harmful effects of salt stress, especially at the lower salinity level. Generally, the combination of IBA at 50 ppm with B. subtilis had a profound effect in increasing rootability, root and vegetative growth characteristics of plants compared to the control and all other treatments. The same treatment increased contents of N, P and K as well as C/N ratio, whereas reduced Na % and Na/K ratio in the rooted cutting tissues. So, it could be recommended to use this treatment for alleviation of adverse effects of irrigation water salinity on rooting and growth of R. officinalis cuttings.

Photomorphogenesis of wheat sprouts with LED irradiation of different intensities

Definition of the growth and development characteristics of plants in varied light conditions is a key factor for the creation of highly efficient light facilities for plant cultivation. Experimental research was conducted using an LED irradiation facility with photosynthetic photon flux densities ranging from 0 to 261 μmol m−2 s−1 and a continuous spectrum with maxima at 445 and 600 nm. Under the maximum photosynthetic photon flux density (261 μmol m− 2 s−1) wheat germs demonstrated diminishing leaf surface with high values of specific leaf area, enhanced pubescence of ground tissues, increases in the number of stomata on the upper epidermis and palisade, and an increase in the thickness of the leaves as well as an increase in carotenoids but a decrease in the chlorophyll a+b/carotenoids relation. It was revealed that the optimum level of photosynthetic photon flux density for the referred spectrum was in the range from 82 to 100 µmol m−2 s−1, which may enable a reduction of irradiance under specific conditions during early development with no harm to the plants while minimizing energy consumption during cultivation.

Analysis of growth, carbohydrate and photosynthetic characteristics of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara induced by a change in water depth

The effects of water depth on the growth, carbohydrates and photosynthetic response of Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara were studied using a five-month (June to October) mesocosm experiment to explore the plant ecological adaptability of different water depths by examining the morphological index, relative growth rate (RGR) and contents of non-structural carbohydrates (soluble and reducing sugars, starch), the maximum photosynthetic efficiency (F v/F m) and maximum electron transport rate (rETR max) in the plants. The results show that the shoot length, and ramet number increased significantly during the studied period, and the shoot number progressively increased from June to October, except at a 45 cm water depth. The root biomass, root length, root diameter, leaf width and RGR were the lowest in the most shallow (45 cm) water. The content of non-structural carbohydrates in the shoots of V. natans were significantly affected by the water depth, which was positively correlated with starch and total biomass, but negatively correlated with the soluble sugar, positive correlations were also observed between starch and the total biomass. The parameters F v/F mand rETR maxof V. natans show dynamic changes with plant growth and development in terms of pigment characteristics. Based on the analysis, the water depth had an important effect on plant growth, carbohydrates and photosynthetic characteristics.