Group Of Young Athletes Research Articles

Young Adult’s Mental Health Literacy in Relation to Depression and Their Attitudes Towards Complementary Medicine Practice

Depression and mental health-related issues are increasingly prevalent in young adolescents and adults and so is the use of Complementary Therapies (CTs) to treat depression. Systematic reviews have found that, of all CTs, acupuncture, exercise, and the herbal remedy St John’s Wort have the greatest amount of evidence for efficacy in treating depression. We aimed to assess Mental Health Literacy (MHL) levels in the treatment of depression and Complementary Therapy’s (CT) usage in adolescents and adults. Surveys were distributed to a pre-existing cohort of community women; and a group of young athletes and university students (n = 156, aged ≥16 years). Participant’s level of MHL and the CT’s usage for their personal health was assessed. MHL regarding the identification of depressive symptoms was low, particularly in males aged under 35 years. The majority (59%) of participants utilized CTs 12 months prior to survey completion. Evidence-based professional services were perceived more helpful than self-help methods in treating depressive symptoms. Our findings support previous research indicating high levels of use of CTs. Whilst there was a favorable regard for professional services, greater education regarding the identification of depressive symptoms in young men is needed to improve the MHL in this population.

SCIENTIFIC PHYSICAL CORE STRENGTH TRAINING OF ADOLESCENT GROUP

ABSTRACT Introduction: A strong core can be more stable and improve the body posture of adolescents. This enables the organic integration and development of all parts of the body, as well as the coordination of the upper and lower limbs. Core strength training is conducive to improving its physical strength in the youth group. Objective: To study the influence of core strength on adolescents’ motor skills and physical literacy. Methods: 40 teenagers were selected for group training. The experimental group performed core strength training, while the control group used traditional strength training. After the training period, the improvement of the physical fitness and motor skills of the two groups of volunteers was analyzed. Results: There were statistical differences between the two groups of young athletes in various technical and physical fitness indicators. Conclusion: Core strength training can improve the basic skills of young athletes, such as fast running, jumping and so on, but the effect of improving high physical fitness is not obvious. The experiment shows that a certain period of core strength training can improve their physical and motor skills. In future training for youth, core strength training should be advocated. Level of evidence II; Evidence from well-designed randomized controlled trials.

Predictive factors of cardiovascular changes depending on the type and intensity of physical activity in professional athletes

Aim. To determine the early predictive factors of cardiovascular changes in professional athletes, depending on the type and intensity of physical activity.Material and methods. A total of 136 male athletes were examined. Of these, 116 were professional athletes (age, 22,07±4,1 years) as follows: freestyle wrestling, judo (n=30), cross-country skiing, biathlon (n=27), powerlifting (n=33), volleyball (n=26). Control group included 20 athletes (age, 17,95±1,5 years) with a history of training less than 3 years. All participants underwent electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, cycle ergometry (CE) with assessment of physical performance at a heart rate of 170 bpm (PWC170) and maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). When creating predictive models of early cardiovascular changes, we used logistic regression, stepwise regression and Wald statistics. Differences were considered significant at p<0,05.Results. Predictive models of logistic regression using ROC analysis showed high sensitivity and specificity, a high percentage of correct predictions using data from echocardiography — 86,8%, CE — 80,9%, ECG and other indicators — 83,1%. A stepwise algorithm was used to select prognostic factors determining early cardiovascular changes in young athletes, depending on the stage of sports training, the intensity and type of dynamic and/or static exercise: left ventricular posterior wall thickness (p=0,008), left ventricular mass (p=0,001), stroke volume (p=0,002), end-systolic volume (p=0,001), PWC170 (p=0,025), MOC (p=0,003), recovery time of heart rate (HR) (p=0,029) and blood pressure (p=0,032) after submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer, body mass index (p=0,029), heart rate (p=0,034), office systolic blood pressure (p=0,009), intraventricular (bundle) block (p=0,046), left ventricular repolarization abnormalities (p=0,010), mild cardiac connective tissue anomalies (p=0,035).Conclusion. The early prognostic factors established by the logistic regression affect the characteristics and risk of cardiovascular changes in each group of young athletes. This demonstrates the need to develop individual medical support programs, further monitoring, evaluation, correction and prevention of identified disorders, taking into account the type of sports, intensity and exercise.

Assessment of nutritional status, body composition and bone density in a group of young athletes

Introduction: Gymnastics, dance, running and figure skating are competitive sports often associated with a higher prevalence for eating disorders among female athletes. The inadequate caloric intake in these athletes is responsible for the

The difference between squat jump and countermovement jump in 770 male and female participants from different sports

ABSTRACT Traditionally, a larger difference between countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) was seen as beneficial, as it reflects the ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle. However, strong arguments have been made that this might not always be the case, as larger differences between the jumps could also suggest higher muscle-tendon slack, or poor capability to take this slack up quickly. The purpose of this study was to explore SJ and CMJ, as well as the CMJ to SJ difference (CMJSJDiff) in 9 groups of young athletes. In total, 712 athletes from various disciplines (mean age range: 15.7–36.3 years) and 58 physical education students (mean age: 19.6 years) participated in the study. The major finding of this study was that the groups that showed better SJ and CMJ performance did not show the larger CMJSJDiff. For instance, SJ and CMJ heights were highest in short-distance runners and lowest in long-distance runners, while the largest and smallest CMJSJDiff was shown in physical education students and speed skaters, respectively. Male athletes had a higher CMJSJDiff than female athletes, but the difference was very small. While a larger CMJSJDiff has been traditionally associated viewed as positive, our results could indicate both superior ability to utilize the stretch-shortening cycle, as well as poor ability of rapid force development and excessive muscle slack. Further studies are needed to directly investigate the associations between CMJSJDiff and indicators of athletic performance.

Морфофункциональные характеристики монгольских детей и подростков с разным уровнем физической активности

The materials for the present study were collected cross-sectionally in 2014/15 as a result of a survey of 7136 individuals from 8 to 17 years of age who were ethnic Mongols and lived in the city of Ulaanbaatar. The data was divided into 2 groups – individuals who were students of special sports schools and were engaged in sports sections of different specialization for more than a year, and individuals limited to physical education lessons at municipal schools. Anthropometric data were collected according to the standard technique, followed by assessment of the parameters of the hemodynamic and respiratory systems, as well as the dynamometry of both hands. The survey was performed in accordance with bioethical procedure and the signing of informed consent protocols. Results and discussion. The large value of the total body sizes in the groups of young athletes indicates that the morphological status of the subjects under the influence of physical activity begins to change quite early, and at the end of the period under consideration, the intergroup difference reaches a maximum, especially in boys. At the same time, the body frame index, which allows one to draw indirect conclusions about the robustness of the skeleton, differs slightly. Taking into account the age of the subjects, it can be concluded that the influence of sports on the value of the indicator manifests itself in the process of growth and parallel to increasing physical activity levels. Intergroup differences in the value of functional indicators are much more pronounced: the respiratory and hemodynamic systems demonstrate more active functioning in physically active individuals. In this case, clearer intergroup differences were found in girls. At the same time, higher indicators of dynamometry of both hands (especially in older schoolchildren), together with the results obtained above, make it possible to speak of positive shifts in the physical strength of the body, directly related to a higher level of physical activity. Conclusion. Systematic involvement in regular physical activity and various sports has a positive effect on the body functioning, significantly improving its capabilities: individuals with higher level of physical activity are more adapted to the effects of the external environment comparing to their less-active peers. This is confirmed by numerous studies by other authors. The greater degree of differences in morphological characteristics in the groups of boys, and functional indicators in the groups of girls, may be associated with the traditional Mongolian way of life, with typical gender stereotypes and roles.

Risk of developing eating disorders through the misperception of the body image and the adoption of bad eating habits in a sample of young volleyball athletes

Objective: This preliminary study focused on the description of some dysfunctional perceptions of the body image and eating habits in a sample of young. Methods: The results obtained by 55 amateur and professional volleyball players belonging to volleyball sports clubs located in the province of Reggio Emilia were examined. The age of the sample is in a range between 11 and 44 years. The participants completed the Pisa Survey for Eating Disorders (PSED), a questionnaire aimed at examining eating behavior and the perception of one’s body image. The athletes’ height and body weight were subsequently detected through direct measurement. Conclusion: The data collected through the self-evaluation questionnaire and the measurements carried out by the study made it possible to analyze the perception of the body image and the eating habits of the volleyball players belonging to the sample and to compare them with the data in the literature. The data, albeit preliminary, allow us to confirm the existence of the discrepancy between the real body image and the desired one, in a group of young athletes, who favors the adoption of non-adaptive coping strategies to control one’s own weight and body shapes typical of the vicious circle - strict diet, bingeing episodes, compensatory behaviors - which characterizes eating disorders (ED). It is therefore considered essential that body image assessment is a practice implemented in the assessment routine of these athletes, especially in consideration of the fact that body image disturbance is a very common feature in this category and is one of the main risk factors of EDs.

Investigation on the Immunological Effects of Regular Physical Activity

Introduction: Effects of physical activity on immune functions may largely depend on the type of activity, its intensity and duration. However, little information is available regarding the immunological effects of sporting activities in older ages. 
 The aim of our study was to examine the changes in a wide spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after a period of regular workout among healthy women of different ages.
 Methods: In our study, we enrolled 16 elderly women (between ages of 60-75 years) formerly not engaged in regular physical activity, who took part in lightweight conditioning gymnastic exercise program. Eight young athletes and 26 young adults with sedentary lifestyle served as controls. The percentages of peripheral NK, NKT cells, T and B lymphocyte subtypes were determined by flow cytometry based on the staining of extracellular markers and intracellular cytokines.
 Results: Lymphocyte subgroups did not differ between the groups of young athletes and young adults with sedentary lifestyle. However, in elderly women, levels of NKT cells were lower, while ratios of T helper / T cytotoxic cells were higher compared to younger individuals. At the end of exercise program, in elderly women, percentages of naive B cells decreased, while levels of switched-memory B cells increased. Furthermore, proportions of Th2 cells increased, while levels of immunosuppressive CD4+CD127-CD25bright Treg cells decreased as the result of regular exercise.
 Conclusion: Differences observed after lightweight exercise programs reflect a presumably enhanced immunoreactivity and increased ability for immune responses in older ages.

Endoscopic Treatment of Posterior Ankle Impingement Secondary to Os Trigonum in Recreational Athletes.

Background:The os trigonum (OT)—the most common accessory bone of the foot—although usually asymptomatic, may cause posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS), which may be a severely debilitating problem for recreational or competitive athletes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effectiveness of posterior ankle arthroscopy and to assess the outcome in the treatment of PAIS secondary to OT impingement or OT fractures within a group of young athletes and their return to previous sports level.Methods:From 2011 to 2018, a retrospective review of 81 recreational athletes of mean age 27.8 years was performed. All patients were diagnosed with PAIS due to OT pathology and were operated on endoscopically with resection of the OT. Pre- and postoperative clinical evaluation were performed at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years based on visual analog scale (VAS), ankle range of motion (ROM), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot score, and the Foot & Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores, in a follow-up of at least 2 years.Results:VAS score was significantly improved from an average of 7.5 (5-9) preoperatively to 1.9 (1-3) at 3 months postoperatively and to 0.6 (0-2) and 0.3 (0 -1) at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Ankle ROM was significantly improved from an average of 24.8 (10-35) preoperatively to 58.0 (50-65) at 3 months postoperatively and to 64.0 (50-65) at 1 year and 64.7 (60-65) at 2 years postoperatively. AOFAS and FADI scores were significantly improved from 39.4 (18-55) and 49.7 (42.3-62.5) preoperatively to 85.2 (74-89) and 87.3 (81.7-88.5) postoperatively at 3 months to 97.7 (85-100) and 97.9 (93.3-100) postoperatively at 1 year, respectively (P < .001). Only 5 patients dropped to a lower activity level. There were 5 complications (4 transient).Conclusion:Endoscopic treatment of PAIS due to OT pathology demonstrated excellent results. Posterior ankle arthroscopy was an effective treatment and allowed for a prompt return to a high activity level of their athletic performance.Level of Evidence:Level IV, therapeutic study / retrospective case series.

Investigation on the Immunological Effects of Regular Physical Activity

Introduction: Effects of physical activity on immune functions may largely depend on the type of activity, its intensity and duration. However, little information is available regarding the immunological effects of sporting activities in older ages. &#x0D; The aim of our study was to examine the changes in a wide spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after a period of regular workout among healthy women of different ages.&#x0D; Methods: In our study, we enrolled 16 elderly women (between ages of 60-75 years) formerly not engaged in regular physical activity, who took part in lightweight conditioning gymnastic exercise program. Eight young athletes and 26 young adults with sedentary lifestyle served as controls. The percentages of peripheral NK, NKT cells, T and B lymphocyte subtypes were determined by flow cytometry based on the staining of extracellular markers and intracellular cytokines.&#x0D; Results: Lymphocyte subgroups did not differ between the groups of young athletes and young adults with sedentary lifestyle. However, in elderly women, levels of NKT cells were lower, while ratios of T helper / T cytotoxic cells were higher compared to younger individuals. At the end of exercise program, in elderly women, percentages of naive B cells decreased, while levels of switched-memory B cells increased. Furthermore, proportions of Th2 cells increased, while levels of immunosuppressive CD4+CD127-CD25bright Treg cells decreased as the result of regular exercise.&#x0D; Conclusion: Differences observed after lightweight exercise programs reflect a presumably enhanced immunoreactivity and increased ability for immune responses in older ages.

Investigation on the Immunological Effects of Regular Physical Activity

Introduction: Effects of physical activity on immune functions may largely depend on the type of activity, its intensity and duration. However, little information is available regarding the immunological effects of sporting activities in older ages. &#x0D; The aim of our study was to examine the changes in a wide spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after a period of regular workout among healthy women of different ages.&#x0D; Methods: In our study, we enrolled 16 elderly women (between ages of 60-75 years) formerly not engaged in regular physical activity, who took part in lightweight conditioning gymnastic exercise program. Eight young athletes and 26 young adults with sedentary lifestyle served as controls. The percentages of peripheral NK, NKT cells, T and B lymphocyte subtypes were determined by flow cytometry based on the staining of extracellular markers and intracellular cytokines.&#x0D; Results: Lymphocyte subgroups did not differ between the groups of young athletes and young adults with sedentary lifestyle. However, in elderly women, levels of NKT cells were lower, while ratios of T helper / T cytotoxic cells were higher compared to younger individuals. At the end of exercise program, in elderly women, percentages of naive B cells decreased, while levels of switched-memory B cells increased. Furthermore, proportions of Th2 cells increased, while levels of immunosuppressive CD4+CD127-CD25bright Treg cells decreased as the result of regular exercise.&#x0D; Conclusion: Differences observed after lightweight exercise programs reflect a presumably enhanced immunoreactivity and increased ability for immune responses in older ages.

Investigation on the Immunological Effects of Regular Physical Activity

Introduction: Effects of physical activity on immune functions may largely depend on the type of activity, its intensity and duration. However, little information is available regarding the immunological effects of sporting activities in older ages. &#x0D; The aim of our study was to examine the changes in a wide spectrum of lymphocyte subtypes after a period of regular workout among healthy women of different ages.&#x0D; Methods: In our study, we enrolled 16 elderly women (between ages of 60-75 years) formerly not engaged in regular physical activity, who took part in lightweight conditioning gymnastic exercise program. Eight young athletes and 26 young adults with sedentary lifestyle served as controls. The percentages of peripheral NK, NKT cells, T and B lymphocyte subtypes were determined by flow cytometry based on the staining of extracellular markers and intracellular cytokines.&#x0D; Results: Lymphocyte subgroups did not differ between the groups of young athletes and young adults with sedentary lifestyle. However, in elderly women, levels of NKT cells were lower, while ratios of T helper / T cytotoxic cells were higher compared to younger individuals. At the end of exercise program, in elderly women, percentages of naive B cells decreased, while levels of switched-memory B cells increased. Furthermore, proportions of Th2 cells increased, while levels of immunosuppressive CD4+CD127-CD25bright Treg cells decreased as the result of regular exercise.&#x0D; Conclusion: Differences observed after lightweight exercise programs reflect a presumably enhanced immunoreactivity and increased ability for immune responses in older ages.

The Effect of Nandralone Decanoate on Athletes Fertility

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)”, (Nandrolone Decanoate) the treatments most widely abused commonly for improving athletic ability, appearance or muscle mass, athletes, coaches, and physicians should be aware of their harmful side effects .liquorice extract consider important medical plant due to rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolic and alkaloids that Supports the general health of the body. In this study we compare between two groups of young athletes from Al-Qassam city, each group contains from six athletes, the first group they taken Nandrolone Decanoate with dose 50 mg, I.M. for three-time weakly and persistence in a period at least two months, the second group the without any treatment are using as a control group. The result showing that athletes who taken Nandrolone at least two months there have low elevation in liver enzyme but there are no significant differences in GPT ,GOT, ALP, as well as decreased the levels of mean “serum FSH, LH, and testosterone.

Hamstring and other thigh injuries in children and young athletes.

In adults, hamstring injuries may lead to long periods of rehabilitation and carry a definite risk of recurrence. However, no studies detail how these injuries affect young athletes. To describe and analyze injuries in the hamstring area in young athletes. To identify risk factors for injuries to the hamstring area in this age group, which will make it possible to design and optimize prevention plans. The study population consisted of 1157 young athletes with an average age of 13.56years, all members of the Barcelona Football Club. Injuries to the hamstring area over three consecutive seasons (from July 2007 to June 2010) were analyzed. The 50 injuries in the hamstring muscle complex included 14 injuries to the biceps femoris, 17 to the semitendinosus-semimembranosus complex, 10 cases of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and nine avulsion of the ischial tuberosity. Hamstring injuries were first identified in young athletes starting from age nine, with an age-related increased rate up to the age of 15, and a lower incidence at age 14, 16, and 18. The average time lost following an hamstring injury was 21days and 43.4days following avulsion from the ischium. The highest incidence of injuries occurred in football players. Hamstring injuries in this group of young athletes are less prevalent than in adults.

Measurement of reaction time in groups of young athletes in the conditions which require focused attention

The notion of maintaining visual attention, with its synonyms; prolonged concentration, intensity, mental attitude, are used to determine a mental ability which refers to ‘a state of readiness to detect, recognise and react to unusually subtle changes in the surroundings which occur during a longer period of time’ [1]. According to Linhart [2], ‘concentration of active attention is understood as a period during which a subject is able to perceive conventional signals without errors which might be a result of distracting attention, in a way that is active, purposeful and continuous’ [2, p. 324]. It must be added that this state of active readiness to react has a latent form and refers to a tendency to focus attention at a high level, mostly on tasks requiring a high standard of performance. Therefore, it does not determine a general level of possibilities to accomplish a given task, but it undoubtedly has an impact on it. In experimental psychology, an ability to focus attention is perceived in two ways: – as a certain personality disposition, – as a certain feature of behaviour which depends on a situational context. For the purpose of examining human behaviours in the conditions which require focused attention, many researchers suggest using attentional tasks, also referred to as continuous performance tests that ought to be characterised by the following three conditions: – relatively long duration, – low probability that a signal will appear, – relatively shallow principle of information selection during an analysis of stimuli [3,4].

Sex-Specific Differences in the Severity of Symptoms and Recovery Rate following Sports-Related Concussion in Young Athletes

Introduction: While research on adult recovery from concussion indicates sex-specific symptoms and recovery rates, there is little existing data on younger patient populations. Objective: To determine sex-specific differences in the severity of presenting symptoms and recovery rate between groups of young athletes who presented ≤ 7 or > 7 days after sports-related concussion. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of athletes aged 9 to 17 years who were referred for evaluation of a sports-related concussion over a 24-month period. The study groups were divided by sex and post-injury presentation to the clinic at ≤ 7 days and > 7 days from the date of injury. Athletes with learning disabilities were excluded from the study and data analysis. Age, height, and weight were recorded for each subject. Each subject also reported their initial degree of confusion, amnesia, or loss of consciousness, and whether a helmet was worn when the injury was sustained. A 22-item post-concussion symptom score (SS) scale was completed by both groups on initial assessment (SS1) and follow-up visit (SS2). The recovery rate (SSR) was calculated as (SS2–SS1)/days between SS2 and SS1. Sex and group comparisons for SS1 and SSR were performed using 2 × 2 analysis of variance. A similar analysis was also performed for effects of sex on SS1 and SSR in patients who were not wearing a helmet. Results: Thirty-seven athletes aged 15.0 ± 1.9 years were evaluated. Males, regardless of day of presentation, had a lower SS1 evaluation than females (15.8 vs 30.9; P < 0.05). Males without helmets did not differ from females without helmets, but this was not significantly different (14.1 vs 29.6; P = 0.1). There was not a significant difference in SS1 evaluation between the groups who presented at ≤ 7 or > 7 days. The overall mean SSR was −1.2/day, with no significant difference seen between groups or sex. There were no significant differences in degree of loss of consciousness, amnesia, confusion, or age between the sexes or groups. Conclusion: Whether presenting at ≤ 7 or > 7 days following a sports-related concussion, female athletes reported a higher SS1 evaluation. With SSR being similar between sexes, the current data suggest that young, female athletes may take longer to become symptom free following sports-related concussion. This information may be an important factor in returning a young athlete to sport after sports-related concussion.

Vestibular reactions of young ski jumpers

Autonomic responses to vestibular stimulation are predominately differently directed in groups of young athletes and children and adolescents who do not participate in sports, their expression being determined by the ontogenetic pattern and peaking at about 14 years of age. Ski jumping contributes to the physiologically adequate direction of autonomic reactions connected with the predominance of sympathetic activity. The somatic reactions of athletes to a rotational test are determined by the level level of their qualification and reach a considerably greater tolerance to the distracting effects of vestibular stimulation than those of subjects from control groups, and the intergroup differences in the levels of somatic reactions increase rather than decrease by 17 years of age, in contrast to the intergroup differences in autonomic reactions.

Experiences and Expectations of Biographical Time among Young Athletes

In this article, we explore how biographical time is storied by a particular group of young athletes in relation to their experiences and expectations of embodied ageing. The data suggests that at present, as able and sporting bodies, their everyday experiences are framed by the cyclical, maximizing, and disciplined notions of time associated with the social organization of sport. In their middle years, however, it was perceived that time would be pressured. In contrast, when talking about old age, empty time and static time were expected. The ways in which three different narratives of self operate to shape the projected experiences of time for these individuals are highlighted, and the implications of this process for their ability to access diverse narrative resources of ageing is discussed.

Gender-Specific Concussion Outcomes in Young Athletes

While research on adult recovery from concussion indicates gender specific symptoms and recovery, there is little data on younger populations. PURPOSE: To determine gender-specific differences in the severity of presenting symptoms (SS1) and recovery rate (SSR) between groups of young athletes who presented in < 7, or >7 days after sports-related concussion (SRC). METHODS: A 24-month, retrospective evaluation of athletes aged 9–17 yrs., referred for evaluation of SRC. The Prague Conference classified simple SRC as resolution in < 7 days, while complex injuries are those with SS1 not resolved <10 days. Therefore groups were divided by gender and by post-injury presentation < 7 days (M<7; F<7) and >7 days (M>7; F>7). Those with learning disabilities were excluded. Age, height and weight were recorded for each patient. Each also reported their initial degree of confusion, amnesia, or LOC, and if a helmet was worn during injury. A 21-item postconcussion symptom score scale was done on initial (SS1) and follow-up visits (SS2). SRR was calculated as: (SS2-SS1)/ days between SS2 & SS1. Gender and group comparisons for SS1 and SSR were done using 2x2 ANOVA. A similar analysis was also done for effects of gender on SS1 and SSR in non-helmeted athletes. RESULTS: 59 athletes (× age =14.5; +/− 2.1 yrs.) were evaluated. Males, regardless of presentation day, had lower SS1 then females (23.1 vs. 38.7; p<0.05). Non-helmeted males also had lower SS1 then non-helmeted females (21.7 vs. 38.6; p< 0.05) There was NS difference in SS1 between <7 or >7 groups. The overall mean SSR was - 1.6/day (5.2% dec. /day) with NS difference seen between groups or gender. There were NS differences in degree of LOC, amnesia or confusion, BMI or age between the genders or groups. CONCLUSIONS: Whether presenting in < 7, or >7 days following SRC, female athletes report a higher SS1. A similar gender difference existed when only non-helmeted athletes were included. With SSR similar between genders, the current data suggest that young female athletes may take longer to become SS1-free following SRC. This information may help clinicians predict time to return to play.

Age-specific Features of a Cardiorespiratory Response to the Combined Action of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

A re-entry breathing test has established that progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia cause inhibited gas exchange that are more pronounced in groups of young athletes and schoolchildren. In adult athletes, higher cardiorespiratory resistance is provided by oxygen utilization and the maintenance of the required level of blood flow.