Groups Of Different Sizes Research Articles

Pilot Study To Measure the Change in Dental Health Behaviour of Children Given Oral Hygiene Instruction in Groups of Different Sizes

Pilot Study To Measure the Change in Dental Health Behaviour of Children Given Oral Hygiene Instruction in Groups of Different Sizes

Real National Income

Real national income comparison is one of the most frequently performed exercises in empirical economics. While the welfare implications of such comparisons are often not spelt out, there is little doubt that the significance that is attached to comparisons of real national income depend greatly on their implicit welfare content. This also influences the statistical procedures that are chosen, and as has been observed, the basic conventions that have been adopted by the statisticians of most countries for purposes of GNP-measurement are still founded on some notion of what measure of economic activity can best represent the contribution of that activity to welfare (Beckerman [2], p. 80). The welfare theory of real national income comparisons is, however, incomplete in several important ways, despite outstanding contributions by several distinguished economists, including Hicks [17], [18], Scitovsky [40], Kuznets [24], Samuelson [38], [39], Little [26] and Graaff [12], among others. Perhaps the most serious difficulty is with the treatment of income distribution. The starting point of thispaper lies in treating the same commodity going to two different persons as two different goods. The weighting of goods , thus defined, will incorporate distributional judgements. (The approach presented in this paper is best seen in the context of Graaff's [12] analysis of the need to dispense with the time-honoured device of drawing a distinction between the size and the of the national income and saying that welfare upon them both , and his penetrating observation that welfare depends (if we must use the term) on size only-and we do not know what the size is until we know the distribution ([12], p. 92).) This will permit a welfare interpretation of real income comparisons without the usual restrictive assumptions, e.g. leaving out distributional considerations explicitly (cf. Hicks [17], [18]), or making the peculiarly unrealistic assumption that is made by lump-sum transfers (cf. Samuelson [38], pp. 28-29, [39]). The important point to note is that typically social welfare can be seen to be a function of the vector of goods as defined here, but not as a function of the vector of commodities in the usual sense (i.e. irrespective of who gets them). Another departure lies in the explicit recognition of the fact that real national income comparisons involve different groups of people.' In this, these comparisons differ from traditional welfare economics (e.g. the use of Pareto Optimality or of Compensation Tests ), collective choice theory, (e.g. the use of Arrowian social welfare functions ), and the standard theory of national planning (e.g. cost-benefit analysis , or optimal growth theory ), which are concerned with comparing alternative positions of the same group of people. One way of avoiding the complex problems of inter-group contrasts is to confine real income comparisons to contrasting the actual position of a group with what its position would have been it were plhced in the position of another group. (Cf. Pigou: If the German population with German tastes were given the national dividend of England, . [34], pp. 52-53.) But this problem is ill-defined. For two groups of n people each, there are n! different ways of placing one group in the position of another. And, for two groups of different sizes, the interpretation of such as if comparisons is totally ambiguous.

Effects of group size on the feeding behaviour and growth of chicks

1. The aim of the study was to see if social facilitation of feeding has a lasting effect on the growth of chicks. 2. In two experiments, newly hatched hybrid and Brown Leghorn chicks were reared in isolation and in small groups of different sizes, and their growth, food intake and feeding activity were measured for several eeks. 3. Initially, chicks of both strains grew faster when they were grouped than when they were in isolation, as a result of a more efficient conversion of food rather than as a result of increased consumption. 4. Later, chicks in the largest groups converted their food less efficiently, possibly because of increased disturbance. 5. From 6 to 12 weeks, when the chicks were in larger cages, growth rate was not affected by group size, but food intake and food conversion were affected differently in the two strains. 6. In general, the isolated chicks ate about the same amount as the grouped ones, and it is doubtful whether social facilitation of feeding occurred at all in these experiments.

The chemistry of uranium—XI: Sulphoxides as ligands for uranium(V)

The interactions of UCl 4, UBr 4 and ThCl 4 with various sulphoxide ligands were studied conductometrically and spectrophotometrically in acetone solutions. The results indicate that a large number of species exist simultaneously in equilibrium under such conditions. The influence of the sulphoxide ligand on the positions of the equilibria, the coordination number of the uranium(IV) complex, the stoichiometry of the solid complex isolated and the relationship between the solid precipitated and the species present in solution, were studied. Diakyl sulphoxide ligands with groups of different sizes and degrees of branching were used, viz. dimethyl sulphoxide (dmso), diisobutyl sulphoxide (dibso), diisopropyl sulphoxide (dipso) and di-tertiarybutyl sulphoxide (tbso). Solids isolated were U X 4. 2tbso, UCl 4, 2dibso, UBr 4. 4dibso, ThCl 4. 3dibso, (UCl 2. 6dmso)(ClO 4) 2 and (UCl 3. 5dmso)ClO 4 ( X = Cl and Br). These were characterized by spectroscopic and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results indicated that solution studies cannot readily be used to interpret the structure of the solid complexes since a large number of species exist in equilibrium in most cases.

Territorial Spacing on a Beach

This exploratory study focused on people's use of a large, open beach. The main concern was to see how naturally occurring groups of different size and composition claimed territory and shared this type of unstructured space with others. Findings showed that (a) group territories did not grow regularly with group size, but that space claims per person tended to decrease as group size increased; (b) females tended to claim smaller territories than males, and- were found under higher local density conditions; (c) certain territory characteristics (size in some groups, markers in others) tended to change with time; (d) the influence of local density on respondent's estimates of the crowding capacity of the beach varied with the respondent's group size and sex composition. Additional data revealed (e) a significant relation between density and respondent's occupational background among certain groups.

Genealogical mating activity in free-ranging groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago.

AbstractBehavioral observations on a large group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were carried out on Cayo Santiago from January I968 through December I969 and from October through December I970. Records of mating activity (single mounts, mount series, copulations) indicated that genealogical mating activity on Cayo Santiago had the following characteristics : (I) 5.4% of all recorded mount series and copulations involved mother-son pairs; (2) mating was observed in 3I% of 26 individual pairs of mothers and sons; (3) mating was seen in I2% of 42 individual pairs of brothers and sisters; (4) of I0 instances of mother-son mating, seven involved pairs in which the mother was dominant to the son; (5) mating in mother-son and brother-sister pairs occurred in high and low ranking genealogies within the group; (6) with two exceptions, all three to five-year old males who did engage in sexual activity with their mothers did not mate with non-related females during that breeding season; and (7) with one exception, all instances of mother-son and brother-sister mating involved males from three to five years of age. These findings are in sharp contrast to observations made on a smaller group on Cayo Santiago. Possible causes for this difference between social groups of different size are discussed.

Configurational stability of asymmetrically substituted organotin compounds. An example of optical activity at the tin centre

Chemical shift non-equivalence of diastereotopic groups has been studied for a series of organotin monohalides with organic groups of different sizes to test the stereochemical stability of the asymmetric tin centre. The mutually related effects of halogen intermolecular exchange, nature of tin–halogen bond, intrinsic asymmetry of the molecules, and the steric requirements of the organotin groups are discussed in the light of the experimental findings. The effect of the bulk of the organic groups on the intrinsic asymmetry of some organotin compounds with four carbon–tin bonds has also been studied. An optically active tetraorganotin compound has been obtained through asymmetric synthesis.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PATTERNED GROUND ON SOME MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN JAPAN

There is a stringency about the existance of periglacial activities in some districts of Japan from the last glacial stage to recent. Some amounts of studies on periglacial pheno-mena relative to both fossil and recent types have already been made, and a few attempts were carried out to outline the palaeoclimatic zones or palaeogeographical features of Japanese Islands during the Wurm stage using some data indicating palaeoclimates by field observations about fossil patterned ground and other features distinguished as periglacial phenomena. While the concept that patterned ground indicates the palaeoclimate or palaeogeography has been accepted, there remained some confusions between terminology and genetical ideas about patterned ground in Japan. So, it was hoped that from the viewpoint of genetical ideas, re-checking of patterned grounds might provide profound data for palaeogeography, if the works would be carried out without confusions. In this preliminary study, the authors did on-the-spot investigations at such mountains as Mt. Kamikochi (2803m) and Mt. Chausu (2600m) in the Southern Alps and Mt. Kaun (1954m) of Taisetsu Volcano in Central Hokkaido. After these field works, we analysed the observed data and materials, and discussed on genetical ideas and environment, under which these patterned grounds develop. Conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) According to Washburn's classification of patterned ground, the patterned ground we observed is classified as “sorted circles” from its morphological feature, and there are two groups of different sizes, diameter 10-15cm and 100-150cm. (2) The places where sorted circles develop are fiat or gentle slopes covered with weathe-red debris without vegetation covers, or some depressions formed by snow patch erosion and dammed up shallow valleys. Larger size sorted circles develop at the bottom of depressions, which are sometimes filled with snow-melted water during summer and also with weathered materials from bedrock. The altitudes are usually around 2, 500m in the Southern Alps, and around 1, 600m on Mt. Kaun in Hokkaido. In these areas, the altitude is above the timber-line and nearly the some with the zone of pines montana. (3) The observations of soil profiles of sorted circles show two stratified layers, coarse sand and debris for the upper, fine well sorted sand and silt for the lower. The boundary of these two layers is sharp and not horizontal but waved. Careful taking off of the upper layer enables one to observe the three dimensional forms of the boundary, and it shows the exi-stance of mound-like forms. There is an obvious relationship between this mound form and sorted surface features. The center of sorted circles consisted of fine materials coincides with the top of the peak part of mound form. The fringed contour of sorted circles consisted of coarse materials concides with the outskirts of mound. So this mound form controls the size of sorted circles. (4) There are no fissures and no sand wedges which cut deep the fringed contours of sorted circles. But the mound form of boundary shows the process that the lower fine sand and silt layer extrudes into the upper coarse sand and debris layer without developing fissures. (5) The features of sorted circles mentioned above support the idea by A. E. Corte, that is, by the multicycles of freeze-thaw, the lower fine material layers extrude into the upper layers, and this differential movement of particles forms the mound form. The depth of lower fine layers, termed as active layer, controls the size of sorted circles. By other mecha-nical sorting processes, the surface sorted circles will develop. Of course, it is hard to explain all processes and mechanisms of sorted circles by restricted genetical ideas, but the further advanced fieldworks and laboratory methods are hoped to be carried out in some areas distinguished as periglacial regionss in Japan.

Substituent effects on the formation and equilibration of trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexanes

Ratios of diaxial to diequatorial dibromides ranging from 15·7 to 0·76 for the kinetic and from 1·7 to more than 100 for the thermodynamic products have been observed for the bromination products of some cyclohexenes substituted in the 3- and 4-position with groups of different size and polarity.

Nuclear Abnormalities Resulting from Inhibition of Mitosis by Colchicine and other Substances

Attention has been called, during the past few years, to the striking phenomenon of mitotic inhibition which occurs as a result of injecting certain substances into living animals and tissue cultures. The most striking effects of this sort occur, as originally described by Dustin (1), following treatment with sodium cacodylate and with the alkaloid colchicine. After the administration of these substances, large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures appear in all tissues, both normal and malignant, in which cell divisions normally occur in appreciable numbers. There is general agreement that these abnormal figures are characterized in all cases by the absence of the spindle, and Ludford (2) has attributed the suspension of division to the failure of that mechanism of which the spindle is the visible attribute. If we examine a slide of mouse sarcoma No. 180 from an animal which was injected with 0.025 mg. of colchicine ten hours previously, we see that about 12 per cent of the cells are in mitosis, in contrast to the normal figure of about 1 or 2 per cent (Fig. 1). When viewed superficially, many of these figures are not very different in appearance from normal figures, but upon careful observation it appears that there is no vestige of a spindle mechanism in the great majority of these cells, that the incidence of late stages (anaphases and telophases) is relatively much reduced, and that the chromosomes, although usually clumped together in a position suggestive of the normal early metaphase, are frequently somewhat scattered and clumped into many groups of different sizes. Detailed examination of this tumor shows certain note-worthy features. In the first place, the incidence of arrested mitotic figures is much higher around the periphery of the tumor than it is near the center, remote from the blood supply. A diagram of this tumor shows the percentage of dividing cells in nine selected areas, in each of which about 1000 cells were counted. The frequency is seen to be relatively low at the extreme periphery, where there are some normal cells mingled with sarcoma cells (Fig. 2). It reaches a maximum just below this point, and then shades off to figures in the center of the tumor which are not unlike those found in normal tissues. This may be due either to the fact that mitosis is less prevalent in the central portion of the tumor, normally, or that the drug fails to penetrate the entire 5 or 6 mm. of tissue; actually both factors are probably active.