Bank Group Research Articles

Edukasi Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga Bagi Pendidkan Anak Usia Dini

Waste is a complex and integrated problem at the upstream, service, and downstream levels. Each stage has different problems despite being inseparable. The problem is that the volume of waste reaches 100 fleets per day, carrying a supply of approximately 600 tons of waste. There is limited land for waste disposal in Yogyakarta, and the main access is a disposal route that causes air and water pollution, not to mention the problem of handling waste at landfills in terms of technical or technological. Households as waste producers (upstream), it is time not only to supply waste, but from this stage, the waste begins to be managed so that it does not accumulate in landfills. One of these efforts is the need for social engineering to change societal behavior. This mentoring activity in Serut Hamlet, Palbapang, is a miniature in handling changes in community behavior to become aware of waste. The service aims to provide awareness and understanding in managing household waste (upstream) through education. The method was to create collaboration between local institutions, specifically the Azola Waste Bank group representing waste activists with Early Childhood Education so that they can be synergistic and collaborative in changing community behavior through roles and examples among parents of students. These activities start from the stage of sorting waste from the kitchen. Then, the waste is taken to the school and collected by the waste bank, teaching the technological transformation of the use and processing of waste recycling for parents and bringing up an SPS PAUD curriculum about waste. The activity results show that public awareness and understanding of household waste management have been built. The activity patterns can provide education to students.

Non-Performing Loans Indonesian Banking Industry: Before and During Covid-19 Pandemic

This study examines the factors influencing Non-Performing Loans in the Indonesian Banking Industry, specifically the Bank Group based on Core Capital (KBMI) 4, both before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Secondary data, spanning from January 2019 to September 2021, is utilized in this analysis. The study employs the error correction (ECM) model through regression analysis techniques. The findings indicate that the Loan Deposit Ratio and Bank Indonesia (BI) Rate significantly and negatively impact Non-Performing Loans in both the short and long term. Furthermore, the Dummy COVID-19 variable significantly and positively influences Non-Performing Loans in both the short and long term. While Net Interest Margin exhibits a positive but non-significant effect in the short term, it demonstrates a positive and significant effect on Non-Performing Loans in the long term.

BRICS TENDENCIES TOWARDS REDEFINING THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORDER

The paper analyzes the tendencies of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as an informal block for the creation of a new global economic and political reality. Former superpowers and economies with the most pronounced growth trends are today gathered around a common idea - the creation of an alternative global order. Propagating their vision of the modern world, the BRICS member states seek to change the current constellation of forces at the global level, shift the center of world power from the Euro-Atlantic region and create functional multilateralism. Using the idea and concept of the New Silk Road, China is strengthening its influence in an area where it was not represented during the first decade of the 21st century. Russia is building a new global position based on its energy potential and military cooperation with non-European countries Brazil, India and the Republic of South Africa use instruments of economic diplomacy to further strengthen competitive activities. Brazil is focused on the growth of the trade exchange of agricultural products, above all, fruit. India is repositioning itself globally on the basis of industrial production in the field of information and communication technologies. The Republic of South Africa, as the most developed country in Africa, finds the basis for a new role on the international stage in natural resources and a developed mining sector. The individual influence that the states of this forum have in the global framework is strengthened by joint and coordinated action within the most important global institutions. Certain changes have been made in the quota system of the International Monetary Fund, the issue of the election of leading individuals of the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization is increasingly topical, as well as the reform of the United Nations Organization, all as a result of the influence of the BRICS countries in the aforementioned institutions.

Integrity Disclosure in Banking Companies in Indonesia

Fraudulent practices such as corruption can lead losses and are one of the obstacles to achieving company goals. This has a lot to do with a lack of integrity. Integrity is a concept related to a commitment to comply with the ethics, values, and norms in society. The purpose of this study is to identifythe integrity disclosure in banking companies in Indonesia. The research method is content analysis based on information from the bank’s official website. The measurement uses the Integrity Framework Disclosure Index (IFDi) which includes 13 indicators with 47 disclosure items. Integrity disclosure measurement is conducted on 107 online websites of Indonesian banking companies that are registered in the Financial Services Authority (OJK). The results of this study indicate that integrity disclosure in banking companies in Indonesia is high with an average score of 37 out of 47 disclosure items, or 79.44%. The state-owned bank group has the highest integrity disclosure with an average score of 44.25 out of 47 disclosure items.

Heterogeneity and time-varying efficiency in the Ecuadorian banking sector. An output distance stochastic frontier approach

This paper estimates the efficiency of Ecuadorian commercial banks from 2007 to 2017, considering multiple inputs and outputs, several factors explaining inefficiency, technological unobserved heterogeneity, and time-varying efficiency. To do this, we used an output distance function stochastic frontier model in a Bayesian framework and considered the profitability approach. In general, the results show evidence of unobserved cross-bank heterogeneity and time-varying inefficiencies, the latter of which presented scores which were high and stable over time. One factor that significantly explains inefficiency is foreign ownership, however internal factors such operating profitability and Central Bank policy reserve requirements did not. Finally, estimated returns to scale show bimodality indicating the existence of two bank groups associated with decreasing and constant returns to scale.

Table Banking and Women Economic Empowerment in Nakuru County, Kenya

This publication is part of a wider study which aims at evaluating Women Economic Empowerment programme, which is being implemented by the Women Empowerment Link (WEL) in several counties across Kenya, since 2015. In Nakuru the programme targeted grassroot women in table banking. To make the evaluation comprehensive in determining the level of women economic empowerment, this study adopted Kabeer’s (2005) theoretical framework for measuring women’s empowerment. The objective of the study was to establish the extent to which table banking had increased women economic empowerment in Nakuru County. Specifically, the study sought to assess the extent to which; the WEL’s project had enhanced women’s participation in county governance, women’s participation in the project had increased access to services and resources; and finally Identify success stories, lessons learnt and challenges that women in the project encountered. The study reached a total of 206 out of the 473 women who had been trained on basic financial literacy from 35 table banking groups. In each of the selected groups, three officials (the chairperson, secretary and the treasurer) and three members participated in the study. Key informants, 2 gender officers, 1 gender champion also participated. Data analysis revealed that 80% of the women were business owners, 10.21% were employed while 6.6% were domestic workers. The study’s findings revealed that WEL’s programme on Strengthening Inclusive Leadership had mixed results in enhancing participation of women in leadership and governance. Only half of the women at 49.51% had offered themselves for leadership and governance positions yet their capacities and availability to participate in leadership and governance were rated very high. The study also found that women’s participation in the WEL’s project had increased access to services, resources and women’s participation in governance opportunities to a large extent. Finally, the study appreciated that the WEL project in Nakuru targeted most vulnerable, low income i.e., economically vulnerable grassroots women. Among the obstacles found to be hindering Women Economic Empowerment were poverty, high level of illiteracy and lack of information. Among other recommendations, women requested additional seed capital from either WEL or County Government to increase their borrowing power within their groups and expand adult literacy programme by the County Government. The study also recommended concerted campaign to include more women in leadership and governance.

Pengaruh Macroeconomi dan Bank Specific terhadap Non- Performing Loans pada Bank KBMI 3 yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This research aims to examine the influence of internal banking factors as measured by the inflation rate, growth rate of gross domestic product, interest rate, bank size, return on assets, equity to assets, and credit growth on non-performing loans in the 13 conventional banks referred to in Bank Group According to Core Capital 3 listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for 7 years (2015-2021). The data in this research are quantitative data obtained from the annual reports of banks included in the Bank Group based on Core Capital (KBMI) 3 in Indonesia which are available on the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co.id), and the official website owned by each bank for 7 years (2021-2015).

The Impact of Pandemic, Implementation of New Normal on Non-Performing-Credit & Profitability Bank Group IV

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the economy, especially the banking sector. One of the effects of the pandemic on the banking sector is an increase in bad loans and a decline in operational efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare the NPL ratio (NPL) and bank profitability (ROA) in Indonesia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and the new normal. The study covered banking operations within banking groups under Core Capital (KBMI) IV, with an observation period of 2019-2021. The analytical method uses descriptive statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk Test, and the One-Way ANOVA Test. The purpose of this study is to compare non-performing loans and profitability due to the impact of the pandemic and the new normal on banking at KBMI IV. The results of this study are: there are differences in NPL and ROA before the COVID-19 pandemic; there was no difference in NPL and ROA during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there was no difference in NPL with ROA in the new normal. Banking at KBMI IV tends to be stable in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we never know whether there will be other pandemics or other macro conditions that will affect banking performance in the future. Therefore, hopely that banks at KBMI IV will improve their performance, be more up-to-date in fintech, further strengthen the capital side, and expand cooperation with other parties both nationally and internationally.

Digital and circular technologies for climate-smart and sustainable agriculture: the case of Vietnamese coffee

This comprehensive article addresses the pressing challenges confronting the global agriculture, primarily driven by climate change and resource constraints. With a focus on promoting climate-smart and sustainable agricultural practices, the study explores the transformative potential of emerging technologies, e.g., the innovative use of digital technologies like Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain, showcasing real-world examples of their benefits, and circular technologies, e.g., waste-to-value practices. The challenges of population growth, climate change, environmental impact, and the plight of smallholder farmers are elucidated. Climate-Smart Agriculture initiatives supported by the World Bank Group demonstrate practical efforts in addressing these challenges, aligning with sustainable development goals. Here, we introduce an innovative and smart agriculture (INNSA) platform for the creation and operation of sustainable coffee value chain in Vietnam as a case of study. Thought-provoking questions for future research conclude the review, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration. In summary, this article provides a compelling case for adopting sustainable agricultural practices through digital and circular technologies, offering a roadmap for global agriculture’s transformation and resilience in the face of climate change.

Inferred Rate of Default as a Credit Risk Indicator in the Bulgarian Bank System.

The inferred rate of default (IRD) was first introduced as an indicator of default risk computable from information publicly reported by the Bulgarian National Bank. We have provided a more detailed justification for the suggested methodology for forecasting the IRD on the bank-group- and bank-system-level based on macroeconomic factors. Furthermore, we supply additional empirical evidence in the time-series analysis. Additionally, we demonstrate that IRD provides a new perspective for comparing credit risk across bank groups. The estimation methods and model assumptions agree with current Bulgarian regulations and the IFRS 9 accounting standard. The suggested models could be used by practitioners in monthly forecasting the point-in-time probability of default in the context of accounting reporting and in monitoring and managing credit risk.

INOVASI PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH DI DESA NGESTIHARJO UNTUK MENDUKUNG GERAKAN BANTUL BERSAMA

Padukuhan Tambak, Ngestiharjo Urban Village, Bantul, has a high population density and has a waste problem which is the main issue. Narrow land makes it more difficult for residents to dispose of garbage around their homes, besides that residents throw garbage carelessly, even in river basins, which causes the river to overflow during the rainy season and causes an unpleasant smell. The urgency of this PKM activity is the need to unravel and overcome waste problems to support the Bantul Bersama program, by empowering the community from the lowest level (village level). Partners in this activity are the Mitra Melati Garbage Bank Group (KBS) in Padukuhan Tambak. Priority problems faced by partners are 1) they do not understand waste management, 2) waste segregation is not optimal, 3) lack of skills in managing waste savings/alms, and 4) waste residues are not managed properly. The purpose of this PKM activity is to unravel the problems of waste management in Padukuhan Tambak, to assist partners in dealing with waste management to support the realization of the 2025 Bantul Bersama program. Keywords: Waste management, Bantul Bersama, Empowerment, Garbage Bank

Fixed rate versus adjustable rate mortgages: Evidence from euro area banks

Why do residential mortgages carry a fixed or an adjustable interest rate? To answer this question we study unique data from 103 banks belonging to 73 different banking groups across twelve countries in the euro area. To explain the large cross-country and time variations observed, we distinguish between household conditions that determine the local demand for credit and the characteristics of banks that supply credit. As bank funding mostly occurs at the group level, we disentangle these two sets of factors by comparing the outcome observed for the same banking group across the different countries. Local household conditions dominate. In particular we find that the share of new loans with a fixed rate is larger when: (1) the historical volatility of inflation is lower, (2) the correlation between unemployment and the short-term interest rate is higher, (3) households’ financial literacy is lower, and (4) the use of local mortgages to back covered bonds and of mortgage-backed securities is more widespread.

Visual attention and memory in professional traders

Professional traders need to process a large amount of visual information in their daily activity to judge how risky it is to trade specific investment products. Despite some studies investigating the effects of display clutter on traders, visual attention and memory were never investigated in controlled experimental tasks in this population. Following a preliminary study with 30 participants, visual selective attention and visual working memory were measured and compared between two groups of 15 traders and 15 non-traders (salespeople, acting as a control group) from a large-scale banking group in three experimental tasks measuring selective attention in complex visual contexts, simulating display clutter situations (Visual search), cognitive interference (Stroop task), and a delayed recall visual working memory task. In the Visual search task, traders displayed faster response times (RTs) than non-traders for small display sets, while their performance overlapped for large sets. In the Stroop task, traders showed faster RTs than non-traders but were nevertheless affected by cognitive interference. The memory task highlighted no significant differences between the groups. Therefore, this study found an advantage in traders’ attention when processing visual information in small sets with no retention. This result could influence trading activity—determining an immediate use of relevant visual information in decision making—and traders’ display layout organization.

Research on Strategic Transformation and Management Innovation of China Merchants Bank

This paper will study China Merchants Bank, the first joint-stock commercial bank wholly owned by corporate legal persons in China, and its 36 years of operation and development in Shekou, Shenzhen, a pioneering city in China, in the environment of Chinas reform and opening up, in the era of Chinas rapid economic take-off. To study its growth process from a small bank with a capital of only 100-million-yuan, one branch, and more than 30 employees to an international banking group with more than 1,800 branches and 100,000 employees, which British magazine Banker announced as the 11th bank in the world in 2022 and won the title of Best Employer for 14 consecutive years. Explore the key factors in the success process of a bank or even an enterprise and deduce the most valuable leadership genes for the enterprise and the team in order to help more people find the direction to develop their leadership and the password to run an enterprise or manage a team effectively.

ANALYZING BANKS’ PERFORMANCE DURING THE RECENT BREAKDOWNS. WHAT WERE THE MAIN DRIVERS?

We observe the main efficiency drivers of European Banking Groups after the burst of the Global Financial Crisis. This analysis is a live issue within the studies in the field of intermediation. The observed period (2010–2021) is emblematic of the complexity of the financial market in the last two decades. The efficiency levels derive from a stochastic frontier approach; a k-means cluster analysis distinguishes the units into three homogeneous groups, so that the main determinants of the higher level of efficiency can be identified. They are linked to a particular business model, specific managerial choices, costs rationalization and liquidity optimization.

The improved “four- line model” of the organization of the risk management system in banks and banking groups of Ukraine

Introduction. The deepening global economic downturn, high level of uncertainty and significant losses of Ukraine’s economy as a result of russia’s military aggression lead to restrictions on business activity and require economic agents to focus on improving the efficiency of their activities in the face of a constantly changing landscape of growing risks and limited resources. This is especially true of the banking sector, where transformation processes are ongoing, accompanied by modern external and internal challenges and threats.Purpose. The purpose of the study is to improve the model of organization of the risk management system in banks and banking groups in today’s dynamic environment with a significant level of uncertainty of transformation processes in the country’s financial sector. Methods. To achieve this goal, the research uses both general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, analogies, and special methods of scientific knowledge, in particular, system analysis, risk management and modeling of the organization of the risk management system in a bank.Results. It is shown that the traditional model of “three lines of defense” against risks recommended for use by Ukrainian banks, as well as the updated “three lines model”, have certain drawbacks due to suboptimal distribution of information and insufficient effectiveness of risk management measures at different levels of management. The well- known model of “four lines of defense” does not take into account the specifics of the subjects of influence on risk management in the banking sector of Ukraine. An improved “four lines model” of organization of the risk management system in banks and banking groups of Ukraine is proposed, which is focused on the synergy of interaction between the subjects of influence and the use of opportunities to achieve certain goals.Perspectives. In the future, it is promising to study the use of artificial intelligence when using the proposed improved «four-line model” in risk management systems.

Deutsche Banken auf dem Weg in die zweite Globalisierung

Abstract This article introduces the problematic situation of the great German banks and some non-German banks during the so-called second globalization since the 1970s. It formulates the questions that should be answered in the following contributions, each for a particular bank or group of banks. The most important overarching questions are firstly, to what extent banks were the driving force in the interconnectedness of cross-border money and capital flows and, secondly, to what extent they acted as triggers of the severe financial and/or sovereign debt crises during the last half century.

Rethinking Cultural Heritage in the International Finance Corporation Performance Standards

AbstractIn 2006, the World Bank's private sector lending arm, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), introduced eight Environmental and Social Performance Standards (PSs) to define IFC clients’ responsibilities for managing their environmental and social risks, including those related to cultural heritage. Since their introduction, the PSs have evolved into a de facto global standard that other development banks and many private sector banks, insurers, and development proponents have voluntarily adopted to help manage their own risk exposure. Although the widespread adoption of such policies can be viewed positively as a reflection of good governance, the PSs were never designed with this purpose in mind. This article traces the development of cultural heritage policy within the World Bank Group, then critically examines the IFC PSs as they relate to cultural heritage, drawing attention to the elements in need of revision to better reflect internationally recognized good practice for the management of cultural heritage. Equally important, we recommend the development and implementation of a bespoke cultural heritage framework for the private sector.

INTEREST RATE PASS-THROUGH IN UKRAINE: EVIDENCE FROM THE BANK OWNERSHIP

A full-scale war started by russian federation on February 24th, 2022 disrupted the classic monetary policy Ukraine has been conducting for years. Nevertheless, it remains critical to preserve price stability. In June 2022, NBU significantly increased its key policy rate aiming to decrease inflationary pressure through higher market interest rates. Hence, the Central bank still relies on the interest rate transmission mechanism despite the war. This research is focused on the transmission of the key policy rate changes to the commercial bank interest rates depending on the banking sector structure. We believe that this research is useful not only for the west academia but policymakers since it helps to assess monetary policy efficiency. We tested the transmission of changes in key policy rates on new loans’ and deposits’ interest rates of different maturities and groups of banks based on banks’ ownership that in the case of Ukraine closely connected to the bank's efficiency. We applied autoregressive distributed lag models with error correction forms. Our research confirms that interest rate pass-through from the key policy rate to the bank interest rates differs for banking groups. Less effective banks have more powerful transmission to their new deposits interest rates and weaker to new loans interest rates, therefore, exposed to interest risk. Moreover, according to our results, interest rate pass-through is weaker with higher maturity among both deposits and loans.

Ekolojik ayak izine çok etki eden faktörlerin yapay sinir ağı sınıflama özelliği kullanılarak belirlenmesi: Türkiye örneği

Since the end of the 20th century, ecological problems have become a priority problem due to industrialization, urbanization, technological developments and rapid population growth. The change in human living standards causes many ecological problems such as unconscious consumption of natural resources, extinction of forests and living species. Ecological Footprint is developed to measure the demand pressure that people exert on the environment. In study, Neural Network Fitting Model was used in MATLAB, for the development Artificial Neural Network (ANN) by using the data of 1996-2018 to estimate Turkey's ecological footprint. Urban Population, Renewable Energy Consumption, R&D Expenditures and Human Development Index were chosen as independent variables. The data were obtained from the database of “World Bank Group” and “Human Development Reports”. For the ANN, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to determine the appropriate hidden layer and hidden neurons in each layer. The data used to train an artificial neural network using feedforward and backpropagation were randomly divided into three groups for training, testing and validation purposes. R values for each stage, respectively; 0.999, 0.948, was obtained as 1. According to the results obtained, the independent variable with the greatest effect on the ecological footprint was found to be the Urban Population.