Lymphocyte Count In Group Research Articles

Assessment of the quantitative serum severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 immunoglobulin M antibodies in febrile children and its relation to coagulation profile

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Aim This study aimed to evaluate the quantitative serum SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in febrile children with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and its relation to the coagulation profile. Patients and methods This cross-sectional work included 90 febrile children aged 1.5–16 years. Children were categorized into three equal groups: group I: respiratory symptoms. Group II: gastrointestinal symptoms. Group III: no other associated symptoms. Results There was a significant negative correlation between the level of CoV-2 IgM and absolute platelets and lymphocyte count. There was a significant positive correlation present between CoV-2 IgM and dimer, and C-reactive protein and cyanosis. There was a significant negative correlation between negative SARS-CoV-2 IgM instances and C-reactive protein and D-dimer in group II patients and between positive SARS-CoV-2 IgM cases and total leukocyte count in group III. While a significant positive correlation existed among negative SARS-CoV-2 IgM instances and D-dimer in group III and positive SARS-CoV-2 IgM instances and absolute lymphocyte count in group II, D-dimer in group III. SARS-CoV-2 IgM can significantly predict COVID instances at a cutoff of 2.25 with 85.6% sensitivity and 96.2% specificity. The D-dimer level was significantly higher in group I when compared with groups II and III. Conclusions Children have a measurable serological response, and the study of its quantity may have prognostic importance. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies have a relationship to coagulation profile. SARS-CoV-2 IgM is a diagnostic factor for COVID cases.

Effect of Perioperative Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Causing Surgical Site Infection in Elective Gastrointestinal Surgeries: A Comparative Study among the Pediatric Population in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: Allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) has been reported as a major risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. Objective: To find out whether perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion is a significant risk factor for surgical site infection in children undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at the Department of Pediatric Surgery in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from January, 2021, to June, 2022, for a period of 18 months. According to CDC standards, patients who underwent elective gastrointestinal surgical procedure or clean-contaminated surgical wound (class II) were chosen as the study population. Total 256 patients were divided into two groups according to the blood transfusion as transfused and non-transfused group. Preoperative and postoperative day 1 CBC were done to observe the lymphocyte count. Blood transfusions were recorded during the perioperative period. After surgery, patients were followed up to check for surgical site infection and anastomotic leakage. Pus or wound swab for C/S was done in all the patients who developed SSI. The duration of the hospital stay after surgery was also noted. Results: Most of the study subjects in both the groups were ≤5 years(p=0.095). Males were predominant than females in both groups (p=0.014). Infection was found significantly higher among the transfused group (34.6%) than non-transfused group (14.6%) (p=0.001). In both the groups common infection was superficial SSI (12.0% in transfused group and 6.5% in non-transfused group). Among the infections, bacterial growth was 39.1% in Group A and 38.9% in Group B (p>0.786). Postoperative duration of hospital stay was 10.56 ± 4.05 days and 8.47 ± 2.67 days in Group A and Group B respectively (p<0.001). Mean lymphocyte count in Group A and group B was (2353.9±1647.7 vs 3792.5±1455.9; p<0.001). Conclusion: Allogeneic blood ........

Comparative Haematological Responses in Rumenotomy: Impact of Diazepam and Xylazine Pre-medication in West African Dwarf Goats Undergoing Propofol Anaesthesia

Aim:In small ruminant surgery, an understanding of the haematological responses to different anesthetic protocols is crucial for optimizing post-operative outcomes. In this study, the haematological responses of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats undergoing rumenotomy under different anaesthetic protocols were investigated. Methods:Goats were categorized into three groups: Group A received Diazepam pre-medication and Propofol anesthesia, Group B received xylazine pre-medication and Propofol anesthesia, while Group C served as a control with only Propofol anesthesia during rumenotomy. Blood samples were collected at various time points post-rumenotomy for hematological analyses. Results: Results revealed no significant (P>0.05) differences in the packed cell volume (PCV) between groups, except at 24 hours post-surgery where Group A had a higher PCV than in Groups B and C. Haemoglobin (Hb) and total red blood cell count (TRBC) showed no significant (P>0.05) differences across all groups throughout the study. Total white blood cell count (TWBC) did not differ pre-surgery, but Group A displayed a significant increase immediately and 24 hours post-surgery. Neutrophil counts in Group A were elevated during intra-surgery and up to 48 hours post-surgery compared to Groups B and C. The lymphocyte count in Group A was significantly decreased immediately post-surgery. Conclusion:These findings highlight the impact of anaesthetic and pre-medication protocols on specific haematological parameters in WAD goats undergoing rumenotomy, thus, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors in surgical interventions for optimal postoperative outcomes. Hence, further research is recommended to elucidate the mechanisms associated with these haematological variations.

Effect of cogon grass root ethanol extract on fatty acid binding protein 4 and oxidative stress markers in a sepsis mouse model.

Background: Sepsis causes several immunological and metabolic alterations that induce oxidative stress. The modulation of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been shown to worsen this condition. Extract of cogon grass root (ECGR) contains flavonoids and isoeugenol compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the effects of ECGR on FABP4 and oxidative stress-related factors in a sepsis mouse model. Methods: Twenty-nine male mice ( Mus musculus) of the Deutsche Denken Yoken strain were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, mice treated with 10 μL/kg body weight (BW) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and groups 3 and 4, mice pre-treated with 90 and 115 mg/kg BW, respectively, and then treated with 10 μL/kg BW LPS for 14 d. Blood, liver, lymph, and cardiac tissue samples were collected and subjected to histological and complete blood examinations. Antioxidant (Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and superoxide dismutase), FABP4 levels, and immune system-associated biomarker levels (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were measured. Results: Significant increases in platelet levels (p = 0.03), cardiomyocyte counts (p =0.004), and hepatocyte counts (p = 0.0004) were observed in group 4 compared with those in group 2. Conversely, compared with those in group 2, there were significant decreases in TNF-α expression in group 3 (p = 0.004), white pulp length and width in group 4 (p = 0.001), FABP4 levels in groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.012, respectively), lymphocyte counts in group 4 (p = 0.009), and monocyte counts (p = 0.000) and polymorphonuclear cell counts in the livers (p = 0.000) and hearts (p = 0.000) of groups 3 and 4. Gpx3 activity was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.04). Conclusions: ECGR reduces FABP4 level and modulating oxidative stress markers in sepsis mouse model.

Could eggshell membrane be an adjuvant for recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine?: A preliminary investigation

BackgroundDespite the invasiveness of the Hepatitis B infection, its vaccines are only formulated with FDA-approved alum-based adjuvants, which poorly elicit a lasting immune response, hence the need for a more effective adjuvant system. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and toxicity of eggshell membranes (ESM) when administered as an adjuvant for the recombinant HBV vaccine (rHBsAg) in albino mice. Differential white blood cell analysis, as well as the titer measurement of Immunoglobulin G, subclass G1 and G2a on indirect ELISA, was performed to measure the immune-modulatory potentials of ESM. Moreover, analysis of the liver marker enzyme (AST and ALT) and body/liver weights was performed to ascertain the toxicity level of ESM. Finally, Immuno-informatic analysis was used to investigate the immune-modulatory potential of individual member proteins of ESM.ResultsOur results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group's lymphocyte count after boost-dose administration compared to the controls, whereas there was no significant change in the granulocyte population. Furthermore, the formulations (ESM-rHBsAg) significantly improved IgG and IgG1 titers after each successive immunization. Body/liver weight and liver function showed ESM non-toxic to mice. The immunoinformatic analysis discovered ovalbumin, lysozyme-C, and UFM-1 as the member proteins of ESM with immune-modulatory activities of activating antigen-presenting cells (APC).ConclusionThis study has provided a clue into the potential valorization of eggshell membranes and their peptides as an adjuvant for vaccines such as HBV. We recommend more in-depth molecular analysis to support our findings as well as foster real-life application.

Peripheral lymphocyte fluctuation as an indicator of severe immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have proven to be effective treatments for various cancers, but can also elicit immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Given that severe irAEs can be life-threatening, biomarkers that can predict the occurrence of irAEs are of paramount importance. ICIs affect the dynamics of lymphocytes, and alterations in these dynamics may play a role in the development and severity of irAEs. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between irAEs and changes in lymphocyte counts. Information on irAEs was collected from 226 ICI cases from 2014 to 2020. We compared lymphocyte counts before treatment and at the onset of irAE and investigated the association between lymphocyte count fluctuations and the presence and severity of irAE, the course after steroid treatment, and overall survival. Of the 226 cases, 27 patients developed grade 3 or higher irAE. Compared to the other groups, the lymphocyte count in this group was significantly decreased at the time of irAE (p < 0.01). There was a trend toward a rapid increase in lymphocyte count in the steroid responder group compared to the non-responder group. Regarding overall survival, patients with irAE had significantly longer survival than those without irAE (p=0.0025). However, there was no association between changes in lymphocyte count and survival in patients with irAE. The percentage change in lymphocyte count was found to correlate with the incidence of severe irAEs. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is crucial when the lymphocyte count decreases during ICI treatment.

Safety and efficacy of favipiravir for the management of COVID-19 patients: A preliminary randomized control trial.

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease, commonly called COVID-19, has already killed millions of lives. Our study aimed to identify a safe and right drug for the management of such globally threatened COVID-19.MethodsThis preliminary double-blinded randomized controlled trial was done among 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the early stage of their illness. Of them, 29 patients received Favipiravir (FVP) and the remaining 28 patients received a placebo under the standard of care. Among the patients, 4 from Favipiravir (FVP) group and 3 from the placebo group were discontinued. The patients were observed regularly for a period of 10 days.ResultIn our study, the FVP treated group showed accelerated viral clearance compared to the placebo-treated group. Assessment of chest X-ray showed remarkable improvement of pheumonia patient in group A compared to Group B. Hematological and Biochemical parameters such as total WBC count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were examined. No significant differences in the hematological parameters such as WBC count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in Group A and Group B patients. Liver transaminases levels were also stable in FVP treated group (average ALT ranges 39.4–46.2; AST 28.2–32.8).ConclusionThe drug Favipiravir displayed remarkable improvements in the clinical conditions and recovery of COVID-19 patients at the early stages of their infections.

TO STUDY EFFICACY OF JIVANTYADI GHRIT AS ADD-ON TREATMENT IN PTB TREATING WITH AKT (DOTS) REGIMEN

Background: Patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis continued to be suffering from the adverse effects of the Anti-tubercular drugs even though they are used efficiently, the rate of infection of pulmonary tuberculosis is not satisfactory under control. Hence the present study was conducted, to study the efficacy and to minimize the side effects of present therapy (DOTs) by using along with Ayurveda formulation. Objectives: To Study the efficacy of Jivantyadi Ghrit as Add-on treatment in PTB treating with AKT (DOTs) regimen. Materials and Methods: It was an open labelled, controlled clinical study. It was conducted in 28 patients of PTB for six months. Results: There was significant reduction in group B patients regarding cough with expectoration, loss of appetite, loss of weight, evening rise of temperature, burning feet and hands. Significant reduction in side effects. There was significant reduction of score in lymphocyte count in group B patients. Conclusion: Study shows the scientific good evidences of add-on therapy of Jivantyadi Ghrit with AKT (DOTs) in the management of PTB.

Effect of cogon grass root ethanol extract on fatty acid binding protein 4 and oxidative stress markers in a sepsis mouse model

Background: Sepsis causes several immunological and metabolic alterations that induce oxidative stress. The modulation of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been shown to worsen this condition. Extract of cogon grass root (ECGR) contains flavonoids and isoeugenol compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the effects of ECGR on FABP4 and oxidative stress–related factors in a sepsis mouse model. Methods: Twenty-nine male mice (Mus musculus) of the Deutsche Denken Yoken strain were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, mice treated with 10 μL/kg body weight (BW) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and groups 3 and 4, mice pre-treated with 90 and 115 mg/kg BW, respectively, and then treated with 10 μL/kg BW LPS for 14 d. Blood, liver, lymph, and cardiac tissue samples were collected and subjected to histological and complete blood examinations. Antioxidant (Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and superoxide dismutase), FABP4 levels, and immune system-associated biomarker levels (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β ) were measured. Results: Significant increases in platelet levels (p = 0.03), cardiomyocyte counts (p =0.004), and hepatocyte counts (p = 0.0004) were observed in group 4 compared with those in group 2. Conversely, compared with those in group 2, there were significant decreases in TNF-α expression in group 3 (p = 0.004), white pulp length and width in group 4 (p = 0.001), FABP4 levels in groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.012, respectively), lymphocyte counts in group 4 (p = 0.009), and monocyte counts (p = 0.000) and polymorphonuclear cell counts in the livers (p = 0.000) and hearts (p = 0.000) of groups 3 and 4. GPx3 activity was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.04). Conclusions: ECGR reduces FABP4 level and modulating oxidative stress markers in sepsis mouse model.

Effect of cogon grass root ethanol extract on fatty acid binding protein 4 and oxidative stress markers in a sepsis mouse model

Background: Sepsis causes several immunological and metabolic alterations that induce oxidative stress. The modulation of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) has been shown to worsen this condition. Extract of cogon grass root (ECGR) contains flavonoids and isoeugenol compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the effects of ECGR on FABP4 and oxidative stress–related factors in a sepsis mouse model. Methods: Twenty-nine male mice (Mus musculus) of the Deutsche Denken Yoken strain were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, mice treated with 10 μL/kg body weight (BW) lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and groups 3 and 4, mice pre-treated with 90 and 115 mg/kg BW, respectively, and then treated with 10 μL/kg BW LPS for 14 d. Blood, liver, spleen, and cardiac tissue samples were collected and subjected to histological and complete blood examinations. Antioxidant activity, FABP4 levels, and immune system-associated biomarker levels were also measured. Results: Significant increases in platelet levels (p = 0.03), cardiomyocyte counts (p =0.004), and hepatocyte counts (p = 0.0004) were observed in group 4 compared with those in group 2. Conversely, compared with those in group 2, there were significant decreases in TNF-α expression in group 3 (p = 0.004), white pulp length and width in group 4 (p = 0.001), FABP4 levels in groups 3 and 4 (p = 0.015 and p = 0.012, respectively), lymphocyte counts in group 4 (p = 0.009), monocyte counts (p = 0.000) and polymorphonuclear cell counts in the livers (p = 0.000) and hearts (p = 0.000) of groups 3 and 4. Gpx3 activity was significantly higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Cogon grass root may aid in the development of herbal medicines and specific treatments for sepsis.

Hematological Alterations Induced by Imidacloprid and Ameliorative Effect of Withania somnifera in Female Albino Wistar Rats

Present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of imidacloprid on weekly body weights and hematological parameters in female rats and also to determine the protective role of Withania somnifera against imidacloprid induced toxicity. Forty eight (48) female albino Wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of twelve (12) animals each. Group 1 served as control, groups 2 was given with imidacloprid at the rate of 30 mg/kg b.wt/day, group 3 was maintained as Withania somnifera (WS) control (1g/kg feed) and group 4 was treated with both imidacloprid + Withania somnifera (dose as above). The experiment was carried out for a period of 30 days and the test compound was administered daily by oral gavage. Blood samples were collected on 15th and 30th day for hematological analysis. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in weekly body weights were observed in group 2. Hematology revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC and increase (P < 0.05) in TLC in group 2. The DLC revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count and significant (P < 0.05) decrease in lymphocyte count in group 2. Administration of Withania somnifera along with imidacloprid brought moderate protection in all the above parameters.

Prolonged Administration of Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum Reduces RBC, PCV and Platelet Count but Increases Total WBC and Lymphocyte Counts in Rats

Background: Ocimum gratissimum is an ethnopharmacological plant with numerous healing potentials. But there is paucity in scientific literature on its impact on the blood cells.&#x0D; Aim and Objective: The present study was intended to evaluate the dose and time-dependent effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on some haematological in albino Wistar rats.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group 1 was control, groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 450 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1800 mg/kg respectively of the extract daily for 30 days. All rats had free access to water and rat chow.&#x0D; Results: The result showed a significantly lower RBC count in groups 3 and 4 when compared with control (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01 respectively). PCV was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p&lt;0.05). Platelet count was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p&lt;0.05) and group 2 (p&lt;0.05). A significant increase in WBC count was observed in groups 2 and 3 when compared with control (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01 respectively). A significant reduction in neutrophil count was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4 compared with control (p&lt;0.05; p&lt; 0.05 and p&lt;0.01 respectively). There were significant increases in lymphocyte counts in groups 2, 3 and 4 when compared with control (p&lt;0.05, p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.01 respectively). There were no significant changes in MCV, MCH and MCHC in the groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum causes reduction in RBC count, PCV, platelet count and neutrophil count but causes increases in total WBC count and lymphocyte count.

SYNTAX and Logistic Clinic SYNTAX Score as a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation after Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. In our study we aimed to evaluate if syntax score and logistic clinical syntax score (log CSS) predict AF after isolated CABG surgery. Methods: This study was retrospectively designed and included total of 249 patients who underwent CABG at least 1 vessel lesssion between 2011-2013. The exclusion criteria were preoperative AF, emergent CABG operation, severe valvular diseases need operation, congenital heart diseases, severe organ failure and malignancy. The study population was divided into two groups (postoperative (Po) AF (+) group, PoAF(-) group) according to development of AF after CABG. Syntax score and log CSS were calculated in both groups. NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2007 Statistical Software (Utah, USA) pocket programme was used. Results: Retrospectively collected data showed in (PoAF) (+) group diabetes mellitus (DM) (p<0.001), uric acid (5.96 vs. 5.21 p=0.032), neutrophil count (6.11 vs. 5.08 p<0.01), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (3.48 vs. 2.54 p<0.01) were significantly higher than PoAF (-) group. In PoAF (+) group lymphocyte count (1.94 vs. 2.24 p<0.01) and ejection fraction (EF) (50.06 vs. 53.22 p=0.017) were significantly lower than postop AF (-) group. In Postop AF (+) group left anterior descending (LAD) artery-saphenous grafting (11.27% vs. 4.49% p<0.01) and circumflex (Cx) artery-saphenous grafting were significantly higher than PoAF (-) group (p=0.049). In PoAF (+) group, follow-up in intensive care unit (ICU) (days) (p=0.045) and follow-up in hospital (days) were significantly higher than PoAF (-) group (p=0.002). In PoAF (+) group, SYNTAX score (30.69 vs. 28.52 p<0.01) and log CSS were significantly higher than PoAF (-) group (8.34 vs. 6.49 p=0.001). Conclusion: In our study, high HbA1c, NLR and SYNTAX score were found to be independent predictors of PoAF. But the power of SYNTAX score and log CSS to make a differential diagnosis of PoAF were not high.

Assessment of transportation stress in Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) by using behavioural and physiological measures

Transportation is often considered as one of the main causes of stress raising considerable interest, both in animal welfare and economic fields. Stressful transportation of camel may cause severe welfare consequences and economic losses. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the stress resulting from transportation of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) by measuring some behavioural and physiological responses. Camels were imported from Dongola quarantine in Sudan to Arqueen (at the borders between Egypt and Sudan) by walking for about 450 km. After that, camels are transported from Arqueen to Abu Simble quarantine in Aswan. According to method of transportation, camels were randomly assigned into three groups; group 1 (camels were transported by trucks for about 150 km, taking about 2-3 h), group 2 (camels were transported by walking for about 90 km, lasting for about 24 h), and group 3 (non-transported camels). In Abu Simble quarantine, 30 healthy males (5-7 years and 300-400 kg b.wt.) were selected for each group (three replicates for each). Some behaviours were selected from the ethogram and are used in the analysis which include comfort (recumbency and standing), ingestive (feeding and rumination), eliminative (defecation and urination) and body care (rubbing, scratching and nipping). All behaviours were recorded in the morning and afternoon by direct personal observation for 60 min with an interval of 5 min and calculated as a frequency per total observation time. Furthermore, blood samples were collected just after arrival of camels (T0) and at 18 h after arrival (T18) for hematological examination (PCV%, total RBCs and WBCs) and measurement of some blood parameters including total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and cortisol. The results revealed that the frequency of standing, feeding, defecation, urination, scratching and total body care behaviours, were significantly decreased in group 1(81.24, 33.51, 6.48, 9.12, 3.87 and 12.80) and group 2 (10.80, 31.67, 1.40, 2.19, 1.25 and 10.96) including transported camels in comparison to control group (97.26, 47.62, 12.16, 16.44, 12.88 and 21.06) respectively. The frequency of recumbancy was increased in transported groups as compared to control one. The results of haematological examination indicated that there is a significant increase in PCV% and neutrophil count and a significant decrease in lymphocyte count in groups 1 and 2 as compared to control one. Camels transported by trucks had a significant high level of cortisol at T0 (17.21 μg/dl) and T18 (6.14 μg/dl) in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, transportation of camels either by trucks or walk imposes a marked stress upon them as indicated by behavioural and physiological measures.

Evaluation of the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis.

Allergic rhinitis is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa, the primary mediator of which is immunoglobulin E. Allergic rhinitis occurs in children and adolescents. This study examined the relationship between allergies and the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children with allergic rhinitis with a positive skin-prick test. This study was planned and performed as a case-control study. There were 695 patients who presented to our clinic who were enrolled in the study. Only group 4 fit the criteria for allergic rhinitis. Group 1 (nonsensitized asymptomatic [control group]), group 2 (nonsensitized symptomatic), group 3 (sensitized asymptomatic), and group 4 (sensitized symptomatic). The patients' allergy symptoms and skin test results were assessed and compared. The eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for each patient was calculated. The eosinophil and lymphocyte counts and the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were calculated for each group. The eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and eosinophil counts in groups 3 and 4 were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) than those in groups 1 and 2. The lymphocyte counts in groups 3 and 4 were significantly lower (p = 0.046) than those of groups 1 and 2. The eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be used in conjunction with skin-prick testing in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis. This parameter is inexpensive to measure and easy to use and calculate.

Comparison of the Effects of Propofol Anaesthesia and Desflurane Anaesthesia on Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratios After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Objective: Coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass can induce postoperative systemic leukocytic alterations including leukocytosis, neutrophilia, or lymphopenia. The present study aims to compare the effects of propofol and desflurane anaesthesia on the leukocytic alterations including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios after coronary artery bypass surgery. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly assigned into two groups: group P (n=30), which were anaesthesised with propofol (intravenous anaesthesia) and group D, which were anaesthesised with desflurane (inhalational anesthesia). Differential counts of leukocytes with neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios of peripheral blood were obtained just before anaesthesia induction (for basal values), at the postoperative 12th, 24th, and 48th hours. Results: At the postoperative 12th decrease in lymphocyte counts in group P was significantly lower than in group D (1.23 ± 0.81, 0.92 ± 1.01, respectively, with a p value of <0.001). Depending on this difference, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios in group P were lower than in group D, which was statistically significant (11.21 ± 5.01, 22.81 ± 15.24, respectively, with a p value of <0.001). At postoperative 48th hour, it was seen that the statistically significant difference between groups on the basis of lymphocyte counts and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios dissapeared. But a statistically significant difference appeared between the two groups on the basis of neutrophil counts (in group P 6.57 ± 2.05, in group D 10.20 ± 5.26; p<0.001) Conclusion: Comparing with desflurane anaesthesia, propofol anaesthesia favorably but transiently modifies leukocytic alterations, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in peripheral blood during postoperative period of coronary artery bypass surgery. Key Words: Coronary Artery Surgery; Propofol And Desflurane Anesthesia; Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio.

Haemogram and Serum Enzymes Activities of Newcastle Disease Virus Challenged Broiler Chickens Following Supplemental Treatment with Aloe Vera Extract

Aloe products have been promoted for use in constipation, coughs, diabetes, arthritis, immune-system deficiencies and many other conditions, but the clinical efficiency in chickens is unknown. Therefore, the study was designed to determine the haemogram and serum enzymes activities of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) challenged broilers following supplementation of Aloe vera. One hundred and forty day-old broilers were grouped into seven 20 broilers/group, were treated with different concentrations of the extract for 30 days. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were challenged with 0.2 saline suspension of 106 ELD50 intradermal inoculation of NDV challenged strain up to the 30th day. Increase in serum protein, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, urea and gamma globulin levels among challenged group was concentration dependent (50 mg>100 mg>150 mg) but not statistically significant (P>0.05). Lymphocytosis among supplemented and challenged group was concentration dependent (50 mg>100 mg>150 mg) and statistically significant (P<0.05). Control group lymphocyte count was within normal range (55-70%). Heterophil and lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was lower in supplemented and challenged group. Oral intake of Aloe vera modulated leucocytes proliferation of the broilers and enhanced the cell differentiation in favour of the lymphocyte. Serum enzymes activities in broilers challenged with NDV following supplementation with A. vera juice were positively influenced, and modulated the excessive leakage of protein, globulin, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase in infected birds. This extract may therefore be seen as a good immunomodulator.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF THYME OIL ON SALMONELLA BACTERIA IN BROILER CHICKS

Salmonella is still a source of threat to poultry production. In this study, trials for Salmonella isolation from poultry were conducted at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The broilers were subjected to clinical, postmortem and bacteriological examinations. On the other hand, the current study of discovering antimicrobial compounds in all fields of microbial control has stimulated research on the antimicrobial properties of plant compounds. The in vitro study was carried out to estimate the antibacterial activity of thymus vulgaris oily extract against Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from broiler chickens suffering from diarrhea. The obtained results indicated that thymus vulgaris oily extract was effective against Salmonella Typhimurium. The in vivo study was established to investigate itsefficacy against experimentally induced salmonellosis in broiler chickens. The obtained findings displayed that thymus vulgaris oily extract was able to reduce the mortalities from 30% in infected non -medicated group to 15% in infected groups treated with thymus vulgaris oily and zero% in groups treated with ciprofloxacin. All infected treated groups showed a greater reduction in clinical symptoms and postmortem lesions severity. The hematological findings revealed an increase in lymphocyte count in group 2 and group4. The biochemical study displayed that treatment of infected groups by thymus vulgaris oily extract and ciprofloxacin induced an improvement in both liver and kidney functions as compared to infected un-medicated group. Our results suggest that the addition of thymus vulgaris oily extract to the drinking water could be effective in decreasing salmonella infection in chickens by increasing the immune response of chicken.

Clinical Significance of Perioperative Immunonutrition for Patients with Esophageal Cancer

We hypothesized that preoperative and/or postoperative enteral immune-enhanced formulas that are supplemented with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA may reduce postoperative complications in patients undergoing esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Forty patients who underwent esophagectomy were divided into three groups: group A (n = 20) received a control enteral diet (Erental) through the jejunostomy after surgery. group B (n = 6) received an enteral diet supplemented with immune-enhancing substrates (Impact) containing arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA after surgery. group C (n = 14) received the impact before and after surgery. Lymphocyte counts in group C on postoperative day (POD) 7 were somewhat higher than that in group A (p = 0.07) and significantly higher than in group B (p = 0.03). Furthermore the incidence of incisional wound infection in group C was significantly lower than that in group A (p = 0.03). Moreover, the duration of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was significantly shorter in group C than in group A (p < 0.05). This study reveals that the perioperative immune-enhanced formula may be superior to postoperative control enteral formulas in terms of reducing surgical wound infection and postoperative SIRS, which may result in serious postoperative complications for patients who have undergone esophagectomy.

Oral Protein-Energy Supplements in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Multicenter Study

Protein-energy malnutrition is prevalent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. To evaluate the impact of prophylactic treatment with an oral protein-energy supplement (Protenplus; Fresenius AG, Bad Homburg, Germany) on nutritional parameters in patients starting PD. Prospective, multicenter, randomized study of group A patients (Protenplus, n = 35) and group B (controls, n = 30), with evaluations at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Efficacy of factors by linear mixed model analysis for repeated measurements, chi-square, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. Patient compliance, serum albumin, and other nutritional parameters. No significant differences were found at baseline evaluation. During follow-up, a significant number of group A patients abandoned intake of the supplement due to non-compliance (n = 7) or side effects (n = 8) (chi2 p < 0.01). Patients with lower residual renal function were less likely to comply. The mixed model in the "intention to treat" analysis showed a significant increase related to supplement intake only in total lymphocyte count in group A. The "as treated" analysis of the 29 patients who fulfilled the study (9 in group A, 20 in group B) disclosed that belonging to group A constituted an independent factor for increased lymphocyte count (p < 0.001), body weight (p < 0.03), tricipital skinfold thickness (p < 0.01), middle-arm muscle circumference (p < 0.025), lean body mass (LBM) (p < 0.002), creatinine LBM related to body surface area (p < 0.001), and creatinine generation rate (p < 0.002). However, these data may have been biased by the high rate of noncompliance in group A. Protenplus proved to be unsuitable as a long term, oral protein-energy supplement in PD patients due to a high rate of noncompliance and intolerance, primarily among patients with lower residual renal function. The question of whether other products, better-tolerated as nutritional supplements, could compensate for daily protein peritoneal losses in long-term PD remains open.