Group T8 Research Articles

A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED INTERVENTIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF SPINAL FLEXION VERSUS EXTENSION IN THE LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION ON THE UNILATERALITY OF SPINAL ANESTHESIA USING HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE FOR ELECTIVE UNILATERAL LOWER LIMB SURGERIES

Objective: A restricted sympathetic block during spinal anesthesia may minimize hemodynamic changes and advantageous in view of maintaining stable cardiovascular profile through intraoperative period. Methods: This prospective randomized interventional study was conducted on a total of 150 patients of either sex aged 20-50 years of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 1 and 2 were randomly allocated in two groups (75 in each group).Using a 25-gauge Quincke spinal needle, 7.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected over a period of 80s at L3-L4 interspace in both groups. Patients were kept in flexion or extension according to belonging groups: Group A (flexion) or Group B (extension) after drug administration for15 min of lateral decubitus position, then patients were turned to supine position. Results: Strict unilateral sensory and motor block at 15 min was noted in Group A 45 patients (60%) and 25 patients (33.33%) in Group B (p=0.002*). At 60 min, there was no significant sensory unilaterality between the groups (p=0.987). At 60 min, 30 patients (40%) in Group A and 14 patients (18.66%) in Group B had strict unilateral motor block (p=0.007*). Highest achieved sensory level on nondependent side was T10 in Group A and T8 in Group B, whereas it was T6 in Group A and T5 in Group B on dependent side. Conclusion: For unilateral spinal anesthesia, spinal flexion position provided better strict unilaterality and restricted sympathetic blockade than spinal extension position.

Isolation and characterization of autochthonous probiotics from skin mucus and their in vivo validation with dietary probiotic bacteria on growth performance and immunity of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822).

The present study was performed to isolate and identify antimicrobial bacteria from the skin mucus of Labeo calbasu and assess their effects as water additives alone and in synergism, with dietary probiotic bacteria Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus LC1 isolated from intestinal tracts of L. calbasu on physiology and survival of same fish. Eight treatments (T1-T8) were conducted in triplicate, containing 10 fishes (2.02 ± 0.01g) in each treatment: T1, control group (diet without probiotics); T2-T4, a diet with water additive probiotics; Bacillus cereus LC1, B. albus LC7, and B. cereus LC10, respectively, at 1000CFUml-1; T5, a diet with dietary probiotic A. aneurinilyticus at 3000CFUg-1, T6-T8, a diet with water additives Bacillus cereus LC1, B. albus LC7, and B. cereus LC10 at 1000CFUml-1 along with dietary probiotic A. aneurinilyticus at 3000CFUg-1. Results revealed improved growth, nutritive physiology, immune response, water quality, and survival in fish of group T8 (fingerlings fed on a probiotic diet at 3000CFUg-1 and reared in holding water treated with skin mucus bacteria B. cereus LC10 at 1000CFUg-1) as compared to other treatments, suggesting autochthonous intestinal and cutaneous mucosal bacteria as robust candidates for their collective application in aquaculture.

High-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) improves liver gluconeogenesis from lactate in Swiss mice.

High-intensity physical exercise favors anaerobic glycolysis and increases lactatemia. Lactate is converted back to glucose in the liver, so that the lactate threshold, an indicator of physical performance, must be related to the gluconeogenic capacity of the liver. This research assessed the effect of a high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) on liver gluconeogenesis from lactate. Swiss mice were trained (groups T) on vertical ladder with overload of 90% of their maximal load. Control animals remained untrained (groups C0 and C8). In situ liver perfusion with lactate and adrenaline was performed in rested mice after 6 hours of food deprivation. There were larger outputs of glucose (T6, 71.90%; T8, 54.53%) and pyruvate (T8, 129.28%) (representative values for 4 mM lactate) in the groups trained for 6 or 8 weeks (T6 and T8), and of glucose in the presence of adrenaline in group T8 (280%). The content of PEPCK, an important regulatory enzyme of the gluconeogenic pathway, was 69.13% higher in group T8 than in the age-matched untrained animals (C8). HIIRT augmented liver gluconeogenesis from lactate and this might improve the lactate threshold. Novelty: The liver metabolizes lactate from muscle into glucose. Physical training may enhance the gluconeogenic capacity of the liver. As lactate clearance by the liver improves, lactate threshold is displaced to higher exercise intensities.

​Effect of Concurrent Feeding of Hydroponics Maize Fodder and Probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Growth Performance in Gir Calves

Background: Technology advancement has introduced hydroponics technology for green fodder production. The present investigation was undertaken to study the growth performance of Gir cattle calves fed hydroponics maize fodder (HMF) with and without supplementation of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Methods: A feeding trial of 120 days was conducted on 36 male Gir calves divided into nine groups. Group T1 was treated as control. In group T2, T3, T4 and T5, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of CP supplied through concentrate mixture was replaced by HMF, respectively. Whereas in group T6, T7, T8 and T9, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of CP supplied through concentrate mixture was replaced by HMF with probiotic, respectively. Result: There was highly significant (P less than 0.01) effect of treatments i.e. feeding of HMF with and without supplementation of probiotic as well as period (age of calves) on periodical body weight and ADG. There was significantly higher mean periodical body weight (kg) and ADG (g/d) in calves fed HMF and probiotic than control. The highest overall mean body weight and ADG was observed in group T8, followed by T4 and lowest in control group. Overall mean body measurements viz. BH, BL and BG was highest in group T8 and lowest in group T1 but the variation was statistically non-significant for BG. Highly significant (P less than 0.01) effect of treatments and period were observed on FCR also. Lowest FCR was recorded in group T8, followed by T4 and highest FCR was recorded in control group. It was concluded that better growth performance was evoked in Gir cattle calves fed 75% CP of concentrate mixture replaced by hydroponics maize green fodder with probiotic.

Dose-dependent co-infection of Argulus sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus) modulates innate immune response and antioxidative stress enzymes

Co-infection with parasites and bacteria is of frequent occurrence in aquaculture, leads to growth impedance otherwise mortality in fish depending on the varying degree of a load of primary pathogen either parasite or bacteria. The mechanistic regulation of immune response during co-infection in fish has merely documented. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of co-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila at three exposure doses of Argulus sp. on the innate immune responses and antioxidative stress enzymes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). The experimental fish were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups viz. T1 (control group without Argulus and A. hydrophila infection), T2 (fish exposed to a sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T3 (low Argulus-infested fish), T4 (T3 + sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T5 (moderate Argulus-infested fish), T6 (T5 + sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila), T7 (high Argulus-infested fish) and T8 (T7+ sub-lethal dose of A. hydrophila) in duplicates. After distributing experimental fish into their respective treatment group, A. hydrophila was injected to T2, T4, T6 and T8. After the bacterial challenge, four fish from each experimental group were randomly sampled on 24, 72, and 168 h and subjected to the hematological, innate immune parameters and enzymatic analysis. In the co-infection group T8, a high degree of enhanced pathogenicity of A. hydrophila was noticed with increased mortalities (84.2%) in comparison to other groups. The current study shows a declining pattern in RBC, PCV and Hb values with the degree of parasite infestation without co-infection groups. Moreover, in the T8 group, exposure of a sub-lethal dose of bacteria resulted in a drastic reduction of the recorded parameters. Furthermore, a decreased value for WBC, monocyte and neutrophil was found in higher parasite group co-infected with a sub-lethal dose of bacteria relative to other co-infected groups during the experimental period. Also, a decrease in innate immune parameters and antioxidative stress enzymes were observed in the T8 group compared to T7 and T2 groups throughout the trial period. These findings indicate that a rise in the dose of Argulus infection improves A. hydrophila colonization in goldfish and contributes to suppression of the innate immune system and increased mortality.

Growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and microbial aspects of growing quail fed diets enriched with two different types of probiotics (Bacillus toyonensis and Bifidobacterium bifidum)

The present investigation aimed to explore the impact of dietary graded levels of 2 types of probiotic bacteria (Bacillus toyonensis [BT] and Bifidobacterium bifidum [BB]) on growth, carcass traits, meat quality, and bacteriology of growing Japanese quail reared under the cage system. One thousand three hundred sixty Japanese quail day-old chicks were randomly divided into 10 groups (8 replicates each). Birds were fed a basal diet (control, T1) and the basal diet plus 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, and 0.125% BT (T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively), 0.10% BB (T6), and the same previous doses of BT plus 0.05% BB (T7, T8, T9, and T10, respectively). Results showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in final BW and weight gain because of probiotic supplementation (except T2 for weight gain). Both feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not differ during the overall experimental period (1–42 D of age) except feed intake that was reduced in T2 and increased in T5 and T9 groups. All carcass traits studied were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by probiotics, and the combination between BT and BB in group T8 increased all studied parameters as compared with the other treatment groups. The quail meat color of redness a∗ and L∗ values, thiobarbituric content, cooking loss, proteolysis, and total coliform were decreased (P < 0.001) by probiotic treatment. In general, supplementing BT, BB, or their combination to the basal diet delayed the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the diet and intestine. Using BT and BB as feed supplements enhanced growth performance and meat quality of quails as well as diminished pathogenic bacteria proliferation in their diet and intestine. As per our results, we can recommend the application of T5 and T8 to T10 levels for the best performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing quails.

Antimicrobial activity and immunostimulant effect of fruit by product in cultured fish

This study investigated the effects of dietary orange peels (OP), pommengrate peels (PP) and Banana peels (BP) wasting from juice industry on growth performance, feed utilization and immunity in fish. T1, T2 and T3 had 3% of Orange, Pommengrate and Banana peels respectively, T4 had mixture of 1.5% (OP) and 1.5% (PP), T5 had mixture of 1.5% (OP) and 1.5% (BP), T6 had mixture of 1.5% (OP) and 1.5% (PP), T7 mixture of 1% of each of them and T8 fish fed diet free from any additives (control group). T7 showed significantly high level of weight gain (63.07±1.79 a) and feed efficacy (107.19±2.06a) followed by T1, T4, T5 FER increase respectively 83.86±1.65 c, 80.76±0.95 cd and 90.44±3.98 b than T8 control group (76.16±1.07 d). Similarly, highest values of total proteins, albumin, and globulin were significantly observed in T7 and T1 groups. Likewise, (T7) had a significant increase in lysozyme activity in serum 3.51±0.03a followed by T4 (3.07±0.07b), T1 (3.01±0.07b).T5 (2.73±0.03c) more than control group T8 (1.28±0.03 f). All treated groups had higher level of protection than control group as Treatment 7 showed highest survival rate 90% than control group (60%). Similarly, survival rate in O. niloticus challenged with Saprolegnia spp. were 100% in all groups except treatment 4 had a lower percent 90% more than control group (50%). So the present investigation recommended that use of mixture of 1% (OP), 1% (PP) and 1% (BP) to improve the growth, immunity and tolerance of Nile tilapia to bacterial and fungal infection.

Effect of spinal flexion and extension in the lateral decubitus position on the unilaterality of spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine.

Background and Aims:Many unilateral lower limb orthopedic surgeries are conducted under unilateral spinal anesthesia with full flexion of spine and immediate extension after local anesthetic administration into the subarachnoid space. Studies have shown that extension of the spine in lateral decubitous position makes cauda equina to sink to the dependent side due to gravity. Continuous flexion of the spine causes sunken cauda equina to be suspended in the middle of the subarachnoid space increasing the possibility of unilateralization of the block. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the effect of flexion and extension in lateral decubitus position in unilateral spinal anesthesia.Material and Methods:Sixty patients posted for elective unilateral lower limb below knee orthopedic surgeries were randomly allocated into two groups—group F (flexion of spine) and group E (extension of spine). Using a 25-gauge Quincke spinal needle, 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was injected over a period of 80 s at L3–L4 interspace. Patients were kept in flexion or extension according to the group they belong to after drug administration. After 15 min of lateral position in either group, patients were turned to supine position. Sensory blockade was assessed by loss of pinprick sensation and motor blockade by modified Bromage scale.Results:Strict unilateral sensory block at 15th min was in 18 patients in flexion group compared with 11 patients in extension group which is statistically significant (p=0.03). At 60th min, there was no significant sensory unilaterality between the groups (p=0.06). A strict unilateral motor blockade at 15th min was also in 18 patients in group F and 11 patients in group E which was also statistically significant (p=0.04). At 60th min, seven patients in group F and three patients in group E had strict unilateral motor blockade which was also statistically significant (p=0.03). The maximum sensory level on the nondependent side was T10 in group F and T8 in group E, whereas it was T6 in both the groups on the dependent side. There was no difference in the two-segment regression of the sensory block, duration of sensory and motor blockade, the maximum level of the block, and hemodynamic status between the groups.Conclusion:Maintaining flexion of the spinal column for 15 min increases the likelihood of unilateral spinal block compared with extension of the spinal column during lateral decubitus positioning.

Spinal ischaemia after thoracic endovascular aortic repair with left subclavian artery sacrifice: is there a critical stent graft length?

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is used for treatment of thoracic aortic pathologies, but the covered stent graft can induce spinal ischaemia depending on the length used. The left subclavian artery contributes to spinal cord collateralization and is frequently occluded by the stent graft. Our objective was to investigate the impact of covered stent graft length on the risk of spinal ischaemia in the setting of left subclavian artery sacrifice. Twenty-six pigs (German country race, mean body weight 36 ± 4 kg) underwent simulated descending aortic TEVAR via left lateral thoracotomy, with left subclavian artery and thoracic segmental artery occlusion in normothermia. Animals were assigned to treatment groups according to simulated stent graft length: TEVAR to T8 (n = 4), TEVAR to T9 (n = 4), TEVAR to T10 (n = 4), TEVAR to T11 (n = 7) and TEVAR to T12 (n = 1) and a sham group (n = 6). End points included spinal cord perfusion pressure, cerebrospinal fluid pressure and spinal cord blood flow using fluorescent microspheres. There were no group differences in spinal cord perfusion pressure drop or in spinal cord perfusion pressure regeneration potential at 3 h after the procedure: from a baseline average of 75 mmHg (95% confidence interval 71-83 mmHg) to 73 mmHg (67-75 mmHg) at 3 h in Group T10 versus from a baseline average of 67 mmHg (95% CI 50-81 mmHg) to 65 mmHg (95% confidence interval 48-81 mmHg) in Group T8. There were no differences in the spinal cord blood flow courses over time in the different groups nor was there any difference in cerebrospinal fluid pressure levels and cerebrospinal fluid pressure dynamics between groups. However, we did observe local blood flow distribution to the spinal cord that was inhomogeneous depending on the distance between the simulated stent graft end and the first thoracic anterior radiculomedullary artery. The risk of spinal ischaemia after serial segmental artery occlusion does not depend on the distal extent of the aortic repair alone. Future attempts to allow patient risk stratification for spinal ischaemia need to focus on anterior radiculomedullary artery anatomy together with the extent of planned aortic repair.

Effect of feeding different dietary levels of energy and protein on growth performance and immune status of Vanaraja chicken in the tropic.

Aim:The present study was conducted to observe the effect of feeding dietary level of energy and protein on growth performance and immune status of Vanaraja chicken in the tropic.Materials and Methods:The experiment was conducted for 56 days on 540 1-day-old chicks, which were individually weighed and distributed into nine groups having 60 birds in each. Each group was further subdivided into triplicates having 20 birds in each. Nine different experimental rations were formulated with three levels of protein, viz., 17%, 19%, and 21%; each with three levels of energy (2600, 2800, and 3000 kcal metabolizable energy [ME]/kg), respectively. Group T8 serves as control fed with 21% protein and 2800 kcal energy as per Project Directorate of Poultry, Hyderabad given requirement. Feed consumption, live weight gain, body weight change, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated based on the amount of feed consumed every week. All the birds were vaccinated following standard protocol. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test have been performed to assess the immunity potential of birds due to dietary effect, and serum samples were subjected to HI test at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Finally, economics of broiler production was calculated on the cost of feed per kg live weight gain.Results:This study revealed that the effect of feeding different levels of energy and protein on growth parameters such as body weight gain and FCR was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) containing 19% and 21% crude protein with 3000 kcal ME/kg in Vanaraja birds. There was a gradual increase in antibody titer against New castle disease virus as the level of protein and energy increase. It is speculated that the better body weight gain corroborate health and antibody titer. Moreover, the better immune response recorded in the study might be due to better nutrient utilization and its extension toward the better immune response. Higher energy with medium protein diet positively reflects to obtain desirable performance economically.Conclusion:It was positive inclination toward ration containing high protein and energy which influence the immune response of Vanaraja birds to obtained desirable performance economically also.

Quality of analgesia on onset and duration of sensory and motor block during early part of labor

Background: Childbirth is a painful event but suffering from it is optional. Since the availability of epidural analgesia during labor, it has become a milestone in obstetric analgesia because millions of parturients all over the world are opting it during childbirth because of effective pain relief. Objective: This study was conducted to compare onset duration of sensory and motor blockade and quality of analgesia of intrathecal bupivacaine 1.25 mg and fentanyl 25 µg in combined spinal epidural technique in early stage of labor. Materials and Methods: Sixty primigravid or second gravid belonging to ASA grade I and II with singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation in active labor were selected. Used bupivacaine 1.25 mg and fentanyl 25 µg made to 2 ml with normal saline for group I and bupivacaine 2.5 mg and fentanyl 25 µg made 2 ml with normal saline for group II. Result: The onset of analgesia was 204 s in group I and 87 s in group II after initial spinal component of combined spinal–epidural analgesia CSEA. The average dermatomal level of sensory blockade achieved was T9 in group I and T7–T8 in group II. Variation in pulse and blood pressure is minimal in group II. Conclusion: Needle technique of CSEA has rapid onset of action with 1.25mg of bupivacaine and fentanyl 25μg. It has minimal effect of motor blockade, sensory blockade and Blood pressure with rapid onset of analgesia achieved within 4–10 min.

Comparison of levobupivacaine and levobupivacaine with fentanyl in infraumbilical surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.

Background:Intrathecal opioids added to low dose local anesthetics in spinal anaesthesia intensifies sensory block without affecting sympathetic blockade. Aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intrathecal levobupivacaine plain versus levobupivacaine plus fentanyl in infraumbilical surgeries.Materials and Methods:In a prospective randomized double blind study, 100 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II of either sex, 20–65 years of age were included after approval from the Ethics Committee. Informed consent was taken and patients were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each, to receive either 2 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine (group L) or 2 ml of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine + 25 μg fentanyl (group LF) intrathecally. Patients were monitored for sensory and motor block characteristics, postoperative analgesia, haemodynamics and side effects and complications for 24 h.Results:Onset of sensory block and time to maximum sensory block was rapid in group LF (4.8 ± 1.50 and 8.46 ± 1.87 min) as compared to group L (7.6 ± 1.46 and 15.80 ± 2.43 min) (P < 0.000). Maximum sensory block was T6 in group LF and T8 in group L. Maximum Bromage score was 2 in both groups but was achieved earlier in group LF (P < 0.000). Duration of sensory and motor block was significantly prolonged in group LF (270.98 ± 28.60 and 188.52 ± 9.81 min) as compared to group L (197.58 ± 11.20 and 152.76 ± 9.79 min). Total duration of analgesia was also prolonged in group LF (265.16 ± 26.18 min) as compared to group L (168.16 ± 11.08 min). Patients remained haemodynamically stable and side effects and complications were comparable in both groups. Data was analyzed using “Chi-square test” and “unpaired t-test.”Conclusion:Addition of fentanyl to levobupivacaine leads to early onset and prolonged duration of sensory and motor block as well as postoperative analgesia with stable haemodynamics and minimal side effects.

10D N=1 MASSLESS BPS SUPERMULTIPLETS

We consider d=10, N=1 supersymmetry algebra with maximal number of tensor charges Z and introduce a class of orbits of Z, invariant w.r.t. the T8 subgroup of massless particles' little group T8⋉ SO (8). For that class of orbits we classify all possible orbits and little groups, which appear to be semidirect products T8⋉ SO (k1)×⋯× SO (kn), with k1+⋯+kn=8, where compact factor is embedded into SO (8) by triality map. We define actions of little groups on supercharge Q and construct corresponding supermultiplets. In some particular cases we show the existence of supermultiplets with both Fermi and Bose sectors consisting of the same representations of tensorial Poincaré. In addition, complete classification of supermultiplets (not restricted to T8-invariant orbits) with rank-2 matrix of supersymmetry charges anticommutator, is given.

Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on the kinetics of bupivacaine in mice.

The aim of this work was to determine the effects of different time of tobacco smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine in mice. Mice were exposed to tobacco smoke during 4 days (group T4) or 8 days (group T8) using the Hamburg II smoking machine. Controls were exposed under the same experimental conditions but without tobacco smoke. Serum pharmacokinetic parameters, protein or erythrocyte binding of bupivacaine were measured on the 4th and 8th day of exposure. Furthermore the urines were kept during 24 hours and urine metabolite percentages were determined. After the short exposure (4 days), no differences between treated and control groups were reported in contrary to the longer exposure (8 days), where data showed a significantly increased metabolism and elimination of bupivacaine in the treated group compared to the controls. Our data indicate that tobacco smoke acts at different levels i.e. metabolism, elimination and binding of bupivacaine. Tobacco smoke exposure increases the metabolism of bupivacaine by activating the hydroxylation route and by inducing an important elimination of 3OH-bupivacaine. Besides, it increases the permeability of the cell membranes and facilitates the penetration of bupivacaine and desbutylbupivacaine in erythrocytes.