Group Prejudice Research Articles

Americans harbor much less favorable explicit sentiments toward young adults than toward older adults

Public and academic discourse on ageism focuses primarily on prejudices targeting older adults, implicitly assuming that this age group experiences the most age bias. We test this assumption in a large, preregistered study surveying Americans' explicit sentiments toward young, middle-aged, and older adults. Contrary to certain expectations about the scope and nature of ageism, responses from two crowdsourced online samples matched to the US adult population (N = 1,820) revealed that older adults garner the most favorable sentiments and young adults, the least favorable ones. This pattern held across a wide range of participant demographics and outcome variables, in both samples. Signaling derogation of young adults more than benign liking of older adults, participants high on SDO (i.e., a key antecedent of group prejudice) expressed even less favorable sentiments toward young adults-and more favorable ones toward older adults. In two follow-up, preregistered, forecasting surveys, lay participants (N = 500) were generally quite accurate at predicting these results; in contrast, social scientists (N = 241) underestimated how unfavorably respondents viewed young adults and how favorably they viewed older adults. In fact, the more expertise in ageism scientists had, the more biased their forecasts. In a rapidly aging world with exacerbated concerns over older adults' welfare, young adults also face increasing economic, social, political, and ecological hardship. Our findings highlight the need for policymakers and social scientists to broaden their understanding of age biases and develop theory and policies that ponder discriminations targeting all age groups.

Collective Aggressivity in Numerical cales

The social reality of conflict (group violence) is now occurring in many spheres of our society, including students who are synonymous with educated groups and prioritize rationality in making decisions. There are several reasons why conflicts between student groups occur. Firstly, the social reality triggers the tendency for students to behave aggressively and individual conflict occurs between students, which then shifts or switches to inter-group conflicts. This is deliberately created so that actors gain sympathy, support, even assistance from members of their group. Secondly, clashes between student groups tend to increase. This is because each conflicting group has seeds of conflict symptoms which at any time give a strong contribution to student’s aggressive behavior, in the form of group prejudice, ethnocentrism, and discrimination. Lastly, when compared with the existing conflict symptoms, group prejudice ranks first in contributing to the emergence of student aggressive behavior tendencies (ry2 = 0.98 or 98%), followed by discrimination (0.96 or 96%), and ethnocentrism (0.94 or 94%).
 Keywords: collective aggressivity, Universitas Negeri Makassar

The relationship between social group prejudice and vulnerability to sexual violence in bisexual women.

The relationship between social group prejudice and vulnerability to sexual violence in bisexual women.

Beyond stereotypes: Prejudice as an important missing force explaining group disparities.

We comment on Cesario's assertion that social psychological intergroup research focuses solely on stereotypes, neglecting actual differences between groups to explain group disparities. This reasoning, however, misses yet another explaining force: In addition to stereotypes, ample laboratory and field research documents relationships between group disparities, discrimination, and prejudice, which cannot be explained by people's accurate judgments of real-world group differences.

Friendship and romance across the U.S. political divide: Hindrance or help for outgroup political attitudes?

AbstractConsistent with the intergroup contact literature, cross‐political relationships (e.g., friendships or romantic relationships between different partisans) may help reduce inter‐political group prejudice. Given that unfavorable attitudes based on the political group membership are particularly heightened at present in the United States, we explored whether having cross‐political friendships (Study 1) or romantic relationships (Study 2) predict more positive interpersonal or intergroup attitudes among American Democrats and Republicans. In Study 1, using a social network measure (N = 301), where participants reported on their closest friends, cross‐political (versus same‐political) friendship was associated with less positive interpersonal attitudes when this relationship was unsatisfying. Having any (versus no) or more (versus less) cross‐political group friendships was not associated with holding more positive intergroup attitudes. In Study 2, cross‐political romantic relationships were examined (N = 392). Having a cross‐ (versus same‐) political romantic relationship was associated with relatively less positive attitudes toward the political outgroup via lower empathy when relationship satisfaction was low. Study findings highlight the potential limitations of the beneficial effects of intergroup contact.

Saudi child bullying in primary grades schools ‎ ‎, the case of Jeddah, Saudi ‎Arabia ‏‎ ‎‏ ‏

Purpose: The purpose is to describe the prevalence of the different types of bullying including bullying ‎physical in nature and psychological, and others that are psycho-physical. Also to describe the factors ‎predisposing to bullying, such as characteristics of student, school and home ‎ Methods: Between 2018 and 2019 mother of children aged from 7 to 18 year old were interviewed. ‎The sample was cross sectional convenience sample of n=569. The data gathered estimates the ‎exposure the school children to bullying and used regression analysis to the estimate the relevance of ‎childe factor, (age and self-esteem), school (perception of student of bullying) and home environment ‎‎(parental closeness).‎ Results: Our study populations were mostly females at 66.8%, and show a mean age of 14.8year. The ‎majority 16-18 years at the percentage of 49.1%, and the youngest of 7-12 years old were at 23.3%. ‎Children Self-reported as ever being a bully at 6.5% and chronic and multiple bullying ranged at the ‎range of.9%-1.4%. The exposure of students to types of bullying is (13.2% for verbal bullying, 9.6% for ‎damage and stealing of belongings, 8.9%. Exposure to social bullying, 5.3% for social isolation, and, ‎‎5.8% Group prejudice bullying, 4.7% Cyber-bullying, and 3.5% Sexual bullying. Most of the study ‎children enjoyed closeness of both parents at 62.2% as compared to both parents being away ‎from the children at 13.7%. ‎ Discussion: Females are associated more with Physical bullying, while males were associated more ‎with both physical and psychological such as cyber bullying, sexual bullying, and being forced to do ‎things. The association between age and all types of bullying was significant and the strongest for to ‎psychological such as verbal, social isolation, prejudice to groups. Also the association of self-esteem ‎was significant for all types of bullying and stronger for psychological bullying.‎

Reimagining the bunker: Increasing the stakes in role-playing and group decision-making simulations

Courses: Introduction to Communication Theory, Small Group Communication, Organizational Communication, or any class with a group-based component. Objectives: This activity aims to engage students more deeply in group role-playing activities, reduce stereotyping and prejudice in a popular activity, and enhance students’ understanding of group decision-making theory.

Roots of group threat: anti-prejudice motivations and implicit bias in perceptions of immigrants as threats

ABSTRACTThe perception of “group threat” is well known to predict opposition to immigration and negative attitudes toward ethnic minorities in Europe. However, the relationship between group threat and prejudice remains unclear, theoretically and empirically. We offer a new lens for viewing this relationship, using a dual process model of prejudice to help explain individual perceptions of threat as a function of both implicit prejudice and explicit motivation to control or avoid prejudice. Using original survey data from Britain and Germany, we employ measures of explicit motivation to control prejudice (MCP), and implicit intergroup attitudes (measured by the affect misattribution procedure) that are novel in this context. We find that perceived threat is independently associated with implicit attitudes and both internal and, in Britain, external MCP. We thereby connect group threat theory with an updated individual-level model of prejudice.

Religion and the Unmaking of Prejudice toward Muslims: Evidence from a Large National Sample.

In the West, anti-Muslim sentiments are widespread. It has been theorized that inter-religious tensions fuel anti-Muslim prejudice, yet previous attempts to isolate sectarian motives have been inconclusive. Factors contributing to ambiguous results are: (1) failures to assess and adjust for multi-level denomination effects; (2) inattention to demographic covariates; (3) inadequate methods for comparing anti-Muslim prejudice relative to other minority group prejudices; and (4) ad hoc theories for the mechanisms that underpin prejudice and tolerance. Here we investigate anti-Muslim prejudice using a large national sample of non-Muslim New Zealanders (N = 13,955) who responded to the 2013 New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study. We address previous shortcomings by: (1) building Bayesian multivariate, multi-level regression models with denominations modeled as random effects; (2) including high-resolution demographic information that adjusts for factors known to influence prejudice; (3) simultaneously evaluating the relative strength of anti-Muslim prejudice by comparing it to anti-Arab prejudice and anti-immigrant prejudice within the same statistical model; and (4) testing predictions derived from the Evolutionary Lag Theory of religious prejudice and tolerance. This theory predicts that in countries such as New Zealand, with historically low levels of conflict, religion will tend to increase tolerance generally, and extend to minority religious groups. Results show that anti-Muslim and anti-Arab sentiments are confounded, widespread, and substantially higher than anti-immigrant sentiments. In support of the theory, the intensity of religious commitments was associated with a general increase in tolerance toward minority groups, including a poorly tolerated religious minority group: Muslims. Results clarify religion’s power to enhance tolerance in peaceful societies that are nevertheless afflicted by prejudice.

Teaching the foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology.

Wright (1983) described 20 "value-laden beliefs and principles" that form the foundational principles of rehabilitation psychology, and the education and training of rehabilitation psychologists necessitates that they acquire the specialty-specific knowledge and attitudes/values related to these principles. This article addresses 2 questions about how these principles can be taught in rehabilitation psychology training: (a) What are the core theories and evidence supporting these foundational principles, and what should be the content of a "core curriculum" for teaching these?; and (b) What is known about the most effective methods for teaching these foundational principles, including questions of how to teach values? The foundational principles were grouped into 3 categories: individual psychological processes, social psychological processes, and values related to social integration. A literature review was conducted in these 3 categories, and the results are summarized and discussed. A core curriculum is discussed for teaching about disability-specific individual psychological processes, social psychological processes, and values related to social integration, including methods to reduce group prejudice and promote values relevant to the foundational principles. Specific suggestions for training program content and methods are provided. It is hoped that effective teaching of Wright's (1983) value-laden beliefs and principles will help rehabilitation psychology trainers and trainees focus on the key knowledge and attitude-value competencies that are to be acquired in training.

Designing for Democracy in the United States

This article discusses the role of slavery, racial segregation, and discriminatory government land distribution programs in structuring current patterns of inequality and group prejudice in the United States.

Contact in context: does intergroup contact function (better) in high-threat contexts?

ABSTRACTAre interpersonal contacts effective in reducing group threat and prejudice in all contexts? Studies have found that the contact effect is stronger in regions and countries where large immigrant populations contribute to high levels of contextual group threat This paper tests the robustness of the observed positive association between contextual-level group threat and contact effects by identifying three methodological reasons for why the association might be spurious: (1) a potential omitted variable bias; (2) a potential self-selection effect; and (3) a potential ceiling effect. Using the 2002 European Social Survey, we find that the positive association is indeed robust. We interpret this as evidence that contact effects are strongest in those European contexts where the need for improved intergroup relations between immigrants and natives is most dire.

Neuromodulation of group prejudice and religious belief.

People cleave to ideological convictions with greater intensity in the aftermath of threat. The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) plays a key role in both detecting discrepancies between desired and current conditions and adjusting subsequent behavior to resolve such conflicts. Building on prior literature examining the role of the pMFC in shifts in relatively low-level decision processes, we demonstrate that the pMFC mediates adjustments in adherence to political and religious ideologies. We presented participants with a reminder of death and a critique of their in-group ostensibly written by a member of an out-group, then experimentally decreased both avowed belief in God and out-group derogation by downregulating pMFC activity via transcranial magnetic stimulation. The results provide the first evidence that group prejudice and religious belief are susceptible to targeted neuromodulation, and point to a shared cognitive mechanism underlying concrete and abstract decision processes. We discuss the implications of these findings for further research characterizing the cognitive and affective mechanisms at play.

Divide and Rule, Unite and Resist: Contact, Collective Action and Policy Attitudes among Historically Disadvantaged Groups

Racial segregation encourages members of historically advantaged groups to form negative intergroup attitudes, which then motivate practices of discrimination that sustain inequality and disadvantage. By implication, interventions designed to increase intergroup contact have been proposed as a means of reducing dominant group prejudices and promoting social change. In this article, we highlight another mechanism through which segregation shapes intergroup relations, namely, by inhibiting political solidarity between historically disadvantaged groups. Building on a field survey conducted in postapartheid South Africa, we demonstrate how challenging this form of segregation may reveal alternative mechanisms through which intergroup contact facilitates social change. Notably, we report evidence that positive contact with Black residents of an informal settlement in Pietermaritzburg was associated with Indian residents’ support for political policies and forms of collective action that might improve conditions in that settlement. In addition, we show that such support was partly mediated by perceptions of collective discrimination.

Dangerously Close: The Reciprocal Link Between Social Closeness and Bad Behavior

Reducing unethical behavior is an important goal for many organizations. Prior research demonstrates that social closeness – i.e., psychological or real social proximity to others – may reduce unethical behavior. Simply feeling close to others, using gestures to signal interpersonal closeness, belonging to a tight knit group, or being in a high density social network typically leads to less selfish and more other-focused, moral behavior. In the current symposium we explore the limitations of social closeness. This symposium engages a comprehensive methodological approach in order to understand when social closeness may have negative consequences, spanning levels of analysis from intrapersonal to social network. First, Lucas and Livingston explore how feeling socially connected increases people’s willingness to harm others in moral dilemmas (intrapersonal level). Next, Schroeder, Fishbach, Schein, and Gray demonstrate when intimate interactions lead to antisocial behavior (interpersonal level). Third, Effron and Knowles show how group entitativity licenses out- group prejudice (intragroup level). Finally, in a test of the reciprocal link, Lee, Im, and Parmar demonstrate how behaving unethically promotes the activation of a high-density network (social network level). By demonstrating the limitations of social closeness to promote ethical behavior, we identify potential areas for future theory building and research. Feeling Socially Connected Increases Utilitarian Choices in Moral Dilemmas Presenter: Brian Lucas; Northwestern Kellogg School of Management Presenter: Robert W. Livingston; U. of Sussex Thick as Thieves? Consequences of Dishonest Behavior on Egocentric Social Network Presenter: Jooa Julia Lee; Harvard U. Presenter: Dong-Kyun Im; U. of Seoul Presenter: Bidhan Parmar; U. of Virginia People Behave Antisocially in Intimate Instrumental Interactions Presenter: Juliana Schroeder; The U. of Chicago Presenter: Ayelet Fishbach; The U. of Chicago Presenter: Chelsea Schein; U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Presenter: Kurt Gray; U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill How Belonging to a Cohesive Group Allows People to Express Their Prejudices Presenter: Daniel A. Effron; London Business School Presenter: Eric David Knowles; U. of California, Irvine

群际威胁及其对群体偏见的影响

群际威胁是指在社会群体生活中，某一群体拥有的资源、观念及价值观等特征对另一群体的生存安全与发展福祉等带来的威胁。群际威胁的存在使得个体容易对可能给内群体及其成员带来威胁的外群体产生消极的态度，即群体偏见。这是一种适应性的心理机制。研究者将群际威胁分为三大类，即现实威胁、文化威胁及认同威胁。目前的文献集中于研究现实威胁与群体偏见的关系，并试图从单一的模型发展为从整合角度提出的整合的群际威胁模型。未来的研究应加大对群际威胁模型的探讨；在研究方法上，应采用更多的实验研究；研究内容方面，目前研究者主要考察个体对外群体的态度，对内群体态度方面还需要进行更多的丰富与补充。 Intergroup threat refers to the threat of resources, ideas, values and other characteristics that a group owns to the other group’s survival, security, development and happiness in social life. The presence of intergroup threat makes it easier for individuals to have a negative attitude to the out-group who may bring threat to themselves as well as their in-group, and it is called group prejudice. This is an adaptive psychological mechanism. Intergroup threat is divided into three categories: realistic threat, cultural threat and identity threat. The current literature focuses on the study of the relationship between realistic threat and group prejudice. Research on the model of intergroup threat has progressed from a single model to an integrated intergroup threat model proposed from a perspective of integration. The future research should increase the discussion on the model of intergroup threat. About research methods, more experimental studies should be used. Currently, researchers mainly investigate individuals’ attitude to out-group, but the attitude to their own group should get more attention too.

Prejudice and “Vladimir’s choice” among Israeli Arabs and Jews: Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical trends

The study adopted a group status perspective to examine the relationships between social dominance orientation (SDO), prejudice, and “Vladimir’s choice” tendency. It was hypothesized that for high-status group members (Israeli Jews), high SDO levels will be followed by increases in prejudice and “Vladimir’s choice” tendency, while for the low-status group (Israeli Arabs), a negative relationship should appear between SDO and the intergroup measures. The research sample comprising 100 Israeli Jews and 85 Israeli Arabs completed SDO and prejudice questionnaires, and performed a resource allocation task. As hypothesized, group status moderated the relationship between SDO and group prejudice. Contrary to our expectations, however, both samples exhibited a positive relationship between SDO and negative group prejudice. A positive relationship was also found between SDO and the positive prejudice factor in the Jewish sample, while no significant relationship was found between SDO and the positive prejudice factor in the Arab sample. Only group status correlated with Vladimir’s choice preferences.

Factores Psicosociales Asociados al Bienestar de Inmigrantes de Origen Colombiano en España

This research is an empirical study with quantitative methodology that studies the relationship of various psychosocial variables usually linked to migration processes, with life satisfaction and self-esteem of immigrants from Colombia in Spain. The sample (N = 281) was obtained through a non-probabilistic sampling, using the technique of snowball, carried out with the collaboration of Non Governmental Organizations dedicated to the support of immigrants in several Spanish cities. As was expected, life satisfaction is negatively related with perceived group prejudice and perceived personal discrimination, especially with the first. Life satisfaction is positively related with perceived material well-being. Self-esteem meanwhile is positively correlated with Colombian national identity. Self-esteem is also correlated significantly and negatively with perceived group prejudice and perceived personal discrimination, although the latter two variables could not explain statistically the first. These results support in general terms the formulated hypotheses, but with some caveats that are presented and explained. Those results are analyzed.

Prejudiced Attitude Measurement Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model

There have been two basic approaches for the study of minority group prejudice against the majority: to adapt instruments from the majority group, and to use qualitative techniques by analyzing the content of the discourse of the groups involved. Neither of these procedures solves the problem of measuring intergroup attitudes of majorities and minorities in interaction. This study shows the result of a prejudice scale which was developed to measure the attitude of both the minority and majority groups. Prejudice is conceived as an attitude which requires the beliefs or opinions about the out-group, the emotions it elicits, and the behavior or intentional behavior toward it to be known for its evaluation. The innovation in this work is that the psychometric development of the scale was based on the item response theory, and more specifically, the rating scale model.

Personality and Prejudice: Extension to the HEXACO Personality Model

We modelled the associations between the HEXACO dimensions of personality, Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), Right–Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and prejudice towards dangerous, derogated and dissident groups ( N = 454 undergraduates). Consistent with a Big–Five model, low Openness to Experience predicted RWA and therefore dangerous and dissident group prejudice. As predicted, low Emotionality (and Openness) rather than Agreeableness predicted SDO and therefore derogated and dissident group prejudice. Comparison with meta–analytic averages of Big–Five data supported expected similarities and differences in the association of Big–Five and HEXACO models of personality with ideology. Finally, Honesty–Humility simultaneously predicted increases in RWA but decreases in SDO, and thus opposing effects on prejudice. These opposing effects have gone unidentified in research employing Big–Five models of personality structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.