Group Opinion Research Articles

Sustainable Modern Agricultural Technology Assessment by a Multistakeholder Transdisciplinary Approach

With the rise of emerging technology in the fourth industrial revolution, modern agricultural technologies are gradually adopted to increase the yield and efficiency. Meanwhile, they also may bring the negative effect to social and environment sustainable development. Ignoring the requirement of sustainability will have an impact on the development of the country and society. Besides, the uncertainty and multistakeholder on sustainable modern agricultural technology assessment (SMATA) have made this appraisal much more complex, including their entanglement with rapidly changing cultural norms and social relations. Thus, in order to address these concerns, this article develops a holistic multistakeholder transdisciplinary approach with supporting SMATA. More precisely, due to the uncertainty of environment and vague knowledge possessed by stakeholders, we first investigate the evaluation measure of SMATA by introducing <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula> -rung orthopair fuzzy set ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula> -ROFS). Second, group opinion of stakeholders is fused by developing a new transdisciplinary evaluation aggregation operator. Third, to achieve more robust weights of key factors, three extended best worst method models from three different comparative perspectives of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q$</tex-math></inline-formula> -ROFS are established. The final weight of key factors is further obtained by utilizing the variable entropy method. Fourth, we design a new decision approach of SMATA by improving evaluation based on distance from average solution method. Finally, a modern agricultural project base of Xichang city in China is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and rationality of our proposed SMATA method, including the simulation experiments on sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis. These results provide some exploratory insight and guidelines of SMATA for government and organization.

EVALUATION OF THE DMDK GIS IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS BASED ON INTERVIEWING PARTICIPANTS IN THE CIRCULATION OF PRECIOUS METALS, PRECIOUS STONES AND PRODUCTS MADE FROM THEM

The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the opinions of the target group of respondents to assess the results of implementing the state integrated information system of precious stones, precious metals. The results of the analysis are summarised, conclusions are formulated, proposals are developed that take into account the interests of both business and consumers, and in general, contribute to the implementation of an effective state budget policy.

The role of modeling studies in asthma management and clinical decision-making: a Delphi survey of physician knowledge and perceptions

Objective To investigate the knowledge and perceptions of physicians on the role of modeling studies in asthma, using a modified Delphi procedure. Methods Group opinions among a panel of respiratory experts were obtained using two online questionnaires and a virtual scientific workshop. A consensus was pre-defined as agreement by >75% of participants. Results From 26 experts who agreed to participate, 22 completed both surveys. At the end of the process, the panel rated their own understanding of modeling as good (77%) but that among physicians in general as poor (77%). Participants agreed that data from modeling studies should be used, at least sometimes, to inform treatment guidelines (91%) and could be useful for guiding clinical decisions (100%). Perceived barriers to using modeling studies were ‘A lack of understanding’ (81%) and ‘A lack of standardized methodology’ (82%). Based on data from two modeling studies, no consensus was reached on physicians recommending regular inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus as-needed therapy for patients with mild asthma, whereas 77% agreed that they would recommend regular ICS over maintenance and reliever therapy for ≥80% of their patients with moderate asthma. No consensus was reached on the value of modeling data in relation to empirical data. Conclusion There is overall support among respiratory experts for the usefulness of modeling data to guide asthma treatment guidelines and clinical decision making. More publications on modeling data using robust models and accessible terminology will aid the understanding of physicians in general and help clarify the evidence-based value of modeling studies.

The smile and emotional expression: practical application of a lip and perioral assessment scale

Background: Lip enhancement continues to be one of the most frequently requested minimally invasive cosmetic treatments. Balancing anatomical considerations and objective measurements with individuals’ differences in aesthetics preferences can present unique challenges. Objectives: Identify key characteristics that contribute to lip and perioral aesthetics and providing practical insights into the real-world use of the recently published Lip and Perioral Assessment Scale. Methods: This work comprised four stages. The establishment of an International multidisciplinary collaborative group of eight experts to discuss current clinical practices with respect to lip and perioral enhancement. A practitioner survey to assess the experiences, perceptions, and opinions of a wider group of clinicians (N=40). A hybrid focus group, chaired by two of the experts, to establish considerations best practice approaches to patient assessment in the Asia-Pacific Region. Practical application of a Lip and Perioral Assessment Scale. Results: Consensus opinion from experienced injectors in the Asia Pacific Region supports the need to consider a wide variety of factors contributing to smile anatomy and aesthetics. Best practices approaches encompass (1) accounting for underlying structures, soft tissues and the impact of aging on smile anatomy, (2) understanding the relative contributions of the teeth and gingiva, lip proportions and skin quality to smile aesthetics and (3) the value of a systematic approach to patient assessment. Conclusions: Clear communication between patients and injectors is vital to establish achievable goals and realistic expectations. Systematic assessment that accounts for a wider array of variables than lip volume may facilitate a more individually tailored approach.

Social Perception of Autonomous Vehicles

The technology of autonomous vehicles is gaining more and more emphasis these days. In the near future the technological developments will make it possible for vehicles to travel on the roads without human intervention. However, downstream users have differing views on this new mode of transport. The aim of our research was to explore the opinions of different social generation groups and traffic groups about fully autonomous self-driving (SAE Level 5). In our research, we conducted an online self-report questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was completed by 223 people. The results were analyzed from several perspectives. The results showed that opinions and expectations in the field of autonomous vehicles differed by generation group, gender and primary mode of transport.

UK consensus definitions for necrotising otitis externa: a Delphi study

ObjectiveTo establish consensus definitions for necrotising otitis externa (NOE) to facilitate the diagnosis and exclusion of NOE in clinical practice and expedite future high-quality study of this neglected condition.DesignThe work...

There is no capitalist conspiracy and the rich are not all‐powerful

There is no capitalist conspiracy and the rich are not all‐powerful

Consensus Model Driven by Interpretable Rules in Large-Scale Group Decision Making With Optimal Allocation of Information Granularity

In group decision making (GDM), consensus level is regarded as a critical criterion to measure the effectiveness and availability of the final group decision solution. Consensus model is aimed at conducting the decision group to reach agreement through the process of group negotiation, advice feedback, and opinion modification, which is time-consuming and rests with the willingness and behavior of individual decision makers. Thus, to guide the shift in the opinions of decision makers within a limited time, it is essential to design an effective, interpretable, and fair consensus mechanism in GDM, which is particularly vital when a mass of decision makers (e.g., more than 30) are involved in the decision process, viz., we encounter a large-scale GDM (LSGDM). With the involvement of information granulation, this study presents a rule-based consensus model in LSGDM by optimally allocating the level of information granularity to each decision maker. The opinions of decision makers in LSGDM are divided into different clusters by engaging the fuzzy <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means method. Inspired by a generic fuzzy rule-based model, the radius of the individual preference granule (PG) is calculated by a weighted linear combination of the granularity levels allocated to the clusters. Then, a consensus model with the optimal allocation of information granularity (CMOIG) is built to determine the granularity level for each cluster by minimizing the sum of radii of individual PG. An interactive consensus reaching process is proposed with the proposed CMOIG and fuzzy modification rules. The CMOIG and fuzzy modification rules simultaneously guarantees high efficiency and interpretability, and the generation method of PGs leads to high fairness due to low discrepancy among the decision group. Finally, numerical and comparative experiments are conducted in detail to verify the validity and superiority of the presented models in terms of the efficiency, interpretability, and fairness.

Data-driven multi-criteria decision support method for electric vehicle selection

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming one of the most popular forms of low-carbon transportations due to growing awareness of environmental protection and vigorous promotion of governments. Automakers have launched a variety of EVs in an attempt to capture the market, raising the question of how to improve the competitiveness of the EVs they have launched. Meanwhile, choosing among various EVs has become a problem for consumers. This paper proposes a sentiment analysis-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. The group opinion for each alternative can be derived by transforming the sentiment analysis results of online auto reviews into hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy elements (HIFEs). A comprehensive weighting method that integrates the best-worst method and the maximizing deviation method is developed to identify the weights of criteria. Through extended ORESTE (Organísation, rangement et Synthése de données relarionnelles, in French) based on hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy Chebyshev distance, the ranking of candidate EV series can be obtained. The proposed method can help consumers make EV purchase choices, and the results of sentiment analysis can be useful for companies to explore consumers' demand for EVs.

EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EPISTEMOLOGICAL BELIEFS AND SELF-EFFICIENCY OF PROSPECTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TEACHERS

Bu araştırma, beden eğitimi ve spor bölümü öğretmen adaylarının öğrenmeye ilişkin epistemolojik inançları ile öz-yeterlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada katılımcı grup basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Bu grup Türkiye’de farklı coğrafi bölgelerde yer alan yedi farklı üniversiteden 1135 beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmeni adayından oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların görüşlerini belirlemek için “Öğrenmeye yönelik epistemolojik inanç” ve “Öğretmen öz-yeterlik” ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılarak ölçek formlarından elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Öğretmen adaylarının öğrenmeye yönelik epistemolojik inanç ölçeğinde cinsiyet ve sınıf değişkenlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmen öz-yeterlik ölçeğinde ise sınıf değişkeninde anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiş, ancak cinsiyet değişkeninde anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Öğretmeni adaylarının öğrenmeye yönelik epistemolojik inançları ile öğretmen öz-yeterlik inançlarının ortamala bir puan düzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda aralarındaki ilişkinin pozitif yönde ve zayıf düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmen adaylarının öğretmenlik mesleği genel yeterliklerine sahip olmaları için öğretim programlarında öğretmen adaylarının yaparak yaşayarak öğrenmelerine daha çok yer verilecek değişiklikler yapılmalıdır. Öğretim programlarına öğretmen adaylarının bilimsel düşünme becerilerini geliştirecek etkinliklerin eklenmesi sağlanmalıdır.

Replacing the Persecution Condition for Refugeehood

In this article, earlier versions of which were presented at the IVR World Congress in 2019 and in graduate student workshops at the University of Pennsylvania, the author offers a critical look at the existing definition of a refugee in international law, in particular, in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The Convention recognizes a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion as a condition for a person to be granted refugee status. However, this leaves significant gaps in the protection of persons fleeing indiscriminate or generalized violence or harm, although such people today constitute a significant proportion of those forced to move from their country of nationality. The author emphasizes that within some regions and countries there are legal instruments capable of bridging these gaps (the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention on the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, as well as temporary protection in the EU and the US), but the UN Convention continues to be deficient in this regard.&#x0D; The author proposes to correct these shortcomings by applying the “needs-first” approach, which understands refugees as all displaced persons fleeing sufficiently serious threats. The author presents her own definition of a refugee as “any person with a well-founded fear that their fundamental human rights are urgently threatened; who would have no recourse to their home government, even if appropriate international assistance were available; and whose interests can only or best satisfied by means of refugee – that is, by means of protection from a political authority that is not their own, usually in the form of asylum within the territory of that country.”&#x0D; The author acknowledges that her proposed “needs-first” approach is not without its drawbacks, and the main challenge in its implementation is to avoid becoming a purely humanitarian measure and to preserve the political identity of the individuals who are fleeing the threat to countries not of their nationality.

The Role of Modeling Landscape Values by Harmonizing Conservation and Development Requirements

This paper investigated the need for the inquiry of landscape values and public participation within the decision-making process on spatial changes. They are taken into account as an important segment in the harmonization of conservation and development requirements in the planning of sustainable spatial development. The method for obtaining that information was established, and new approaches in landscape research were tested through the perception of its values as the first step to solving the conflicts between spatial conservation and development. Through the research of the experiences and theoretical knowledge on the nature protection issues within the spatial planning context, this paper indicated the need for determination of the effectiveness of the standardization approach to nature protection. Also, it emphasized the importance of testing a possible application of new approaches, which would be based on a mutually agreed approach to the protection and development of space. Modeling the landscape qualities of the space was presented as a basic tool within the presentation methodology and within the inclusion of different public segments in the spatial planning procedure. Its usefulness has been shown in the possibility of preparing the cartographic presentation of the harmonized model, which simultaneously includes the opinions of all relevant groups and can be easily implemented in the planning procedure using the GIS tools before decision-making. This paper pointed out that such an approach contributes to solving the practical problems in the protection of landscape qualities that represent public good and the link between nature and culture, and biophysical, perceptional, social, and developmental elements within the space.

Formation of a spectrum of system-information criteria for the consistency of expert opinions

The article is devoted to the development of a system-information methodology for establishing the consistency of generalized expert opinions. After all, in the process of conducting any research in which expert information is revealed, a paradoxical situation may arise when the indicator of a generalized group opinion, usually obtained based on the “group normalization effect”, is actually determined, but there is no individual opinion that would coincide with it. Moreover, in the context of this publication, we are talking about the consistency of group systems of specialists’ advantages. Under the system of benefits, we mean an ordered series of indicators, characteristics of professional activity or objects of expertise: from more acceptable (important, significant, etc.) to less acceptable. And it is clear that the inconsistency of opinions arises precisely when individual preference systems are aggregated into a group one. It is determined that the consistency of group opinions should be checked in the following areas: 1) for each individual alternative, which is ordered. It is advisable to implement the direction after the introduction into practice of expert research — the methodology and the differential method for establishing a part of the total significance of the compared alternatives; 2) coincidence/non-coincidence of individual systems of preferences of group members; 3) integrally — using the Kendall concordance coefficient; 4) complex. Based on the experience of using a multi-step technology for identifying and screening out marginal thoughts, eliminating the “systematic error of the survivor”, as well as building a “reference” group system of advantages, a set of known and new system-information criteria for the consistency of expert opinions is formulated. We are talking about the requirements for: the probability of the Kendall concordance coefficient, tested using the statistical criterion for testing hypotheses “хі-square”, and its minimum acceptable value, which should be equal to W≥0,7; the need for statistically probable matching of all individual preference systems with group thought in the final group preference system; the need to match the individual system of preferences with the majority opinions of group members etc. Moreover, the last two criteria are implemented based on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, and their reliability is checked using Student’s t-test. Information about the effectiveness of these criteria is provided.

Development and validation of the library ethics scale

Most studies on library ethics are theoretical. No scale has been developed with a valid and reliable psychometric property to measure library staff and users' ethical perceptions or behaviors. This paper describes the development of a brief measure of the Library Ethics Scale (LES) conducted in two consecutive studies. In the first study, based on the literature review and opinions of expert groups, 47 items were developed for the item pool. These items were administered to 521 university library users in Turkey. An explanatory factor analysis indicated a strong two-factor solution. In the second study conducted on 259 participants, these two-factor structures showed good psychometric properties, with 18 items explaining the total variance of 59.074. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was 0.903, and the two sub-dimensions were found to be 0.91, and 0.888, respectively. The LES shows good validity and reliability properties and has potential application in library ethics settings, including library professionals' perceptions and users' perceptions and behaviors.

Virtuous opinion change in structured groups

Abstract Although the individual has been the focus of most research into judgment and decision-making (JDM), important decisions in the real world are often made collectively rather than individually, a tendency that has increased in recent times with the opportunities for easy information exchange through the Internet. From this perspective, JDM research that factors in this social context has increased generalizability and mundane realism relative to that which ignores it. We delineate a problem-space for research within which we locate protocols that are used to study or support collective JDM, identify a common research question posed by all of these protocols—‘What are the factors leading to opinion change for the better (‘virtuous opinion change’) in individual JDM agents?’—and propose a modeling approach and research paradigm using structured groups (i.e., groups with some constraints on their interaction), for answering this question. This paradigm, based on that used in studies of judge-adviser systems, avoids the need for real interacting groups and their attendant logistical problems, lack of power, and poor experimental control. We report an experiment using our paradigm on the effects of group size and opinion diversity on judgmental forecasting performance to illustrate our approach. The study found a U-shaped effect of group size on the probability of opinion change, but no effect on the amount of virtuous opinion change. Implications of our approach for development of more externally valid empirical studies and theories of JDM, and for the design of structured-group techniques to support collective JDM, are discussed.

Construction of group systems of expert advantages using the a-technology of applying classical decision-making criteria

Decision making is a more important system-forming characteristic of expert activity. Therefore, studying the specifics of the relevant choices and their optimization, especially from the perspective of the influence of the human factor, is an urgent scientific and practical task. Among the components of this influence, which simultaneously determine the attitude of specialists to the indicators and characteristics of the objects of examination, in particular the features of investment attractiveness, systems of advantages are identified, by which we mean an ordered series of these features: from the most significant, acceptable, weighty, etc. — to less significant. The qualimetry of the significance of the features of the investment attractiveness of objects of examination in the ordering scale is linear, therefore it makes the corresponding measurements “rough” and can even provoke statistical errors of the І-ІІ kind when moving from individual systems of preferences to group ones. The research involved m = 90 specialists who are constantly involved by SSI “UkrISTEI” in conducting various examinations and who, using our methodology, built individual systems of advantages on a spectrum of n = 18 characteristic features of the investment attractiveness of the objects of examination. Using a multi-step technology for identifying and filtering out marginal thoughts, as well as eliminating “survivor bias”, four subgroups were identified from the original sample, mC = 30 people, mH = 12 people, mM = 11 people, mT = 6 people, with consistency group opinions satisfies the range of system-information consistency criteria we introduced at a high level of significance α = 1 %. It is substantiated that the mC subgroup is the basic. A decision matrix has been constructed, where the ranks of investment attractiveness features are defuzzified by the corresponding normalized weight coefficients determined by the method of prioritization. To solve this matrix, classical decision-making criteria (Wald, Savage, Bayes-Laplace, Hurwitz) were applied and group systems of advantages were obtained, characterized by the features of these criteria. A high statistically probable coincidence of the advantages of group systems obtained by this method has been established and ways for further development of α-technology have been outlined.

무기체계 국산화 평가방안의 한계와 발전방안

Currently, overseas exports of domestic defense products are gaining momentum starting with the Ukraine-Russia war. The way to continuously improve the competitiveness of domestic defense products is to utilize localization evaluation measures as a key tool to promote substantial localization advancement. This study aims to contribute to innovation in the way of working in the defense industry by inducing the level of localization to continuously upgrade by improving the evaluation plan for localization. First, the scope of the study is to understand the limitations of the current localization evaluation. Second, the effect on the total life cycle is analyzed when the localization evaluation is distorted. Third, finally, it seeks development solitions that can practically carry out localization. Qualitative research methodology is applied for the effective performance of this study. The opinions of various interest groups are collected and analyzed through the f irst and second Delphi surveys and in-depth interviews. Conflicting opinions are agreed through expert discussions in in-depth interviews. As a result of the performance of this study, it was analyzed that the current localization rate calculation method has a high possibility of abuse or distortion. In order to solve this problem, an agreement was reached that it was necessary to expand the scope of calculation to the 1st or 2nd partner companies. It was partially confirmed that when the result of calculating the localization rate is distorted, the effect is increased as the total life cycle progresses. However, in order to reduce the distortion effect of the localization rate at the operation maintenance stage, it was confirmed that it is not reasonable to convert the operational maintenance cost into the present value and reflect it in the localization rate. In summary, the current localization evaluation relies only on measuring the simple cost performance of calculating the localization rate, and there is a limitation that the possibility of abuse or distortion is high due to the limitation of the scope of calculating the localization rate to primary suppliers. In order to improve this, a model that comprehensively evaluates not only cost performance but also various performance is needed, but in the short term, it is realistic to maintain the current cost-related performance measurement method and expand the scope of localization rate calculation. The expected effect of this study is to seek ways to continuously promote localization by raising the need for improvement of localization evaluation measures, and furthermore, localization evaluation is used as a key tool to secure the external competitiveness of domestic defense products. In addition, various stakeholders may have conflicting opinions in various fields in the defense sector, and the introduction of qualitative research methodology can help each other share various perspectives and come up with solutions through discussions and agreements.

Mata Uang Digital (Cryptocurrency): Apakah Statusnya Memenuhi Kriteria Harta (Maal) dan Mata Uang Dalam Islam?

This study aims to determine whether Cryptocurrency status can meet the criteria of wealth/property (Maal) and currency in Islam. This is based on the fact that the issue of Cryptocurrency as Maal and money in Islam has attracted attention from various parties. Cryptocurrency is a digital/virtual currency, with a decentralized system using peer-to-peer (Blockchain) technology without being regulated and issued by a third party. In contrast to fiat currency in physical form (banknotes and coins) and non-physical fiat currency (demand) which is centralized/regulated and issued by third parties. This research was conducted using the Literature Review approach. This research shows that Cryptocurrency status can meet the criteria of Maal and currency in Islam has not yet seen a thread, because from various parties there are still differences of opinion, there are cons group opinions;, netral groups opinions;, and there are also pros groups opinions;. Finally, this area is open for future research as many issues remain unresolved and more concrete work is needed.

An Ethnographic Study of Consumption, Saving, and Investment Patterns of Minang Millennial Parents in Jakarta with Islamic Wealth Management Perspective

The purpose of this study is to see how the opinion of the Minang ethnic group of parents in Jakarta regarding Islamic wealth management related to consumption, saving and investment patterns. The Minang ethnic community, which has a philosophy of traditional life, adat basandi syara-syara basandi kitabullah (Yoserizal, 2018) means that customs are side by side with sharia. sharia is side by side with the book of Allah (al-Quran) and is also known as an ethnic group that is hardworking, good at trading, likes to migrate, and also closely holds religious values. Assets in the view of Islam are a mandate and must be maintained and managed as well as possible for the benefit of themselves, their families, and others through zakat, infaq, shodaqo, and waqf. The millennial generation lives in an era of rapid information flow, in several studies shows that the largest income earned is used for consumptive activities, compared to storage and investment options. This research is a type of qualitative research using an ethnographic study approach. There are 8 respondents, they are Minang ethnic who was born in the millennial era, already have children, and live in Jakarta. The results show that the pattern of financial regulation of the ethnic Minang millennium has philosophical values of Minang customs which are adat basandi syara-syara basandi kitabullah, this is in line with the pattern of Islamic Wealth Finance, such as obtaining halal assets and goods for getting blessings in personal and household life. Regarding the allocation of Ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms and waqf) in an effort to purify property, some respondents have budgeted regularly and some do it spontaneously. This is in accordance with the Minang saying, anak ikan dimakan ikan, gadang ditabek anak tenggiri. Ameh bukan perakpun bukan, budi saketek rang haragoi which means that we are on good terms not because of wealth but because of kindness. Respondents also believe that in regulating consumption patterns, parents must set a priority scale. The goal is to manage family finances so that it goes according to what the family expects. This is in line with the Minang saying,katiko ado ditahan Lah tak ado baru dimakan which means that if there is a saying that violates wasting, it should be stored and removed if necessary.

PRAYER BEHIND THE IMAM OF DIFFERENT MAZHAB

Imam al-Qaffāl (d. 417 H), who lived in the 5th century Hijriyyah, stated that prayers behind imams of different madhabs are valid because the benchmark is the legal requirements for prayers according to the imam. Whereas Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī (d. 974 H), who lived in the 10th century Hijriyyah, stated that it was invalid if the imam did something that caused the prayer invalid according to the makmum. The author examines these two opinions with a comparative approach from the perspective of fiqh al-ikhtilāf. The concept is the difference as diversity or difference as opposition. It has revealed that these two opinions must be moderate. On the one side, the makmum must be careful of imams who are much more proud of their personal or group opinions. On the other side, they must be kind to the imam. It has to consider that the differences cannot to eliminated, so the authors conclude that the best solution is to moderate between the imam's perspective and the makmum's. Thus, differences of opinion become a blessing for the people.