Group Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Research Articles

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human diet - exposure and risk assessment to consumer health.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants, they are also present in food, in which their presence results from environmental pollution and food processing processes. Many compounds from this group, such as benzo(a)pyrene show important toxicity, including genotoxic carcinogenicity. In food heavier PAHs significantly toxic are observed. The aim of the study was assessment of consumers exposure to PAHs from the diet of surveyed respondents. The assessment of contaminants content in daily food rations is characterized by less uncertainty factor than the assessment based on data on the contamination of individual foodstuffs and their consumption by humans. Research material consisted of daily diets obtained from respondents participating in the study. Content of 22 PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(c)fluorene, benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, 5-methylchrysene, perylene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(e) pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, dibenzo(a,e)pyrene, dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, dibenzo(a,i)pyrene) in each of diets was tested using liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The samples were purified by saponification, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and solid phase extraction (SPE). 52 respondents (n=52) took part in the study. The highest median of PAHs were found for pyrene (1.412 μg/kg), phenantrene (1.276 μg/kg), fluorene (1.151 μg/kg) and fluoranthene (1.087 μg/kg), they were about 10-80 higher than the levels of heavier PAHs. In group of heavy PAHs quantitatively prevailed benzo(e)pyrene (0.109 μg/kg), benzo(b) fluroanthene (0.070 μg/kg), benzo(ghi)perylene (0.065 μg/kg) and perylene (0.059 μg/kg). Generally the median level of contamination with light PAHs was 6.045 μg/kg, while with heavy ones 0.504 μg/kg, in the case of the sum of 4 PAHs regulated in EU law content was 0.301 μg/kg. In the tested samples average 24% of the PAH content was pyrene, light PAHs with a lower toxicity potential accounted for 92% of the content of tested compounds. Sum of 4 regulated PAHs accounted for 58% of content compounds selected by the EU as significant for the assessment of food contamination by PAHs. The composition of the participants' diets was analyzed in terms of determining factors influencing on high levels of PAHs. They were high fat level and presence of smoked or grilled meat and fish products. The mean exposure to benzo(a)pyrene was 0.52 ng/kg b.w. per day, while for the sum of 4 PAHs 3.29 ng/ kg b.w. per day. For light PAHs high exposure was 90.6 ng/kg b.w. per day, while for heavy PAH it was 10.7 ng/kg b.w. per day. Risk assessment was performed by calculating the value of margin of exposure (MoE), which for benzo(a)pyrene and for sum of 4 PAHs were above 25,000 in both considered: mean and high exposure scenario. Studied diets were a source of exposure to PAHs. Higher levels have been reported for light, less toxic PAH as compared to heavy PAH. In both considered scenarios margin of exposure were >25 000. In case of studied diets no risk for consumer was found.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the Risk of Kidney Stones in US Adults: An Exposure-Response Analysis of NHANES 2007-2012.

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure may cause various diseases. However, the association between PAHs exposure and kidney stones remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PAHs and the risk of kidney stones in the US population.MethodsThe study included a total of 30,442 individuals (≥20 years) from the 2007–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nine urinary PAHs were included in this study. Logistic regression and dose–response curves were used to evaluate the association between PAHs and the risk of kidney stones.ResultsWe selected 4385 participants. The dose–response curves showed a significant positive association between total PAHs, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyfluorene and the risk of kidney stones after adjusting for confounding factors. Compared with the low group, an increased risk of kidney stones was observed in the high group of total PAHs [OR (95% CI), 1.32 (1.06–1.64), P=0.013], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [OR (95% CI), 1.37 (1.10–1.71), P=0.005], 1-hydroxyphenanthrene [OR (95% CI), 1.24 (1.00–1.54), P=0.046] and 9-hydroxyfluorene [OR (95% CI), 1.36 (1.09–1.70), P=0.007].ConclusionHigh levels of PAHs were positively associated with the risk of kidney stones in the US population.

Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Exhalation Zones of Thermally Active Mine Waste Dumps

The article presents results of research carried out on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in gases of exhalation zones, created on the surface of a thermally active coal mine waste dump. The oxidation and self-heating of mine waste are accompanied with the intensive emission of flue gases, including PAH group compounds. Taking into consideration the fact the hydrocarbons show strong genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, research was conducted to establish their content in the examined gases. The research object was a gangue dump located in Rybnik. The research was performed in 2012. In total, 24 samples of gas were collected with PUF (polyurethane foam) sampling cartridges with a quartz fibre filter and an aspirator. The collected samples were analysed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a fluorescence detector (FLD) to evaluate the amount of PAH present.

Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions

The assessment of the harmfulness of moulding and core sands is mainly based on investigations of compositions of gases emitted by liquid casting alloys during the mould pouring. The results of investigations of moulding sands obtained under industrial conditions are presented in this paper. A unique research stand was designed and built for this aim. It allowed us to determine emissions of gases at individual stages of casting a mass up to 50 kg. This approach enables simulation of foundry conditions. Moulding sands bound by organic binders (phenol-formaldehyde; furan), inorganic binders and green sand, were subjected to investigations. The composition of gases that evolved during the individual stages, pouring, cooling and knocking out, was tested each time, and the contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BETX) were analysed. Investigations indicated that the emission of gases from sands with inorganic binders is negligible when compared with the emission of gases from sands with organic binders. The emission of gases from green sand is placed in the middle of the scale. As an example: the sand with furan resin emitted 84 mg of BTEX (in recalculation for 1 kg of sand) while from sands with inorganic binders there was a maximum of 2.2 mg (for 1 kg of sand). In the case of sands with inorganic binders, MI and MC sands indicated comparable and very low emissions of gases from the PAHs group, at the level of 0.018 mg and 0.019 mg for 1 kg of sand, respectively. The higher emission of PAHs from MG sand is the result of its different way of hardening (a binder was of an organic character) than of sands MI and MC.

Small-scale distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban areas using geospatial modeling: A case study using the moss Orthotrichum lyellii in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread pollutants that are costly to measure with air quality instruments. We used a spatially balanced sample of an epiphytic moss, Orthotrichum lyellii, to develop fine-scale maps of atmospheric PAHs across residential areas of Portland, Oregon. The unusual abundance of this stress-tolerant species enabled us to systematically collect a large sample (n = 350) on a 1 × 1km grid across the city. This provided the unique opportunity to investigate potential effects of more than 20 factors on PAH concentrations in moss, including emissions sources, tree canopy cover, relative elevation, short-term weather, and nuance of sample collection. We measured 20 PAHs in moss samples and assigned them to 4 groups for analysis based on molecular weight (MW): the Naphthalene, Low, Medium, and High MW groups. Spatial regression models explained a modest amount of variation in PAH concentrations in moss, with spatial structure increasing as MW increased. Motor vehicle emissions were the only PAH source we detected and was highly significant in all models. Deciduous tree cover correlated with lower PAH concentrations in moss for all except the high MW group. Short-term weather and nuance of sample collection, like height on the sampled tree, tree taxonomic family, and whether sample was primarily collected from a branch or bole, had surprisingly large effects on all groups. Overall, results aligned with expectations based on each group's dispersal potential due to MW. All PAH groups were highest over downtown Portland, along major highways, and lowest in parks and outer neighborhoods, although the details varied. Our results supported two common themes in studies directly measuring PAHs: the importance of roads as an emissions source in residential areas, and the potential for trees to reduce atmospheric concentrations. Moreover, the large effects of weather and sampling nuance have critical implications for the design of future studies.

Compound-specific radiocarbon reveals sources and land–sea transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban estuary

As typical chemical indicators of the Anthropocene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their environmental behavior in urban estuaries can reveal the influence of anthropogenic activities on coastal zones worldwide. In contrast to conventional approaches based on concentration datasets, we provide a compound-specific radiocarbon (14C) perspective to quantitatively evaluate the sources and land‒sea transport of PAHs in an estuarine‒coastal surficial sedimentary system impacted by anthropogenic activities and coastal currents. Compound-specific 14C of PAHs and their 14C end-member mixing models showed that 67−73% of fluoranthene and pyrene and 76−80% of five- and six-ring PAHs in the Jiulong River Estuary (JRE, China) originated from fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil spill, and petroleum-related emissions). In the adjacent Western Taiwan Strait (WTS), the contributions of fossil fuel to these PAH groups were higher at 74−79% and 84−87%, respectively. Furthermore, as a significant biomarker for source allocation of terrigenous organic matter, perylene, a typical five-ring PAH, and its land‒sea transport from the basin through the JRE and finally to the WTS was quantitatively evaluated based on the 14C transport models. In the JRE, fluvial erosions and anthropogenic emissions affected the 14C signature of perylene (Δ14Cperylene, -535 ± 5‰) with contributions of > 38% and < 62%, respectively. From the JRE to the WTS, the decreased Δ14Cperylene (-735 ± 4‰) could be attributed to the long‒range transport of “ocean current-driven” perylene (-919 ± 53‰) with a contribution of 53 ± 8%. This compound-specific 14C approach and PAH transport model help provide a valuable reference for accurately quantifying land‒sea transport and burial of organic pollutants in estuarine‒coastal sedimentary systems.

Exploring Complex Mixtures by Cyclic Ion Mobility High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Application Toward Petroleum.

The in-depth isomeric and isobaric description of ultra-complex organic mixtures remains one of the most challenging analytical tasks. In the last two decades, ion mobility coupled to high-performance mass spectrometry added an additional structural dimension. Despite tremendous instrumental improvements, commercial devices are still limited in ion mobility and mass spectrometric resolving power and struggle to resolve isobaric species and complex isomeric patterns. To overcome these limitations, we explored the capabilities of cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry with special emphasis on petrochemical applications. We could show that quadrupole-selected ion mobility mass spectrometry gives closer insights into the isomeric distribution. In combination with slicing the specific parts of the ion mobility dimension, isobaric interferences could be drastically removed. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) allowed separating structural groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles (PAH/PASH), deploying up to 10 passes in the cyclic ion mobility device. Finally, we introduce a data processing workflow to resolve the 3.4 mDa SH4/C3 mass split by combining ion mobility and mass spectrometric resolving power. Cyclic ion mobility with the intelligent design of experiments and processing routines will be a powerful approach addressing the isobaric and isomeric complexity of ultra-complex mixtures.

Optoelectronic Properties of Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons of Various Sizes and Shapes for Donor‐π‐Acceptor Systems: A DFT Study

AbstractThe zigzag and armchair‐edged benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) possessing circular, parallelogram, rectangular and triangular shapes have been studied for a systematic evaluation of their optoelectronic properties for the design of donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) systems using M06L/6‐31+G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT). Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis of the PAHs is done to characterize their electron distribution while the time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) analysis was used for the absorption spectral analysis. MESP analysis showed Clar's sextet like electronic arrangement in armchair‐edged systems whereas zigzag‐edged ones showed significant electron localization towards the edges. The absorption spectra revealed a linear trend in absorption maximum (λmax) for most of the armchair‐edged systems with respect to the number of π‐electrons. MESP based assessment of the electron rich/deficient features of PAH systems led to the design of PAH‐π‐PAH type D‐π‐A systems wherein a conjugated diene moiety functions as the π‐spacer. The D‐π‐A behaviour of these systems significantly enhanced with the introduction of electron donating functional group NMe2 on donor PAH and electron withdrawing group COOH on the acceptor PAH. The MESP features, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) distribution, and absorption spectral features supported the strong D‐π‐A character of functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH. Among the different shapes studied, the rectangular PAH moiety showed the most efficient tuning of HOMO‐LUMO gap. The optical and electronic properties of PAH, PAH‐π‐PAH and functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH systems suggest the high tunable character of these properties with respect to the size and shape of the PAH.

Weathered Railroad Diesel Removed from a Loamy Sand Soil by Means of Mono-rhamnolipids

ABSTRACT The extensive use of diesel as fuel has contributed to the current problem of soil contamination, and the aged diesel is a highly toxic pollutant for the soil microbial flora. The objective of the present work was to determine the ability of mono-rhamnolipid surfactants to solubilize weathered diesel absorbed for decades in a loamy sand soil. The mono-rhamnolipids were produced by P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, using glycerol as the carbon source. The mono-rhamnolipid characterization revealed that 90% of congeners contained saturated fatty acids of short chains. At its CMC (70.3 mg/L), the mixture of mono-rhamnolipids decreased the surface tension of deionized water (30.3 mNm−1) and emulsified complex mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons (73%). A 0.5% mono-rhamnolipid solution allowed solubilizing the following hydrocarbon fractions identified in the weathered diesel: aliphatics (66 ± 3%), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (23.16 ± 11%), and asphaltenes (41.4 ± 6%). Within the group of PAHs, four PAHs derivatives, well known to be highly carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans, were identified: neutral, methylated, nitrated, and oxydated. The PAHs and the first three derivatives were removed in an average of 20%. However, regarding the oxy-PAHs, the increment of their concentration allowed assuming the biodegradation of the PAHs during the desorption process. Results show that hydrocarbon desorption with mono-rhamnolipid solutions of high content of saturated fatty acids offers an effective and viable alternative for soil bioremediation because of the low concentration of surfactants required (0.2–0.5%), the short treatment times (≈72 h) and above all, because mono-rhamnolipids are biodegradable compounds friendly to the environment.

Genotoxicity detection of oil-containing drill cuttings by Comet assay based on a demersal marine fish Mugilogobius chulae

An enormous amount of oil-containing drill cuttings have been produced by the marine oil and gas industry. The environmental impacts of discharged drilling waste have been extensively studied. However, there is still an urgent need to develop alternative methods to identify the genotoxicity of untreated and treated drill waste in a timely manner before it is discharged. In this study, we developed a relatively rapid, sensitive, and accurate genotoxicity-detection method using Comet assay and the marine benthic goby Mugilogobius chulae. This goby is sensitive to a standard toxicant mitomycin C (MMC). The optimal exposure period for genotoxicity detection using M. chulae was determined. Three genotoxic indices (tail length (TL), tail DNA content (TD), and tail moment (TM)) were used to assess the effectiveness of high-temperature treatment of oil-contaminated waste. Untreated oil-containing drill cuttings exhibited the highest genotoxicity to goby cells. Genotoxicity was dramatically reduced after thermal treatment of drill cuttings at 350 °C and 500 °C. TD and TM exhibited significant correlation with the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)/total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to Pearson and Mantel correlation analyses (P values were <0.05). Using redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partition analysis (VPA), the genotoxic effects of the drill cuttings were ascribed to total alkanes and specific groups of PAHs. In conclusion, this newly established biological model has the potential to be widely used to detect the genetic damage of untreated or treated oil-containing drill cuttings discharged into the marine environment.

Environmental Impact of the Reclaimed Sand Addition to Molding Sand with Furan and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin-A Comparison.

Increasingly strict regulations, as well as an increased public awareness, are forcing industry, including the foundry industry, to develop new binders for molding sands, which, while being more environmentally friendly, would simultaneously ensure a high quality of castings. Until recently, binders based on synthetic resins were considered to be such binders. However, more accurate investigations indicated that such molding sands subjected to high temperatures of liquid metal generated several harmful, even dangerous substances (carcinogenic and/or mutagenic) from the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons groups (PAHs). An assessment of the most widely used molding sands technologies at present with organic binders (synthetic resins) from the no-bake group (furan no-bake and phenolic-ester no-bake) and their harmfulness to the environment and work conditions is presented in this paper. In the first stage of this research, gases (from the BTEX and PAHs groups) emitted when the tested molds were poured with liquid cast iron at 1350 °C were measured (according to the authors’ own method). The second stage consisted of measuring the emission of gases released by binders subjected to pyrolysis (the so-called flash pyrolysis), which simulated the effects occurring on the boundary: liquid metal/molding sand. The gases emitted from the tested binders indicated that, in both cases, the emission of harmful and dangerous substances (e.g., benzene) occurs, but, of the given binder systems, this emission was lower for the phenolic-ester no-bake binder. The obtained emission factors of BTEX substances show higher values for furan resin compared to formaldehyde resin; for example, the concentration of benzene per 1 kg of binder for furan no-bake (FNB) was 40,158 mg, while, for phenol-formaldehyde no-bake (PFNB), it was much lower, 30,911 mg. Thus, this system was more environmentally friendly.

Proteomics and lipidomics analyses reveal modulation of lipid metabolism by perfluoroalkyl substances in liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of defined mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), at low, environmentally relevant (1× = L), or high (20× = H) doses, on biological responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). To this end, farmed juvenile cod were exposed at day 0 and day 7 via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections, in a two-week in vivo experiment. In total, there were 10 groups of fish (n = 21-22): two control groups, four separate exposure groups of PAH and PFAS mixtures (L, H), and four groups combining PAH and PFAS mixtures (L/L, H/L, L/H, H/H). Body burden analyses confirmed a dose-dependent accumulation of PFASs in cod liver and PAH metabolites in bile. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly reduced for three of the combined PAH/PFAS exposure groups (L-PAH/H-PFAS, H-PAH/L-PFAS, H-PAH/H-PFAS). Analysis of the hepatic proteome identified that pathways related to lipid degradation were significantly affected by PFAS exposure, including upregulation of enzymes in fatty acid degradation pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation. The increased abundances of enzymes in lipid catabolic pathways paralleled with decreasing levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) in the H-PFAS exposure group, suggest that PFAS increase lipid catabolism in Atlantic cod. Markers of oxidative stress, including catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were also induced by PFAS exposure. Only minor and non-significant differences between exposure groups and control were found for cyp1a and acox1 gene expressions, vitellogenin concentrations in plasma, Cyp1a protein synthesis and DNA fragmentation. In summary, our combined proteomics and lipidomics analyses indicate that PFAS may disrupt lipid homeostasis in Atlantic cod.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) persistence, bioavailability and toxicity in sewage sludge- or sewage sludge-derived biochar-amended soil

Soils can be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) when either sewage sludge (SSL) or biochar (BC) are used. There are no comparative studies regarding the effects of soil amendment with SSL or BC on the persistence, bioavailability and toxicity of PAHs. This research compared the persistence of PAHs (based on the extractable content, Ctot) and their bioavailability (freely dissolved, Cfree) as well as the toxicity (solid phase: Phytotoxkit F with Lepidium sativum and the Collembolan test with Folsomia candida; leachates: Phytotestkit F with L. sativum and Microtox® with Aliivibrio fischeri) of soil amended with SSL or with SSL-derived BCs. BCs were produced from three different sewage sludges at a temperature of 500 °C. SSLs or BCs were added to the soil at a rate of 1% (30 t/ha). Adding SSL to the soil increased more the PAH content in it than after BC application, which was associated with a higher content of PAHs in SSL. Losses of Σ16 Ctot and Cfree PAHs were higher than those observed for biochar only in the case of one SSL. In the other cases, PAH losses were either higher for biochar or did not differ significantly between SSL and BC. On the other hand, the analysis of the individual groups of PAHs showed significant differences between SSL and BC, both for Ctot and Cfree. Nonetheless, these differences were largely driven by the type of sewage sludge and biochar. Only in the case of root growth inhibition the toxicity higher was for the SSL-amended soils than for the BC-amended ones. In the other cases, varying results were observed which were determined by the type of sewage sludge/biochar, similarly to PAH losses.

Environmental six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent inducers of the AhR-dependent signaling in human cells

The toxicities of many environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular those of high-molecular-weight PAHs (with MW higher than 300), remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of selected environmentally relevant PAHs with MW 302 (MW302 PAHs) to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), since this represents a major toxic mode of action of PAHs. A large number of the evaluated compounds exhibited strong AhR-mediated activities, in particular in human models. The studied MW302 PAHs also significantly contributed to the overall calculated AhR activities of complex environmental mixtures, including both defined standard reference materials and collected diesel exhaust particles. The high AhR-mediated activities of representative MW302 PAHs, e.g. naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, corresponded with the modulation of expression of relevant AhR target genes in a human lung cell model, or with the AhR-dependent suppression of cell cycle progression/proliferation in estrogen-sensitive cells. This was in a marked contrast with the limited genotoxicity of the same compound(s). Given the substantial levels of the AhR-activating MW302 PAHs in combustion particles, it seems important to continue to investigate the toxic modes of action of this large group of PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter.

Abstract A29: Silicone-based wristband passive samplers in the detection of firefighter occupational carcinogenic exposures

Abstract Introduction: First responders (i.e., paramedics and firefighters) are exposed to hazardous chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)in the conduct of their work duties. Linking mixed chemical exposures to health conditions (e.g., cancer) is difficult given the latency period of disease, the magnitude of the potential doses, or interactions of carcinogenic compounds present while firefighting. To understand the relationship between environmental exposures and resulting toxicity, passive personal sampling devices (PSDs) have been used to monitor. In the present study, we 1) describe the type of chemical exposures encountered by firefighters in their work environment, 2) characterize and compare chemical exposures by work-shift activities (e.g., fire suppression, emergency medical services, hazmat), and 3) field test the use of silicone-based wristbands for monitoring chemical exposures in firefighters. Methods: Twenty-four wristbands were deployed across various fire services throughout South Florida. Prior to deployment, bands were cleaned using a standardized cleaning protocol to remove contamination and optimize the surface for absorption. Wristbands were then packaged in airtight bags to prevent contamination. Wristbands were worn on fire service personnel and collected at the end of a 24-hour work shift. Chemical contaminants were then extracted from the wristband and analyzed for PAHs—identified using the EPA IRIS, California Proposition 65, and IRAC datasets—using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The average number of chemicals found across all wristbands (n=24) was 23 with 4 categorized as carcinogenic to humans (i.e., benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, chrysene, and naphthalene). All bands had at least one PAH present, specifically, 87.5% contained benzo[b]fluoranthene (mean=5.23 ng/band), 50% contained benzo[j]fluoranthene (mean=2.05 ng/band), 79.2% contained chrysene (mean=9.55 ng/band), and 100% contained napthalene (mean=176.53 ng/band). Actual types of exposure compounds are likely to be larger than the observed data as the group of PAHs detected was limited to three existing datasets. Discussion: Silicone-based wristbands are feasible to use within the fire service to detect and characterize ambient hazardous chemical compounds. These personal self-samplers used during a 24-hour collection period identified various PAHs in the firefighter work environment. Objective measures of harmful chemical exposures in the fire service should be monitored with a comprehensive surveillance system that includes personal sampler devices. Citation Format: Alberto J. Caban-Martinez, Katerina M. Santiago, Jeramy Baum, Natasha N. Schaefer Solle, Sylvia Daunert, Sapna Deo, Erin N. Kobetz. Silicone-based wristband passive samplers in the detection of firefighter occupational carcinogenic exposures [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr A29.

POTENSI TIGA ISOLAT BAKTERI INDIGEN DARI KABUPATEN SIAK PROVINSI RIAU DALAM MENDEGRADASI NAFTALENA

Naphthalene is a group of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) which is carcinogenic when presents in the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response and test the effectiveness of three isolates of indigen bacteria from the Joint Operation Agency area of ??PT. Siak Bumi Pusako-Pertamina Hulu (BOB BSP-PHE) in degrading naphthalene. The three isolates were tested in a Minimum Media (MM) liquid containing naphthalene with a final concentration of 0.2 mM and was incubated for 7 days. Optical Density (OD) and the degradation ability were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that Pseudomonas sp. LBKURCC149 was able to grow in media containing naphthalene. Naphthalene is used as the only source of carbon and is able to degrade naphthalene by 21.98%.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: biodegradation, indigenous, naphthalene, Pseudomonas sp.

Dry-Cured Meat Products According to the Smoking Regime: Process Optimization to Control Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

The manufacturing of dry-cured meat products usually includes a smoking step. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially carcinogenic chemical compounds that may result from smoking. The aim of the present study was to optimize the smoking regime of traditional dry-cured meat products in order to minimize the presence of PAHs. Dry-cured sausages were submitted to different smoking regimes: (A) no smoking; (B) 20 h effective smoking; (C) 60 h effective smoking; (D) effective smoking until reaching 38%–40% weight losses. Three independent batches were produced per smoking regime, and three samples per batch were analyzed. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory analyses were performed. The total PAHs content was generally low and did not differ significantly in meat products submitted to the four different smoking regimes. The PAH4 and benzo(α)pyrene levels were below the established legal limits in all analyzed dry-cured sausages. Nevertheless, non-smoked sausages always showed lower PAHs values for all PAHs groups.

One century of historical deposition and flux of hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a South Atlantic RAMSAR subtropical estuary

Levels and fluxes of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), including n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers (PBMs), were measured in a sedimentary core from a nominated RAMSAR (Guaratuba Bay, Brazil) subtropical estuary experiencing relatively low human impacts, to describe the evolution of anthropogenic activities over the last century. TOC contents varied from 0.80 to 1.25%. No significant correlation between hydrocarbons and TOC with grain size (predominantly sand) was observed. Concentration and flux of total AHs ranged from 65.5 to 195 μg g−1 and 27.6 to 82.0 μg cm−2 y−1, respectively, with the highest levels found in 1960–1966, when access routes to Guaratuba city were improved. Diagnostic ratios based on AH components showed an apparent change in the sources over time, with biogenic origins prevailing until 1966–1971, followed by subsequent increases in petroleum sources. Petroleum tricyclic terpanes were detected in the core (0.40 to 3.0 μg g−1), suggesting the use of lubricating oil in the bay area. Hopanes were mainly attributed to biological sources. Concentration and flux of total PAHs ranged from 8.65 to 35.9 ng g−1 and 3.64 to 15.1 ng cm−2 y−1, respectively, with the highest levels found in the top core section, reflecting recently increased human activity, while a peak PAH concentration at approximately 1977–1983 can be assumed to be a delayed signal of increased human occupation as a consequence of the improvement of access roads to the area, which started in the 1960s. Alkylated were the most abundant group of PAHs throughout the core. Despite relatively low concentrations of hydrocarbon deposition over approximately 90 years, this study highlights the influence of human occupation and slight petroleum contamination in this preserved area, mainly in recent core sections.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bottom Sediments of Selected Anthropogenic Reservoirs in Terms of Catchment Area Development

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in the bottom sediments of the selected dam reservoirs is related to the catchment area size and length of the watercourse that supplies the reservoir. The anthropopressure increases the ratio of the PAH concentration sum G4 group to the G1 group. For the urban-industrial catchment area, the ratio is 1; for the agricultural and agricultural-forestral catchment area, the ratio is between 4 and 9. The elongated down time of surface run-offs helps to retain and degrade 2- and 3-ring PAHs, which is reflected in the high G4:G1 ratio value. Consequently, the pollutants are quickly delivered to the reservoirs and deposited in the bottom sediments. Under such conditions, the G4:G1 ratio is 1. The way in which the catchment area is developed shapes the proportions between the PAH groups that differ in the number of aromatic rings in their molecules. The toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity coefficients calculated for the bottom sediments demonstrate that the limnic ecosystems supplied with water from the watercourses with urban-industrial catchment areas are far more threatened than the reservoirs supplied with watercourses with the agricultural catchment areas or catchment areas with a significant share (40–50%) of farming land.

Novel and specific source identification of PAH in urban soils: Alk-PAH-BPCA index and “V”-shape distribution pattern

Soils in urban and industrial areas, especially in larger metropolitan areas such as the Ruhr area, Germany, are commonly characterized by severe anthropogenic overprinting due to urbanization processes including land development measures. Such urban soils often contain various anthropogenic substrate admixtures, like ash, coal, tailings, building rubble, industrial waste materials, as well as urban dust, soot, fly ash, and others. These admixtures often carry higher contents of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Whereas elevated PAH concentrations are commonly attributed to non-point pyrogenic carbon sources like soot and particulate matter, petrogenic PAH sources are still largely neglected in this context.In this study, an extended sample set of 62 samples of PAH source materials and urban soils containing anthropogenic substrate components was investigated by combining extended PAH analysis of 59 PAH, alkylated PAH distributions and benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) analysis with regard to petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH source identification. For more reliability of source apportionment by a more integrative signal, the alkylated PAH distributions of different PAH groups were combined according to their degrees of alkylation. Based on this combination, a new PAH alkylation index (ΣC0/(ΣC0+ΣC2)) was derived, which considers, in contrast to commonly used single PAH ratios, a series of non-alkylated and alkylated PAH.By comparison of this PAH alkylation index with the degree of aromatic condensation a new robust and economic method for identifying petrogenic, pyrogenic and mixed PAH sources within soil samples and sediments was developed. It is shown that coal and coal ash particles are a not negligible PAH source in urban soils of mining-dominated regions and can make up a large proportion of the anthropogenic substrate components encountered.Further analyses of samples with defined levels of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH are necessary to finally evaluate the usefulness of this proposed new PAH-BPCA approach.