Groups Legumes Research Articles

Analyzing Temporal Characteristics of Winter Catch Crops Using Sentinel-1 Time Series

Catch crops are intermediate crops sown between two main crop cycles. Their adoption into the cropping system has increased considerably in the last years due to its numerous benefits, in particular its potential in carbon fixation and preventing nitrogen leaching during winter. The growth period of catch crops in Germany is often marked by dense cloud cover, which limits land surface monitoring through optical remote sensing. In such conditions, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) emerges as a viable option. Despite the known advantages of SAR, the understanding of temporal behavior of radar parameters in relation to catch crops remains largely unexplored. Hence, in this study, we exploited the dense time series of Sentinel-1 data within the Copernicus Space Component to study the temporal characteristics of catch crops over a test site in the center of Germany. Radar parameters such as VV, VH, VH/VV backscatter, dpRVI (dual-pol Radar Vegetation Index) and VV coherence were extracted, and temporal profiles were interpreted for catch crops and preceding main crops along with in situ, temperature, and precipitation data. Additionally, we examined the temporal profiles of winter main crops (winter oilseed rape and winter cereals), that are grown parallel to the catch crop growing cycle. Based on the analyzed temporal patterns, we defined 22 descriptive features from VV, VH, VH/VV and dpRVI, which are specific to catch crop identification. Then, we conducted a Kruskal–Wallis test on the extracted parameters, both crop-wise and group-wise, to assess the significance of statistical differences among different catch crop groups. Our results reveal that there exists a unique temporal pattern for catch crops compared to main crops, and each of these extracted parameters possess a different sensitivity to catch crops. Parameters VV and VH are sensitive to phenological stages and crop structure. On the other hand, VH/VV and dpRVI were found to be highly sensitive to crop biomass. Coherence can be used to detect the sowing and harvest events. The preceding main crop analysis reveals that winter wheat and winter barley are the two dominant main crops grown before catch crops. Moreover, winter main crops (winter oilseed rape, winter cereals) cultivated during the catch crop cycle can be distinguished by exploiting the observed sowing window differences. The extracted descriptive features provide information about sowing, harvest, vigor, biomass, and early/late die-off nature specific to catch crop types. In the Kruskal–Wallis test, the observed high H-statistic and low p-value in several predictors indicates significant variability at 0.001 level. Furthermore, Dunn’s post hoc test among catch crop group pairs highlights the substantial differences between cold-sensitive and legume groups (p < 0.001).

Unlocking therapeutic potential of Shimbi Dhanya for Human Wellness

Ayurveda is the science of life that aims to maintain health in a healthy person and cure the diseased person. Food (ahara) is the foremost among these three pillars of ayurveda (Trisutra ) for obtaining longitivity of life. Among various ancient literature available including Bhavprakash in 16th century has mentioned shimbidhanya (pulses) in Dhanyavargah (group of grains). Shimbidhanya varga (group of legumes and pulses) includes mudga, masha, rajamasha, Kulatthah etc. Shimbidhanya (pulses) are also known as vaidala (dicotyledons) and this category of pulses are the main source of proteins for vegetarians. Thie present study aims to evaluate the enlisted shimbidhanya (pulses) for their ayurvedic properties in relation to phytoconstituents and therapeutic uses and their role in longevity of life.

The Effect of Carob Extract on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Sensory Properties of Bread

To improve the nutritional value of bread, as well as to satisfy consumers whose awareness of the importance of nutrition to preserve health is growing significantly, it is desirable to enrich bread and bakery products with functional components. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen tree that is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and belongs to the legumes group. As carob pulp contains a unique combination of polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibre, it can be a useful raw material for the production of enriched bakery products. In this work, the possibility of applying carob extract as a potential natural preservative and functional additive in the production of bread was investigated. With this aim, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5% of powdered carob extract (CP) were added to bread dough and the quality characteristics of the bread were examined. The microbiological quality of bread was significantly better in samples with the addition of CP, which was confirmed by the lower values of the total number of bacteria and the absence of the Bacillus cereus. The addition of up to 3.5% carob extract had no negative effect on the sensory quality of the bread. The brightness of the bread samples decreased (L*), while the proportion of the red tone (a*) increased, and the intensity of the yellow tone (b*) decreased with an increase in the proportion of CP. The amount of total phenols (0.27 mg GAE/g) for the sample with 3.5% CP in bread was significantly higher compared to the control sample (0.12 mg GAE/g). The total antioxidant activity also increased significantly with the increase in the proportion of CP. Therefore, the present study proves that powdered carob extract can be successfully included in the production of a healthy functional food.

Impact of memory bias in the dietary estimation of older adults measured through a food frequency questionnaire and weighed food records: A cross-sectional study in older adults and primary caregivers.

Introduction: changes in cognitive performance and memory of older adults (OA) can interfere in their reporting their diet. Objective: to evaluate the impact of memory bias in dietary estimation between OA and their primary caregivers (PC) through the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Mexican OA and weighed food records (WFR). Methods: the present analysis uses the estimated dietary information based on the response provided by 51 older adults (OA) and their primary caregivers (PC) from the validation study of the FFQ for Mexicans OA was conducted during lockdowns for COVID-19. The personnel who applied FFQ and WFR were trained with standardized instruments and procedures. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the intake per day of the foods and food groups, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the grams of intake per day of the food groups, and kappa coefficient was used to compare the level of food items and food groups between OA and PC. Results: in 11 of 14 food groups, no significant differences were observed between the amounts of intake reported by OA and PC. In the groups of dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and legumes, moderate agreement was observed (κ = 0.63 to 0.79), and in the rest of the groups was strong to perfect (κ ≥ 0.80). Correlation of the amount of intake between OA and PC was high in all food groups (r ≥ 0.87). Conclusion: the high correlation and high agreement between the amounts and frequencies of the food groups consumed as reported by the older adults and primary caregivers indicate that the information from both respondents is reliable.

Efektifitas Tanaman Refugia Kacang-Kacangan Menangkal Intensitas Serangan Hama Ulat Grayak (spodoptera exigua Hubner.) Pada Bawang Merah

This experimental research aims to obtain the type of legume refugia plant that is most effective in preventing invasion, colonization and intensity of attack by the Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest on shallot. The experiment was designed with a randomized block design consisting of six treatments of various refugia plants, namely shallot plants without refugia treatment (Ro), shallot plants with refugia treatment peanuts (R1), soybeans (R2), green beans (R3), red beans (R4) and cowpeas (R5), which are planted in two rows on the side of the bund at a distance of 10 cm from the outermost row of shallot plants. Observation parameters were egg population, larvae, intensity of S. exigua pest attack and weight of fresh shallot bulbs. The variety of refugia plants from the legume group influences invasion, colonization and the intensity of Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks. on red onions. Peanut and cowpea refugia plants planted in two rows on the sides of the shallot mounds, are very effective in preventing invasion, colonization and the intensity of Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks, so that the shallot plants experience very light disturbance with an attack intensity of 2,522% – 4,432 %, which is in the very low category. As a result, the yield of fresh shallot tubers obtained was significantly higher compared to shallot plants without refugia plants and with refugia plants of soybeans, green beans and red beans. Soybean, green bean and red bean refugia plants are not effective in preventing Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks on shallots because the plants experience attack intensity from the age of 49 HST – 63 HST of 21.86% - 23.34% with the attack intensity being in the medium category.

Chromosome-level genome of the transformable northern wattle, Acacia crassicarpa.

The genus Acacia is a large group of woody legumes containing an enormous amount of morphological diversity in leaf shape. This diversity is at least in part the result of an innovation in leaf development where many Acacia species are capable of developing leaves of both bifacial and unifacial morphologies. While not unique in the plant kingdom, unifaciality is most commonly associated with monocots, and its developmental genetic mechanisms have yet to be explored beyond this group. In this study, we identify an accession of Acacia crassicarpa with high regeneration rates and isolate a clone for genome sequencing. We generate a chromosome-level assembly of this readily transformable clone, and using comparative analyses, confirm a whole-genome duplication unique to Caesalpinoid legumes. This resource will be important for future work examining genome evolution in legumes and the unique developmental genetic mechanisms underlying unifacial morphogenesis in Acacia.

EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN PETERNAKAN PUSAT PERBIBITAN TANDOS DESA BUMI BERINGIN KECAMATAN LUWUK UTARA

This research aims to determine the land suitability analysis of elephant grass, setaria and legume groups, and knowledge of potential land suitability and improvement efforts. The method used is the matching method to obtain results from land suitability evaluation, land characteristics and quality data with land suitability criteria for elephant grass plants (Pennisetum purpureum SCHUM.), setaria plants (setaria sphacelata), and legume group plants. The research results obtained were at point 1 with marginal criteria (S3, war). Next, point 2 and point 4 get marginal criteria (S3, nr,na), and point 3 gets marginal criteria (S3,wa,na,na). This is due to several limiting factors at the research location, namely, drainage, wet saturation, and N-Total and K2O which are classified as very low (SR). Efforts to improve the land include improving the drainage system, such as constructing drainage channels, liming and applying fertilizer to the land of the Tandos Nursery Center with a medium to high level of tillage. so that based on these improvement efforts, potential land suitability for elephant grass, setaria and legume groups is obtained at points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the land of the Tandos Nursery Center, Bumi Beringin Village, North Luwuk District, namely at points 1 and 3 of the S1 criteria ( very suitable) at points 2 and 4 with criteria S1 (very suitable).

Distribution of Trophic Resources in a Rodent Community in the High-Mountain Zone of the Republic of Dagestan

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of nutrition of some cohabiting rodent species in the High-Mountain Zone of the Republic of Dagestan have been studied. The diet of S. uralensis consisted of 23, C. gud, of 22, M. arvalis, of 27, C. migtatorius, of 26, and D. nitedula, of 19 plant species. The most diverse diet was found in the common vole and gray hamster. In spring, sedges dominated in the diets of rodents, in the summer, rations consisted mainly of cereals, and autumn, predominantly from the species of the forbs and legume groups. In all, except for the forest dormouse, the conjugation of diets with the structure of herbaceous vegetation was revealed. The maximum values of the degree of similarity of the diets of rodents were found in pairs of wood mouse – Gudaur vole, Gudaur vole – gray hamster, and common vole – gray hamster. As a result, a sufficient level of food supply, a wide range of microstations, and intrapopulation adaptation mechanisms make it possible for the considered rodent species to live together in the study area.

Comprehensive evaluation of morphological and economically valuable traits of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varieties

Purpose. To carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the morphological and economically valuable characteristics of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) varie­ties. Methods. Common buckwheat varieties of the State University of Agriculture and Engineering in Podillia were studied. The analysis of their quantitative, qualitative and pseudo-qualitative characteristics and economically valuable traits was carried out in accordance with “Methods of examination of plant varieties of the group of cereals, grains and legumes for suitability for distribution in Ukraine” and “Metho­dology of examination of varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Methodology for the examination of plant varie­ties of the legume and cereal groups for distinctness, uniformity and stability”. Field trials were carried out in 2021–2022 on the experimental field of the Scientific Research Center “Podillia” of the State University of Agriculture and Enginee­ring in Podillia. Research methods: field, laboratory, statistical and analytical. In order to identify plant varieties, a morphological description of their vegetative and generative organs was carried out (method of visual assessment of phenotype). Results. Common buckwheat varieties of domestic breeding were identified by morphological characteristics. For the field inspection of its seed crops, the morphological code formula of the variety was established and published in the official publication. Conclusions. Obtaining valuable, highly productive biotypes, as well as competitive varieties recommended for production and used in breeding practice, which reple­nish the fund of national plant resources, is possible thanks to their comprehensive evaluation at all stages of the breeding process. The table for the identification of candidate varie­ties of common buckwheat has been improved in the part of the list of morphological characteristics, the developed code formulas of which have practical application in the field inspection of seed crops.

Correlation and determination of the Metabolizable Energy (ME) of tropical forage with nutrient content for ruminants

The metabolizable energy (ME) of tropical forages measured by in vivo method in ruminants had a high degree of accuracy but requires a long time and is expensive. One method that can be done is the ME estimation model. The objectives of the present study were carried out to investigate the relationship between tropical forage nutrient content and ME for ruminants as well as determine and validate a model for estimating ME of tropical forage based on nutrient content. A total of 26 forage samples consisting of 14 types of grass and 12 legumes were obtained after data pre-processing or data cleaning and data normalization. Forage samples will be grouped into 3, Grass + Legume (G+L=26), grass (R=14), and legume (L=12). The database used is Crude Protein (CP), Extract Ether (EE), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose as well as ME with in vivo experiments. The initial stage is preprocessing data. Nutrient content and ME were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and followed by multiple linear regression to determine the ME estimation model. However, validated used the mean absolute deviation (MAD), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results showed that there was a significant and highly significantly correlated between nutrient composition and ME in the Grass + Legume, Grass, and Legume groups so it could be used to determine ME. There are 9 regression equations with significance and have high R2 and after being validated with the lowest MAD, RMSE, and MAPE values, three regression equations are obtained with one each for each group Grass + Legume (G+L), Grass (R), and Legumes (L). It is concluded that the regression equation of ME of tropical forage is MER+L = 12.429 – 0.122 ADF for Grass + Legume, EMR = 15.609 – 0.115 NDF for Grass, and EML = 3.726 – 0.186 CP for Legume.

Relationship Between Food Neophobia and Dietary Habits in Turkish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Food neophobia (FN) is an issue that can affect the food choices and nutritional status of individuals. Objective: This study aimed to determine FN levels of adults and to evaluate the nutritional habits and food consumption frequencies according to these levels. Materials and Methods: The study is cross-sectional and was conducted with 1681 volunteers aged between 20 and 64 years old. The data were obtained by face-to-face interview method using the general characteristics, a food consumption frequency form including 45 types of foods, questions related to eating habits (frequencies of the daily main meal, snack, skipping meal), and the Turkish Form Food Neophobia Scale (T-FNS). Individuals were divided into three groups neophilic, neutral, and neophobic according to their T-FNS scores. Results: Of the participants, 22.8% (n=384) were neophilic, 53.0% (n=890) were neutral, and 24.2% (n=407) were neophobic. The mean T-FNS scores were found to be statistically significantly different in groups gender (t=3.369, p=0.001), age (t=-3.408, p=0.001), educational status (F=8.699, p<0.001), marital status (t=-5.207, p<0.001), employment status (F=5.991, p<0.001), and presence of disease (t=3.467, p=0.001). Mean consumption of meat, egg, and legumes group in neophilics (176.14±96.58 g/day) compared to neutrals (160.30±96.48 g/day), fresh fruit consumption in neophobics (137.38±124.94 g/day) /day) compared to neutrals (107.51±101.57 g/day) were higher (F=4.018 p=0.018, and F=10.668 p=<0.001, respectively). Consumption of cream cheese, margarine, chocolate, fruit juice, and alcoholic beverages also differed between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that FN may affect nutritional status. However, there is a necessity for large-scale studies investigating the relationship between FN and nutritional status.

Abstract 4228: Replacing red and processed meat with legumes modulates gut microbiome and microbiota-related metabolites linked to gut health and cancer prevention in healthy working-aged men

Abstract Background and Aim: Changing dietary habits have great potential for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Regardless of the accumulated evidence on the relationship between dietary protein sources and CRC, the explaining mechanisms remain not well established. Diet-delivered microbial metabolites such as secondary bile acids (BA), N-nitroso compounds (NOC), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) have been suggested to mediate the relationship. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial replacement of red and processed meat (RPM), associated with higher CRC risk, with legumes on the fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles in healthy men. Methods: The study was a partly controlled 6-wk parallel design randomized clinical trial (n=102, age 37 y (range 21 - 61 y), BMI 25.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2) with two groups following either a diet supplemented with RPM (meat group) or a diet supplemented with legumes and RPM (legume group). The amount of RPM (200 g/wk) in the legume group was based on the maximum amount recommended by the EAT-Lancet Commission whereas the amount in the meat group (760 g/wk) corresponded the average intake of Finnish men. Fecal SCFAs (µg/ml) and BCFAs (µg/ml) were analyzed with GS-MS, BAs (arbitrary, analyte/standard ratios) with UHPLC-MS/MS, and NOCs (pmol/mg) with selective de-nitrosation and chemiluminescence-based detection. Urine TMAO was quantified by NMR and fecal microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques. Dietary intakes were analyzed with 4-day food records. Results: At the baseline, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were reported in age, BMI, dietary intake of total fiber (g/d), protein (E%), fat (E%), or in the fecal metabolites. The legume group had more pronounced effects on the gut microbiota community level, indicating ecosystem level differences. Total NOCs (p < 0.0001) and heme-originated NOCs (FeNO; p < 0.0001) were smaller in the legume group than in the meat group. Significant differences between the groups were observed in intake of total fiber (p < 0.001), cholesterol (mg/d, p < 0.001), saturated (p < 0.005), and polyunsaturated fat (p < 0.001). Although not significant (p > 0.05), total, secondary and unconjugated BAs, and total BCFA were higher in the meat group, whereas primary and conjugated BAs and total SCFAs were higher in the legume group. The concentration of total SCFA and individual SCFA decreased in both groups during the intervention period. Overall, a large sample-to-sample variation was observed. Conclusions: The results indicate that partial replacement of RPM with legume products can potentially change microbiota activity and gut metabolites, suggesting a protective gut metabolic profile against colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Tuulia Pietilä, Isabell Schreck, Tiina Pellinen, Johanna Vauhkonen, Essi Päivärinta, Mikko Neuvonen, Mikko Niemi, Anne Salonen, Anne-Maria Pajari. Replacing red and processed meat with legumes modulates gut microbiome and microbiota-related metabolites linked to gut health and cancer prevention in healthy working-aged men. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4228.

Allergenic risk assessment of cowpea and its cross-reactivity with pea and peanut.

Novel protein sources can represent a risk for allergic consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the allergenicity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an increasingly consumed legume and potential new industrial food ingredient which may put legume-allergic patients at risk. Children with allergy to legumes associated to peanut (LP group: n= 13) or without peanut allergy (L group: n= 14) were recruited and sensitization to several legumes including cowpea was assessed by prick tests and detection of specific IgE (sIgE). Cowpea protein extract was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, IgE-reactive spots were subjected to mass spectrometry. IgE-cross-reactivity between cowpea, pea, and peanut was determined using ELISA inhibition assays. Basophil activation tests were performed to evaluate sensitivity and reactivity of patient basophils toward legumes. Prick tests and sIgE levels to cowpea were positive in 8/14 and 4/13 patients of the L group and in 9/13 and 10/13 patients of the LP group, respectively. Four major IgE-binding proteins were identified as vicilins and seed albumin. Cowpea extract and its vicilin fraction strongly inhibited IgE-binding to pea and peanut extract. Peanut, lentil, and pea were the strongest activators of basophils, followed by cowpea, soybean, mung bean, and lupin. A majority of patients with legume allergy were sensitized to cowpea proteins. Four novel allergens were identified in cowpea, among which storage proteins were playing an important role in IgE-cross-reactivity, exposing legume-allergic patients to the risk of clinical cross-reactivity to cowpea and thus adding cowpea to the group of nonpriority legumes that are not subjected to allergen labeling such as chickpea, pea, and lentil.

Antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic potential of peptidic fractions obtained from tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) protein hydrolysate and identification of promising multifunctional bioactive peptides

SummaryTarwi is an Andean grain, belonging to the legume group and is characterised by its high protein content, exceeding that reported in soybeans being an interesting resource for obtaining bioactive peptides. The tarwi protein hydrolysate (TPH) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase (60 min) followed by Neutrase (120 min) presented important multifunctional properties to cope with oxidative stress, hypertension and diabetes. After concentration and purification process the most active fraction containing the highest antioxidant, antihypertensive (inhibition of angiotensin‐converting enzyme I, ACE) and antidiabetic (inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV) properties were found in the low‐molecular weight peptide fraction. Thus, this last fraction was subjected to a de novo sequencing LC–MS/MS analysis yielding the identification of 25 peptides, with potential activities as ACE and DPP IV inhibitors and antioxidative according to BIOPEP database. Of these, four novel peptides: AVPFWM, YSGWLGL, AHAGFGMLY and FFSMKVM, stood out for their relatively high scores in bioactivity predicted by Peptide Ranker, additionally the structure–activity evaluation performed on them, supported the predicted antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. These results demonstrated that TPH might be considered a potential source of peptides with multifunctional bioactive properties with possibilities of application in the food and nutraceutical sectors.

Phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes reveals the need for extensive generic re-delimitation in Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae).

Subfamily Caesalpinioideae with ca. 4,600 species in 152 genera is the second-largest subfamily of legumes (Leguminosae) and forms an ecologically and economically important group of trees, shrubs and lianas with a pantropical distribution. Despite major advances in the last few decades towards aligning genera with clades across Caesalpinioideae, generic delimitation remains in a state of considerable flux, especially across the mimosoid clade. We test the monophyly of genera across Caesalpinioideae via phylogenomic analysis of 997 nuclear genes sequenced via targeted enrichment (Hybseq) for 420 species and 147 of the 152 genera currently recognised in the subfamily. We show that 22 genera are non-monophyletic or nested in other genera and that non-monophyly is concentrated in the mimosoid clade where ca. 25% of the 90 genera are found to be non-monophyletic. We suggest two main reasons for this pervasive generic non-monophyly: (i) extensive morphological homoplasy that we document here for a handful of important traits and, particularly, the repeated evolution of distinctive fruit types that were historically emphasised in delimiting genera and (ii) this is an artefact of the lack of pantropical taxonomic syntheses and sampling in previous phylogenies and the consequent failure to identify clades that span the Old World and New World or conversely amphi-Atlantic genera that are non-monophyletic, both of which are critical for delimiting genera across this large pantropical clade. Finally, we discuss taxon delimitation in the phylogenomic era and especially how assessing patterns of gene tree conflict can provide additional insights into generic delimitation. This new phylogenomic framework provides the foundations for a series of papers reclassifying genera that are presented here in Advances in Legume Systematics (ALS) 14 Part 1, for establishing a new higher-level phylogenetic tribal and clade-based classification of Caesalpinioideae that is the focus of ALS14 Part 2 and for downstream analyses of evolutionary diversification and biogeography of this important group of legumes which are presented elsewhere.

The Genome of the Mimosoid Legume Prosopis cineraria, a Desert Tree.

The mimosoid legumes are a clade of ~40 genera in the Caesalpinioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae that grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Unlike the better studied Papilionoideae, there are few genomic resources within this legume group. The tree Prosopis cineraria is native to the Near East and Indian subcontinent, where it thrives in very hot desert environments. To develop a tool to better understand desert plant adaptation mechanisms, we sequenced the P. cineraria genome to near-chromosomal assembly, with a total sequence length of ~691 Mb. We predicted 77,579 gene models (76,554 CDS, 361 rRNAs and 664 tRNAs) from the assembled genome, among them 55,325 (~72%) protein-coding genes that were functionally annotated. This genome was found to consist of over 58% repeat sequences, primarily long terminal repeats (LTR-)-retrotransposons. We find an expansion of terpenoid metabolism genes in P. cineraria and its relative Prosopis alba, but not in other legumes. We also observed an amplification of NBS-LRR disease-resistance genes correlated with LTR-associated retrotransposition, and identified 410 retrogenes with an active burst of chimeric retrogene creation that approximately occurred at the same time of divergence of P. cineraria from a common lineage with P. alba~23 Mya. These retrogenes include many biotic defense responses and abiotic stress stimulus responses, as well as the early Nodulin 93 gene. Nodulin 93 gene amplification is consistent with an adaptive response of the species to the low nitrogen in arid desert soil. Consistent with these results, our differentially expressed genes show a tissue specific expression of isoprenoid pathways in shoots, but not in roots, as well as important genes involved in abiotic salt stress in both tissues. Overall, the genome sequence of P. cineraria enriches our understanding of the genomic mechanisms of its disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Thus, it is a very important step in crop and legume improvement.

Analisis Kinerja Rantai Pasok Produk Kedelai Menggunakan Metode Supply Chain Operation Reference

Indonesia is a country that has one of the advantages, namely as the largest agricultural country that has natural wealth, one of which is the agricultural sector. Soybean is one of the most widely grown crops in Indonesian agriculture and is included in the legumes group which has the highest vegetable protein content when compared to other types of beans such as red beans, green beans, and peanuts. The use of the SCOR method in this study is to measure good SCM performance, because SCOR divides supply chain processes into five 5 core processes, namely plan, source, make, deliver and return, where these processes have represented all supply chain activities. management from upstream to downstream in detail, so that it can define and categorize the measurement indicators needed in measuring Supply Chain Management performance. Based on the SCOR method, the results of the calculation of the final performance value of the soybean supply chain in the province of Central Java are 76.8 out of 100 which are in the "good" category.

Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Dalbergoid Legume Peanut Reveal a Divergent Evolution Leading to Nod-Factor-Dependent Epidermal Crack-Entry and Terminal Bacteroid Differentiation.

Root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is the pillar behind sustainable agriculture and plays a pivotal role in the environmental nitrogen cycle. Most of the genetic, molecular, and cell-biological knowledge on RNS comes from model legumes that exhibit a root-hair mode of bacterial infection, in contrast to the Dalbergoid legumes exhibiting crack-entry of rhizobia. As a step toward understanding this important group of legumes, we have combined microscopic analysis and temporal transcriptome to obtain a dynamic view of plant gene expression during Arachis hypogaea (peanut) nodule development. We generated comprehensive transcriptome data by mapping the reads to A. hypogaea, and two diploid progenitor genomes. Additionally, we performed BLAST searches to identify nodule-induced yet-to-be annotated peanut genes. Comparison between peanut, Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max showed upregulation of 61 peanut orthologs among 111 tested known RNS-related genes, indicating conservation in mechanisms of nodule development among members of the Papilionoid family. Unlike model legumes, recruitment of class 1 phytoglobin-derived symbiotic hemoglobin (SymH) in peanut indicates diversification of oxygen-scavenging mechanisms in the Papilionoid family. Finally, the absence of cysteine-rich motif-1-containing nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptide (NCR) genes but the recruitment of defensin-like NCRs suggest a diverse molecular mechanism of terminal bacteroid differentiation. In summary, our work describes genetic conservation and diversification in legume-rhizobia symbiosis in the Papilionoid family, as well as among members of the Dalbergoid legumes.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Influence of Soil Fertility Management on Nitrogen Mineralization, Urease Activity and Maize Yield

For studying the effect of soil fertility management practices on N mineralization, urease activity and maize yield, replicated field trials were established in 2015 at Misamfu and Msekera agricultural research stations (ARS) representing two geo-climatic regions of Zambia. The soil at Msekera ARS is a sandy clay loam (SCL) from a Paleustult, while that at Misamfu is a loamy sand (LS) from a Kandiustult. The field trials had three categories of treatments namely legumes, traditional and conventional. The legumes group consisted of researcher-recommended legume-cereal intercrop systems of maize with Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria juncea and Tephrosia vogelii in combination with compound D (10% N, 20% P2O5, 10% K2O) and urea (46% N) at the recommended rate (200 kg ha-1) and half of the recommended rate (100 kg ha-1). Composted cattle manure and Fundikila, a special plant biomass management technique, were the inputs under the traditional category. The conventional category consisted of a treatment to which only chemical fertilizer was applied. Urease activity was determined in surface soil samples (0-20 cm) collected from the field trials after 3 years. For N mineralization, a laboratory incubation study was conducted over 13 weeks. For the laboratory incubation, an additional treatment to which no input was applied was included as control. Application of organic inputs significantly increased the potentially mineralizable N (No) by 127% to 256% on the LS and by 51% to 131% on the SCL in comparison to the control. Similarly, the cumulative N mineralized (Ncum) was twice or thrice higher where organic inputs had been applied in comparison to the control. The No followed the order traditional > legumes > conventional > control, while the mineralization rate constant (k) followed the order legumes > conventional > traditional > control on both soils. The rate of N mineralization was significantly higher on the LS than the SCL. Higher rates of chemical fertilizer resulted in high Ncum and higher maize yield. Maize yield was significantly and positively correlated to Ncum, but inversely correlated to the amount of applied N that was mineralized (%Nmin). Urease activity was stimulated by application of organic inputs and suppressed by higher rates of chemical fertilizers. The type of organic inputs; the rate of chemical fertilizers; and soil texture are factors influencing N mineralization and maize yield. Urease activity was largely influenced by the rate of chemical fertilizer, but not the type of organic inputs or soil texture.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ В ТИПОВОМ СЕВООБОРОТЕ ПРИ ОРОШЕНИИ В ПОВОЛЖЬЕ

Purpose: to study the efficiency of land use agrotechnical methods application on long-term irrigated lands in a grain-forage crop rotation typical for Volga region. Materials and methods. Field experiments to assess the efficiency of agrotechnical measures in agricultural crops cultivation were carried out in the pilot production plant of Volga Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation on dark chestnut medium loamy long-term irrigated soils for a seven-field grain fodder crop rotation typical for Volga region with a total area of 350 hectares. Efficiency calculations were made using technological maps of cultivation of each crop of the crop rotation, established production rates and prices for technological operations, as well as calculating the actual costs of carrying out these works. Results. A comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of agrotechnical measures for crop rotation on long-term irrigated lands showed that agrotechnical measures had a positive impact on productivity of main agricultural crops. The most profitable in the studied crop rotation should be considered the production of fodder crops: fodder mixture for silage (sorghum + soybean + sudanese grass + sunflower) with a net income of 76.9 thousand rubles per 1 ha, alfalfa for green fodder and hay (73.9 and 73.2 thousand rubles/ha, respectively). In the group of cereals and legumes, the most profitable commercial crop is soybean, the net income from the production of which amounted to 23.3 thousand rubles/ha. Conclusions. The final comprehensive assessment of the cultivation of agricultural crops in a grain-fodder crop rotation with long-term irrigation confirmed the high efficiency of using the optimal combination of agrotechnical measures to maintain soil fertility and crop rotation productivity.