Equivalent Group Research Articles

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy in patients with ischemic heart failure and ventricular tachycardia: a comparative analysis of spironolactone vs. eplerenone

Abstract Background Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are a cornerstone of heart failure therapy and have been shown to reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death. However, a direct comparison between spironolactone and eplerenone in patients who present ventricular tachycardia (VT) is lacking. Purpose This study aimed to compare the effect of spironolactone and eplerenone on VT recurrence in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) hospitalized for VT episodes. Methods Our data utilized a registry of 405 patients with IHD and HF, who were hospitalized for an episode of sustained VT and received MRA therapy. We performed propensity score matching based on age, hypertension, diabetes, history of acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and presentation with incessant VT. The matched population included 200 patients, stratified into two equivalent groups. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of VT recurrence, with Kaplan-Meier curves facilitating time-to-event analyses. Results The median age was 69 years and the majority (91%) were male. One-third had an ICD, and 41 patients (20%) had CRT. The median LVEF was 30%, 23 patients (12%) presented with an electrical storm, while 18 (9%) had incessant VT. VT led to hemodynamic instability in 91 cases (46%). Ablation was performed in 47 patients (24%), while 1 required mechanical circulatory support. Ablation was performed in 47 patients (24%), while 1 required mechanical circulatory support. Patients were followed for at least a year and median follow-up time was 414 days. A total of 78 patients had VT recurrence and 117 patients died. Eplerenone use significantly reduced the risk of VT recurrence compared to spironolactone (HR: 0.59 [0.37-0.93], p=0.023). This effect was consistent in the multivariate model as well (p=0.007). Conclusions Eplerenone use may confer a greater protective effect against VT recurrence in patients with IHD and sustained VT. Further studies are required to confirm these preliminary findings.

Effect Program Educational Based on According to Raigloth Expansion Theory in Teaching Post-Modern Arts for Students of the Institute of Fine Arts

General Background: The evolving landscape of postmodern art necessitates innovative educational approaches to equip students with the skills and knowledge required to navigate this complex field. Specific Background: This research investigates the impact of an educational program grounded in Reigeluth's expansive theory on the teaching of postmodern art at the Institute of Fine Arts in Baghdad. Prior studies have highlighted the need for effective instructional designs that engage students and enhance their cognitive achievements. Knowledge Gap: Despite the proliferation of educational theories, there remains limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of expansive instructional design in the context of postmodern arts education. Aims: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of an expansive educational program on students' cognitive achievement in postmodern art compared to traditional teaching methods. Results: Utilizing an experimental design with two equivalent groups, the findings reveal statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in post-test scores favoring the experimental group that engaged with the educational program based on Reigeluth's theory. Novelty: This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating that an expansive instructional approach can significantly enhance students' understanding and appreciation of postmodern art. Implications: The results underscore the necessity for art education curricula to incorporate innovative instructional designs that foster deeper cognitive engagement and mastery of complex artistic concepts. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, this study offers valuable insights for educators seeking to improve instructional effectiveness in the rapidly evolving domain of postmodern art. Highlights: Impact of expansive design on cognitive achievement in postmodern art. Controlled study shows significant differences in student performance outcomes. Innovative teaching methods enhance student engagement and understanding. Keywords: postmodern art, educational program, Reigeluth's theory, cognitive achievement, instructional design

Partial actions of groups on generalized matrix rings

Let n be a positive integer and R=(Mij)1≤i,j≤n be a generalized matrix ring. For each 1≤i,j≤n, let Ii be an ideal of the ring Ri:=Mii and denote Iij=IiMij+MijIj. We give sufficient conditions for the subset I=(Iij)1≤i,j≤n of R to be an ideal of R. Also, suppose that α(i) is a partial action of a group G on Ri, for all 1≤i≤n. We construct, under certain conditions, a partial action γ of G on R such that γ restricted to Ri coincides with α(i). We study the relation between this construction and the notion of Morita equivalent partial group action given in [1]. Moreover, we investigate properties related to Galois theory for the extension Rγ⊂R. Some examples to illustrate the results are considered in the last part of the paper.

Discerning equivalence relations from displayed but not previously learned stimulus pairs

A method was devised to determine whether participants could discern stimulus equivalence (SE) relations between stimuli without prior training, but simply via visual inspection of an array of premise pairs. On each of a series of slides nine circles containing different colours were paired together in boxes in different ways on each slide to embody three 3-member equivalence classes. Below this “study” array of boxes were two “choice” boxes, with two colours derived from the same equivalence class in one, and colours from two different classes in the other. Participants were instructed to choose the box in which the colours were seemingly combined “according to the pairs above”. Then on a final “sort” slide they were asked, in relation to its array, to allocate the nine colours into groups of their own choosing. Twenty-two undergraduate students, some naïve and some with some prior experience of standard equivalence experiments, participated in this experiment. Participants 1–11, in addition to trials in which the within-class choice was a symmetric or transitive pair, were given extra “baseline” trials with a simple copy of one of the array pairs in the within-class choice box. Such “baseline” trials were omitted for the remaining participants. On the choice trials about half of the participants systematically selected the within-class alternatives. There was some indication that prior experience made this more likely, whereas inclusion of “baseline” trials seemingly had a negative effect. Participants who systematically selected the within-class alternatives mostly also sorted the colours into the appropriate three equivalence groups. Some methodological refinements and extensions of this “plain sight” procedure are proposed, and the analytical potential of comparing performance on these with that on standard MTS procedures is discussed.

A PICTURE WORD INDUCTIVE MODEL TO ENHANCING VOCABULARY ACQUISITION AT THE PRIMARY LEVEL

The current research investigates the effect of using the Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM) Strategy on Vocabulary Acquisition at the Primary Level. The research's null hypotheses have been formulated to be tested in light of the aim. The design of two equivalent groups, namely the experimental and control groups with pre and post-tests, has been adopted. The research sample included 60 female pupils from two primary schools intentionally selected from the center of Nineveh Governorate. They were divided into two groups: the experimental group included 30 female pupils taught according to the PWIM strategy at Al Talai Primary School. The control group included (30) female pupils taught according to the Subscribed method at Al Shaqa'ik Primary School. Both groups were equalized according to a set of variables: pupil's date of birth, pupil's general average of the preceding academic year, pupil's scores in English of the preceding academic year, and parents'. Moreover, the main requirements of this research were prepared, such as determining the teaching materials and preparing the teaching plans as well as; the researcher had prepared an instrument to collect the data based on the dependent variables of this research, namely the vocabulary Acquisition test of a passage followed by five questions. The result reveals a statistically significant difference (0.05) between the experimental and control groups in the Post-Test of Vocabulary Acquisition in favor of The Experimental group. Finally, recommendations and suggestions for further research are presented concerning the necessity of applying the (PWIM) in teaching the English language.

Program Reach and Motivational Correlates of Exercise Behavior among Program Participants with Visual Impairment

ABSTRACT Introduction Adults with visual impairments (VI) experience unique barriers to exercise. Targeted exercise programming can eliminate barriers, but little is known about who engages in such programs. This cross-sectional study a) describes program reach and motivational correlates of exercise behavior among members of specialized exercise programs offered to adults with VI; b) examines demographic, psychological, and behavioral differences according to VI severity; and c) assesses the interrelationships between motivational characteristics and exercise behavior. Methods Data for program participants were provided to researchers by the partnered organization with participant consent. A total of 118 participants also completed a post-program survey on motivational characteristics and exercise behavior. Reach was assessed with descriptive statistics. T-tests and chi-squared tests were used to analyze respondent representativeness compared to the population of program participants (demographically) and normative values (motivationally). Analysis of variance examined differences according to VI severity. Pearson’s correlations and multiple regression assessed strength and independence of relationships between motivational variables and exercise. Results Programs attracted mostly equivalent groups of individuals across gender and varying severity of VI. Survey respondents were representative of program participants but were significantly more approach motivated and less avoidance motivated than published norms, and mostly exhibited autonomous forms of motivational regulation for exercise. Differences according to VI severity were not significant. Relationships between approach motivation and exercise were no longer significant when modeled with motivational regulation for exercise. Identified regulation was the lone significant predictor of exercise in the multivariate model. Conclusion This study presents a novel understanding of the demographic and motivational reach of specialized programming for adults with VI, as well as the motivational correlates of exercise behavior among existing program participants. Motivational characteristics were related to exercise behavior in a way that was consistent with theory, such that contextualized motivational regulation demonstrated stronger associations with exercise behavior than motivational dispositions.

The Effect of Kagan Models on the Achievement of First-Grade Intermediate Female Students in Biology

The research aimed to investigate the effect of Kagan models on the achievement of first-grade intermediate female- students in biology. The sample consisted of 84 students, divided into two groups: an experimental group of 42 students and a control group of 42 students. The experimental method was used for two independent and equivalent groups, with one group taught according to the Kagan models and the other taught using the traditional method. The experiment was conducted at Al-Jameaa Secondary School for Girls for a full academic semester. To verify the research hypothesis, an achievement test consisting of 36 multiple-choice questions was applied. The results showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group.

A Retrospective Comparison Trial Investigating Aggregate Length of Stay Post Implementation of Seven Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols between 2015 and 2022.

(1) Introduction: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols can create a cultural shift that will benefit patients by significantly reducing patient length of stay when compared to an equivalent group of surgical patients not following an ERAS protocol. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study of 2236 patients in a multi-center, community-based healthcare system, matching was performed based on a multitude of variables related to demographics, comorbidities, and surgical outcomes across seven ERAS protocols. These cohorts were then compared pre and post ERAS protocol implementation. (3) Results: ERAS protocols significantly reduced hospital length of stay from 3.0 days to 2.1 days (p <0.0001). Additional significant outcomes included reductions in opioid consumption from 40 morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) to 20 MMEs (p <0.001) and decreased pain scores on postoperative day zero (POD 0), postoperative day one (POD 1), and postoperative day two (POD 2) when stratified into mild, moderate, and severe pain (p <0.001 on all three days). (4) Conclusions: ERAS protocols aggregately reduce hospital length of stay, pain scores, and opioid consumption.

Hyperbaric Treatment Stimulates Chaperone-Mediated Macroautophagy and Autophagy in the Liver Cells of Healthy Female Rats.

The role of autophagy goes far beyond the elimination of damaged cellular components and the quality control of proteins. It also cleanses cells from inclusions, including pathogenic viruses, and provides energy-forming components. The liver, which is an organ with increased metabolism, is made up of cells that are particularly vulnerable to damage. Therefore, detoxification of liver cells in the process of autophagy has become a very important issue clinically. The aim of this study was an immunohistochemical evaluation of proteins activated in rat liver cells at different stages of hyperbaric autophagy. The rats used for the study were randomly divided into six equivalent groups-three control groups and three experimental groups. Animals from the experimental groups were subjected to hyperbaric treatment in a hyperbaric chamber, with a pressure of 1.6 ATA for 120 min. They breathed atmospheric air. Rats were decapitated within 5 or 10 days after removal from the chamber. Immunohistochemical reactions with beclin 1, LC3B, RAB7, and HSC73 proteins were carried out on preparations made from liver slices. A three-step labeled streptavidin-biotin detection method of paraffin blocks (LSAB three-step) was used for immunohistochemical research. The results were evaluated using computer programs for morphometric analysis of microscopic images by calculating the mean surface areas occupied by a positive immunohistochemical reaction in individual groups for all antibodies tested. Increased closure of substrates in the autophagosome (beclin 1) induced late endosome transport and accelerated autophagosome maturation process (RAB7). Furthermore, a larger number of autophagosomes (LC3B) was observed in liver cells immediately after the cessation of hyperbaric activity; however, this decreased after 5 days. During this time, chaperone-mediated autophagy (HSC73) was observed on a larger scale. This means that increased macroautophagy induced by hyperbaric treatment weakens with time that has elapsed since the cessation of high pressure, whereas similarly induced chaperone-mediated autophagy intensifies over time.

PSI-21 Limited impact of hypothyroidism on porcine fetal growth during mid to late gestation

Abstract In the fetal pig, both circulating thyroid hormone and growth rate are known to increase throughout gestation; however, the functional association between these coincident factors has not been established. Thus, the objective of this project was to investigate this cause-and-effect relationship by evaluating the impact of induced fetal hypothyroidism on fetal growth during mid to late gestation. To induce fetal hypothyroidism, n = 12 pregnant gilts were orally treated with the goitrogen methimazole (MMI) at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d for 21 d, with n = 3 gilts starting treatment on gestation d 34, 45, 55 and 65. An equivalent group n = 12 of gilts were sham treated for the same periods to produce gestationally age-matched euthyroid control litters (CON). Upon completion of the treatment period, gilts were humanely euthanized, and the resulting populations of n = 174 MMI and n = 166 CON fetuses deeply phenotyped. No meconium-stained fetuses were observed at any time point, and only 5 mummified fetuses were observed (3 CON, 2 MMI), indicating treatment has no effect on fetal viability. Fetal body weight (BW) and the weights of individual organs including thyroid, liver, heart, lung, kidney, spleen, and brain were collected. In addition, fetuses were imaged in both left and right lateral recumbency for subsequent morphometric assessment using a custom analysis pipeline in ImageJ. Image analysis yielded parameters including crown-rump length, girth, brow length, depth at the snout/skull junction, depth at the snout/nose junction, and area under the skull curvature (AUC). Left and right measurements for all morphometric parameters were found to be highly correlated (r2 &amp;gt; 0.9) indicating a repeatable measure using this approach. Statistical analysis of all phenotypic differences was carried out using a linear mixed effect model including gestational age and treatment as fixed effects and gilt as a random effect. A significant increase in both absolute and relative thyroid weights indicated the development of goiter and thus, successful induction of hypothyroidism within the MMI litters. In addition, a significant treatment by time interaction was observed, with 0.014 g and 0.21 g increase at d 55 and 66, respectively, indicating reduced compensatory action within the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during this earliest period. Liver weight as a percentage of BW decreased from 6.06% to 2.56% between d 55 and 86 in the CON group but was significantly increased at all time points in response to MMI induced hypothyroidism (P &amp;lt; 0.01). A corresponding increase in brain to liver weight ratio over time was suppressed in MMI fetuses (P &amp;lt; 0.05). While all other phenotypic parameters were significantly altered by gestational age, there was no significant impact of fetal hypothyroidism. Collectively, the results indicate that fetal growth during mid to late gestation is not driven by fetal thyroid hormone.

The Id protein Extramacrochaetae restrains the E protein Daughterless to regulate Notch, Rap1, and Sevenless within the R7 equivalence group of the Drosophila eye.

The Drosophila Id gene extramacrochaetae (emc) is required during Drosophila eye development for proper cell fate specification within the R7 equivalence group. Without emc, R7 cells develop like R1/6 cells, and there are delays and deficits in differentiation of non-neuronal cone cells. Although emc encodes an Inhibitor of DNA-binding (Id) protein that is known to antagonize proneural bHLH protein function, no proneural gene is known for R7 or cone cell fates. These fates are also independent of daughterless (da), which encodes the ubiquitous E protein heterodimer partner of proneural bHLH proteins. We report here that the effects of emc mutations disappear in the absence of da, and are partially mimicked by forced expression of Da dimers, indicating that emc normally restrains da from interfering with R7 and cone cell specification, as occurs in emc mutants. emc, and da, regulate three known contributors to R7 fate, which are Notch signaling, Rap1, and Sevenless. R7 specification is partially restored to emc mutant cells by mutation of RapGap1, confirming that Rap1 activity, in addition to Notch activity, is a critical target of emc. These findings exemplify how mutations of an Id protein gene can affect processes that do not require any bHLH protein, by restraining Da activity within physiological bounds.

Midlife health in Britain and the United States: a comparison of two nationally representative cohorts.

Older adults in the USA have worse health and wider socioeconomic inequalities in health compared with those in Britain. Less is known about how health in the two countries compares in mid-life, a time of emerging health decline, including inequalities in health. We compare measures of current regular smoking status, obesity, self-rated health, cholesterol, blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin using population-weighted modified Poisson regression in the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) in Britain (N = 9665) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) in the USA (N = 12 300), when cohort members were aged 34-46 and 33-43, respectively. We test whether associations vary by early- and mid-life socioeconomic position. US adults had higher levels of obesity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Prevalence of poor self-rated health and current regular smoking was worse in Britain. We found smaller socioeconomic inequalities in mid-life health in Britain compared with the USA. For some outcomes (e.g. smoking), the most socioeconomically advantaged group in the USA was healthier than the equivalent group in Britain. For other outcomes (hypertension and cholesterol), the most advantaged US group fared equal to or worse than the most disadvantaged groups in Britain. US adults have worse cardiometabolic health than British counterparts, even in early mid-life. The smaller socioeconomic inequalities and better overall health in Britain may reflect differences in access to health care, welfare systems or other environmental risk factors.

Oral drug delivery vehicle for insulin and curcumin based on egg albumin-dextran conjugate: In vitro and in vivo studies

The increasing desire for oral delivery vehicle systems encouraged the development of micro and nano encapsulation technologies to protect drugs against gastric and enzymatic degradation. This study aimed to develop egg albumin-dextran conjugate as a delivery vehicle for oral administration. For this purpose, insulin was selected as a macromolecule drug and curcumin as a natural lipophilic polyphenol, both show negative absorption kinetics in gastrointestinal tract. Egg albumin-dextran conjugate was prepared by Maillard reaction under mild conditions and subsequently be used to encapsulate insulin and curcumin, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency reached to 97 % and 95.5 % at 300 mg/ml of insulin and curcumin, respectively. The profile of in vitro drug release for the insulin and curcumin indicates that approximately 60 % of the drugs were partially retained by the conjugate in gastric pH environment while a more extensive release was observed under intestinal pH conditions. Application of oral administration of insulin conjugate (IC) and/or curcumin conjugate (CC) to streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats was investigated for 6 weeks and compared with trade insulin drug. Fifty-four albino rats were separated into nine equivalent groups. Control, insulin conjugate (IC), curcumin conjugate (CC), and IC + CC. The remaining groups injected with STZ and subsequently received vehicle, IC, CC, IC + CC, and trade insulin drug; respectively.Interestingly, insulin conjugate and/or curcumin conjugate significantly reduced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, decreased fructosamine level, decreased HOMA-IR, increased insulin level, increased HOMA-β, increased antioxidant defense molecules, along with modulating morphological pancreatic degeneration caused by STZ. In conclusion, oral insulin-conjugate is more effective than the trade insulin drug. Also, curcumin-conjugate has a promising role as antidiabetic agent as it may contribute in β-cells regeneration. Further, the combination between them may have synergetic antidiabetic effect. But, more detailed studies should be done to investigate the possible mechanisms of their antidiabetic effect.

Comparing adaptations from blood flow restriction exercise training using regulated or unregulated pressure systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

No study has examined outcomes derived from blood flow restriction exercise training interventions using regulated compared with unregulated blood flow restriction pressure systems. Therefore, we used a systematic review and meta-analyses to compare the chronic adaptations to blood flow restriction exercise training achieved with regulated and unregulated blood flow restriction pressure systems. The electronic database search included using the tool EBSCOhost and other online database search engines. The search included Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Embase and SpringerLink. Included studies utilised chronic blood flow restriction exercise training interventions greater than two weeks duration, where blood flow restriction was applied using a regulated or unregulated blood flow restriction pressure system, and where outcome measures such as muscle strength, muscle size or physical function were measured both pre- and post-training. Studies included in the meta-analyses used an equivalent non-blood flow restriction exercise comparison group. Eighty-one studies were included in the systematic review. Data showed that regulated (n = 47) and unregulated (n = 34) blood flow restriction pressure systems yield similar training adaptations for all outcome measures post-intervention. For muscle strength and muscle size, this was reaffirmed in the included meta-analyses. This review indicates that practitioners may achieve comparable training adaptations with blood flow restriction exercise training using either regulated or unregulated blood flow restriction pressure systems. Therefore, additional factors such as device quality, participant comfort and safety, cost and convenience are important factors to consider when deciding on appropriate equipment to use when prescribing blood flow restriction exercise training.

Hydrotherapy on the Intensity of Neuropathic Pain in Sufferers with Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Neuropathic pain is a type of pain caused by or resulting from a primary injury or dysfunction of the nervous system. Cooperation in nursing care is necessary to reduce the incidence of ambulatory neuropathy. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of contrast baths on pain caused by leg neuropathy in diabetic patients. Design: Quasi- experimental design where Pretest Posttest Non- equivalent group design, meeting the inclusion criteria, was selected by non-probability convenience sampling technique. Materials and methods: The study was conducted with 30 patients in the experimental and 30 patients in the control group. Galer Neuropathy A pain assessment tool was used. Results: A comparison of the mean, SD and mean percentage of the control group's pre- and post-test scores shows that in the pre-test the mean score of the control group was (89.4 ± 2.81), which is 89%, while in the post-test the mean score was (68, 1 ± 2.55), which is 68%. It reveals a difference of 21%. Similarly, for the interventional group, the mean score in the pretest was (88.3±2.97), which is 88%, while in the posttest, the mean score was (32.5±2.28), which is 33%. It reveals a distinction of 55%. A contrast bath appeared to be effective in reducing neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The results showed that the interventional group of diabetics experienced a reduction in neuropathic pain after the contrast bath. Therefore, a contrast bath is an effective intervention to reduce neuropathy pain in diabetic patients.

Comparing Long- Versus Short-Forms of Depression Scales in an Omnibus Longitudinal Survey

Many large scale omnibus surveys have adopted shorter versions of the original lengthy psychological scales for efficiency. Evidence is lacking on the impact of different forms on respondent behaviors and data analysis. This study focuses on the widely used Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a case in point, by utilizing data from the nationally representative China Family Panel Studies. It compares CES-D20 with CES-D8 as they have been applied to two separate and equivalent groups. Our findings suggest that reducing the test length from CES-D20 to CES-D8 does not lead to a notable reduction to their psychometric qualities. Respondent behaviors as measured by survey perceptions in its concurrent wave, and attrition rates two years later are not affected by the forms. Analysis by combining data from the two forms is possible after proper conversion of the scores to be on the same metric without worrying about the form effect. In conclusion, the findings provide supporting evidence for a possible smooth transition between long and short forms of scales under proper survey designs.

Athermal and Apochromatic Design of Equivalent Two-Component Optical System in 3D Glass Diagram

In the athermal and apochromatic design of optical systems, the distribution of lens’ optical powers and the selection of optical glass and structural materials are crucial. In this paper, an athermal and apochromatic design method is proposed for optical systems with a long focal length, large relative aperture, and wide spectrum. Firstly, a complex optical system composed of multiple lenses is equivalent to a two-component, single-lens system consisting of a replacement and an equivalent lens group. The optical glass for the replacement lens group is selected based on weight and the principle of material replacement in the 3D glass diagram, thus achieving an athermal and apochromatic design. Secondly, an athermal and apochromatic optical system with a focal length of 130 mm, an F-number of 2.0, a spectral range of 480 nm~800 nm, a field of view angle of 22°, and an operating temperature of −40 °C~+60 °C is designed. The modulation transfer function (MTF) at each field of view is greater than 0.6 at 50 lp/mm in the −40 °C~+60 °C temperature range, and the secondary spectrum aberration is 0.0056 mm, which is within the focal depth range of the optical system.

Efektivitas Layanan Informasi dengan Teknik Role Playing untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa SMAN 2 Palembayan

Learning motivation is a very important factor in the learning process. High learning motivation can encourage students to undertake learning activities and will have an impact on student learning achievement. The study aims to look at the effectiveness of the implementation of information services with role-playing techniques to improve student learning motivation. This study uses a quantitative approach, with the kind of research Quasi Experiment project The Non Equivalent Control Group. As for the population in this study is the whole of students SMAN 2 Palembayan classes X and XI, sampling using purposive samplings, then sampled are classes XIF2 and XIF3. The technique used in the data collection is by spreading questionnaires in the form of motivational learning racket, further analysed using the comparison of the gain score table and the Mann U Whitney 2 Independent Sample Test. The results of this study show that the implementation of information services with role-playing techniques can improve student learning motivation.

Special Exercises to Develop Some Visual Abilities and Defensive Movement Skills for Players of the Middle Euphrates Education Handball Teams

The purpose of this paper is to preparing special exercises to develop some visual abilities and the skill of defensive movements for the players of the educational teams of the Middle Euphrates in handball, preparing tests for some visual abilities for the players of the educational teams of the Middle Euphrates in handball, and identifying some visual abilities and defensive movement skills of players of the Middle Euphrates handball teams. The research objectives addressed by the researchers are what determine the nature of the method used, so the researchers used the experimental method in the style of two equivalent groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests to suit the research objectives. The research community was determined by handball players for the teams of the Middle Euphrates region's education affiliated to the general education directorates in the governorates, distributed according to the governorates (Karbala, Najaf, Babylon, Muthanna, Diwaniyah), totaling (150) players. The research sample was chosen randomly and represented the players of the Karbala Education team affiliated to the holy Karbala Governorate, numbering (30) players who represent if the goalkeepers were excluded due to the specificity of the exercises, numbering (2) and (4) players were absent from performing the exercises, and the total number of the sample became (24) where they were randomly divided into two equal groups (control and experimental) with (12) players for each group, thus representing the research community, its sample and the percentage. The exploratory sample was 8 players from the Education of Babylon Governorate. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: The tests prepared by the researchers gave real results for visual abilities in handball, and the special exercises contributed to developing visual abilities and the skill of various defensive movements better among the members of the experimental group. One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: Necessity of using special exercises to develop special visual abilities and the skill of defensive movements that were not studied with the same sample and other samples, and preparing special tests for visual abilities for each game according to the nature of its performance and needs

A study to Assess the Effectiveness of Lumbar Massage on Backache among Patients Underwent Spinal Anesthesia in Selected Hospitals

Background: Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used type of regional anesthesia in many surgeries, including genit ourinary surgery, cesarean section and lumbar surgery.P ost dural puncture pain is common complication after spinal anesthesia and is characterized by persistent pain around the spinal cord in the absence of radicular pain.Therapeutic massage involves manipulating the body’s tissues with certain techniques.The goal of massage therapy is to affect cellular changes in tissues to promote healing and reduce pain and increase overall wellbeing.  Aim: To determine the effect of lumbar massage on back pain in patients underwent general anesthesia in selected hospitals.  Design: Quasi-experimental design, Pretest Post-test non- equivalent group design.  Participants: Thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected to receive spinal anesthesia through convenience sampling.  Methods: A study was done with 30 patients who underwent spinal anesthesia, 15 of which were interventional and 15 of which were observational group. The pain scale was used for the assessment tools.  Results: According to the research results, it can be concluded that the average percentage of the difference after the experiment and control is 47% for the pain index numbers in the total area comparison. There was a full size distinction between the pre and post test scores of the patients in the interventional group who received spinal anesthesia there has been a big distinction in the sufferer’s post test rankings. The t test score is 12.43 and is significant (P&lt;0.05). There was a significant difference in post patient scores. No significant relationship was found between patients receiving spinal anesthesia and demographic difference.  Conclusion: The effects showed that the average score of the patient in the control group receiving spinal anesthesia after the back pain examination was 7.33 ± 1.06,while the average score of the experimental group after the backache examination was 3.07 ±0.54.It shows that lumbar massage is beneficial for patients underwent spinal anesthesia.