Ability Of Group Members Research Articles

PKM KELOMPOK TERNAK LEBAH MADU (APIS CERANA) DALAM PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELOMPOK DI DESA BAHA

Apis cerana is a local Asian bee that is distributed almost throughout this continent. Apis cerana is a type of local honey bee that is prone to migration when natural food sources are insufficient. Based on the results of discussions with members of the honey bee group in Baha village, a priority problem that needs to be addressed by group members with assistance from universities can be formulated, namely increasing the ability of group members to be able to adopt appropriate technology for developing honey bees according to required standards so that productivity increases. Adopting technology to reduce mortality rates by using artificial feed. The queen rearing method is used to produce honey bees with high productivity and can carry out post-harvest technology if enough product is produced. The solution offered is to hold outreach. The counseling material concerns: how to develop appropriate, cheap and easy management techniques and develop Apis cerana honey bees, this problem will be informed to honey bee breeders in Baha village, Mengwi sub-district, Badung Regency. Efforts to increase the reproduction and productivity of bees, the application of alternative technology includes the selection of superior seeds and the use/operation of extractor machines in an effort to increase the productivity of bees with their support poles to avoid pests, and how to formulate honey bee animal feed that is cheap, easy to obtain and available in the village. according to livestock needs. After the counseling was carried out, training was carried out for the two groups using three students, such as making colony boxes with supporting poles to avoid pests and diseases of the Apis cerana honey bee.

Conjunctive and additive group work reduce academic procrastination: insights from a vignette study

Group work can increase individual effort, performance, and positive affect, if group members perceive their own contribution as indispensable for the group product. A vignette methodology was applied to investigate whether group work may also reduce procrastination. The vignettes described a typical academic assignment, while varying the task structure (individual work vs. conjunctive group work vs. additive group work) and group member ability (high vs. low). For each vignette, student participants (N = 443) provided ratings on their perceived indispensability, procrastination of the assignment, and affect. When group member ability was high, procrastination was lower in additive group work as compared to individual work. When group member ability was low, procrastination was lower in conjunctive group work as compared to both individual work and additive group work. As predicted, perceived indispensability mediated the difference in procrastination between conjunctive and additive group work. Moderation analyses further revealed that the effects were more pronounced for high trait procrastinators. Further, both types of group work led to increases in task-related positive affect as compared to individual work. By demonstrating the relevance of group work as a social factor, the results should be useful for the extension of existing programs targeting procrastination, and may inspire measures for preventing procrastination by changes in the study environment.

РОЗВИТОК КОГНІТИВНО-ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ СФЕРИ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ, ЗОРІЄНТОВАНИХ НА ОПАНУВАННЯ ВМІНЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-УПРАВЛІНСЬКОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ

The development of the cognitive-intellectual sphere of the subjects of pedagogical activity, focused on mastering the skills of information and management management, is shown. Approaches based on stimulating students to independently find ways, forms and options for solving problems are outlined. These are the "Flipped Class" technology, the "small group" technology, the case method. The importance of personal reflection of the participants is revealed. Emphasis is placed on the components of effective work of the group which are as follows: natural and open nature of communications; the focus of activities on solving goals and objectives through cooperation; mobility of roles and work regulations; maximum use of the abilities of group members; readiness for self-improvement, manifestation of initiative, desire for something new; equivalent responsibility for the work performed. The project activity is presented as an effective tool for the development of the cognitive-intellectual sphere of the subjects. It is proved that project activity is a model of organization of educational activity, according to which the subjects of the educational process acquire competencies during the implementation of practical tasks - projects. This kind of activity allows individualization of the educational process and increase the dynamics of progress to the end results. The basis of project activities in the system of postgraduate education is the development of creatively used skills and abilities that require a high level of self-control and subject-oriented orientation in the modern information space. The effectiveness of project activities is associated with the effectiveness of information and management competencies of teachers in the system of postgraduate education, because project activities contribute to: development of critical thinking, development of cognitive skills, maximum focus on professional development, gaining the ability to navigate in the information space and improve their own knowledge.

Peningkatan Nilai Ekonomi Hasil Perikanan: Pengembangan Bisnis Produk Olahan Berbasis Ikan Lele (Clarias Spp)

The purpose of this PKM is to provide knowledge and skills for catfish-based product processing, to know the driving and inhibiting factors for business sustainability, and to analyze the financial value of the business. The activity methods applied are: (1) socialization and theoretical learning, (2) training and mentoring, and (3) evaluation of activities. The results of the PKM showed that the attitudes and knowledge of Poklahasar members have increased from insufficient to sufficient about catfish-based processing. Variations in the knowledge and abilities of group members before and after counseling were decreasing or tending to the average score. The driving factor for the success of the activities and the sustainability of their respective businesses is the willingness of the group members to increase the quality and quantity of the processed product. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factor is the uncertainty of market demand so that the group only produces relatively limited quantities. The processing of catfish-based products is financially able to provide decent benefits with payback period is shortly.

Public good provision and democracy: Evidence from an experiment with farmer groups in Malawi

Farmer groups are the cornerstone of many agricultural projects in low income countries. The success of such projects crucially depends on the ability of group members to cooperate. We conducted a series of public goods experiments to study within-group cooperation in Malawian farmer groups. We combine results from these experiments with survey data and qualitative interviews. Our results shed light on the heterogeneous capacity of groups to cooperate. We find that democratically run groups, in particular those with close social ties, are more cooperative compared to groups with leader-driven decision-making. Focus groups indicate that this democracy is deliberative in nature, characterized by open discussion that aggregates preferences, increases common knowledge, and creates goodwill. A second set of experiments in which we experimentally vary the decision-making processes yields quantitatively similar results in arbitrary groupings of farmers and null results in pre-existing groups with established decision-making procedures, demonstrating the stickiness of institutional rules. Our results imply that group formation and functioning needs to be included in the design phase of agricultural projects in low income countries.

The Structure of Communities in Successful Bollywood Movies: Analyzing the Collaboration Network of Actors & Directors

The making of films is a team effort as it brings a range of creative workers together. Moreover, the contribution of a creative worker to a film project is dependent on the other creative talent working on that project. The development of movies is characterized by fluid construction and disintegration of creative talent on a film-by-film basis wherein the reputation and interdependencies of directors and actors is paramount to the success of movies. For instance, when Bollywood professionals – Karan Johar, Amitabh Bachchan and Hrithik Roshan collaborated in a movie called “Kabhie Khushi Kabhie Gham”, three links were established viz. Karan Johar – Amitabh Bachchan, Karan Johar – Hrithik Roshan and Amitabh Bachchan – Hrithik Roshan. Subsequently, as these professionals worked with other actors and directors on different movie projects, more links were established. This leads to formation of a weighted collaboration network where the weight of connection between two individuals indicates the number of films in which these two individuals have collaborated. The existence of groups or communities in networks has been a well-researched problem. Furthermore, the abilities of group members within a network has been found to be positively related to overall performance in prior studies related to group dynamics. This motivates us to uncover and analyze the mesoscopic structures (popularly known as communities) within the original collaboration network in Indian motion picture industry namely “Bollywood”. The identification of communities in Bollywood collaboration network can aid pro-ducers and movie studios in team formation for a movie so as to produce commercially viable content at the box-office. This work demonstrates the properties and organization of communities in the network of actors and directors who collaborated in the successful movies re-leased during Jan' 2001– June 2018. We specifically focus on the period from 2001-2018 as the 21st century saw unprecedented rise in the global recognition of Indian motion picture industry. For uncovering the community structure in weighted networks, we propose the relative connectedness based measure to compute similarity between the nodes and the rough set based community detection method

Will they stay or will they go? Narcissistic admiration and rivalry predict ingroup affiliation and devaluation.

Using the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept (NARC) as a guiding framework, the current research examines how ingroup affiliation and devaluation are connected to the self-enhancing and self-threatening properties of ingroups for narcissists. Participants (N=374) completed a group decision-making task and received feedback that factorially manipulated both individual and group performance. Across the four combinations of performance feedback, we examined the conditional effects of narcissistic admiration and rivalry on social identity, perceptions of group member ability, desire to abandon the group, and desire to expel group members. Narcissistic admiration predicted higher levels of social identity in response to ingroup success, regardless of individual performance. In contrast, narcissistic rivalry predicted more negative views of group ability, as well as a higher desire to abandon the group and expel group members in response to individual success combined with ingroup failure. The results document and provide insight into narcissists' fickle attachment to ingroups. They provide evidence of the utility of the NARC in group contexts. Our findings suggest that narcissistic admiration is linked to self-enhancing group affiliation, whereas narcissistic rivalry is related to self-protective group distancing and devaluation.

The Impact of Communication Regimes on Group Rationality: Experimental Evidence

The performance of groups has been thoroughly investigated in experimental economics, showing that groups are overall more rational deciders than individuals. However, superior group performance in economic experiments has primarily been shown for face-to-face decision making, which has ceased to be the prevalent form of communication in many IT-based organizations. To test the robustness of higher group rationality under conditions of virtual communication, we conduct a social learning experiment. We find that virtual communication leads to a substantial deterioration of group rationality for a judgmental task, while there is no effect for a purely intellective task. Further, we show that higher cognitive abilities of group members have no impact for the judgmental task, yet increase rationality for the intellective task. Our results have potential implications for the design of communication structures within decentralized organizations relying on virtual communication.

Beyond 12 Angry Men

The ability of group members to shape group behaviors can greatly influence collective outcomes; however, the skills associated with correctly recognizing behaviors in situ and responding appropriately to them on a real-time basis are typically not emphasized in group dynamics education. In this article, we describe a pedagogical method that uses film excerpts and a thin-slicing technique specifically designed to help students develop such skills. We identify a variety of sample film excerpts that illustrate several group behaviors—behaviors that recent research suggests can influence group effectiveness in different contexts. We end by discussing which group phenomena may or may not be particularly well-suited to this technique.

Fusion of Biogeography based optimization and Artificial bee colony for identification of Natural Terrain Features

Swarm Intelligence techniques expedite the configuration and collimation of the remarkable ability of group members to reason and learn in an environment of contingency and corrigendum from their peers by sharing information. This paper introduces a novel approach of fusion of two intelligent techniques generally to augment the performance of a single intelligent technique by means of information sharing. Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a recently developed heuristic algorithm, which proves to be a strong entrant in swarm intelligence with the encouraging and consistent performance. But, as BBO lacks inbuilt property of clustering, its behavior can be replaced with the honey bees of artificial bee colony (ABC), a new swarm intelligent technique. These two methods can be combined to create a new method which is easy to implement and gives more optimized results than the results when BBO is used. We have successfully applied this fusion of techniques for classifying diversified land cover areas in a multispectral remote sensing satellite image. The results illustrate that the proposed approach is very efficient than BBO and highly accurate land cover features can be extracted by using this approach.

Educational equity in ethnically diverse group work

Educational research in cooperative learning suggests that inequity based on perceived status may be an issue with heterogeneous cooperative learning groups. This paper explores issues of status based on race, ethnicity and cultural background in the New Zealand tertiary classroom where there is a diverse mix of domestic and international students. A four-year research project examined attitudes and perceptions of both domestic and international tertiary students towards cooperative learning. The findings of the research project indicate that initial assumptions of relative status and ability of group members have a major effect on the outcomes of the group. These assumptions, demonstrated by both domestic and international students, may be based on expectations of language ability and familiarity with the pedagogical environment, including the assumed norms and behavioural patterns of the host educational setting, and may disadvantage students from different cultural backgrounds. This can become a self-fulfilling prophecy limiting the effective interaction and participation in the group by international students and other students perceived to be of low status, and the development of trust and reciprocal interdependence among group members. Strategies to weaken the effects of status, promote more equitable interaction and foster productive group outcomes are proposed.

The collective action problem: Within-group cooperation and between-group competition in a repeated rent-seeking game

This paper analyzes the ability of group members to cooperate in rent-seeking activities in a context of between-group competition. For this purpose, we develop an infinitely repeated rent-seeking game between two groups of different size. We first investigate Nash reversion strategies to support cooperative behavior in both groups, before analyzing double-edge trigger strategies which support cooperation in one group only. These last strategies have the property that cheating on the agreement in the cooperative group is followed by non-cooperation in this group and cooperation in the rival group. The main conclusion is that the set of parameters for which cooperation can be sustained within the larger group as a subgame perfect outcome is as large as that for which cooperation can be sustained in the smaller group. Hence, in contrast to Olsonʼs ( 1965) celebrated thesis, but in accordance with many informal and formal observations, larger groups can be as effective as smaller groups in furthering their interests.

Recognition in ants: social origin matters.

The ability of group members to discriminate against foreigners is a keystone in the evolution of sociality. In social insects, colony social structure (number of queens) is generally thought to influence abilities of resident workers to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates. However, whether social origin of introduced individuals has an effect on their acceptance in conspecific colonies remains poorly explored. Using egg-acceptance bioassays, we tested the influence of social origin of queen-laid eggs on their acceptance by foreign workers in the ant Formica selysi. We showed that workers from both single- and multiple-queen colonies discriminated against foreign eggs from single-queen colonies, whereas they surprisingly accepted foreign eggs from multiple-queen colonies. Chemical analyses then demonstrated that social origins of eggs and workers could be discriminated on the basis of their chemical profiles, a signal generally involved in nestmate discrimination. These findings provide the first evidence in social insects that social origins of eggs interfere with nestmate discrimination and are encoded by chemical signatures.

The past, present and future of reproductive skew theory and experiments

A major evolutionary question is how reproductive sharing arises in cooperatively breeding species despite the inherent reproductive conflicts in social groups. Reproductive skew theory offers one potential solution: each group member gains or is allotted inclusive fitness equal to or exceeding their expectation from reproducing on their own. Unfortunately, a multitude of skew models with conflicting predictions has led to confusion in both testing and evaluating skew theory. The confusion arises partly because one set of models (the 'transactional' type) answer the ultimate evolutionary question of what ranges of reproductive skew can yield fitness-enhancing solutions for all group members. The second set of models ('compromise') give an evolutionarily proximate, game-theoretic evolutionarily stable state (ESS) solution that determines reproductive shares based on relative competitive abilities. However, several predictions arising from compromise models require a linear payoff to increased competition and do not hold with non-linear payoffs. Given that for most species it may be very difficult or impossible to determine the true relationship between effort devoted to competition and reproductive share gained, compromise models are much less predictive than previously appreciated. Almost all skew models make one quantitative prediction (e.g. realized skew must fall within ranges predicted by transactional models), and two qualitative predictions (e.g. variation in relatedness or competitive ability across groups affects skew). A thorough review of the data finds that these three predictions are relatively rarely supported. As a general rule, therefore, the evolution of cooperative breeding appears not to be dependent on the ability of group members to monitor relatedness or competitive ability in order to adjust their behaviour dynamically to gain reproductive share. Although reproductive skew theory fails to predict within-group dynamics consistently, it does better at predicting quantitative differences in skew across populations or species. This suggests that kin selection can play a significant role in the evolution of sociality. To advance our understanding of reproductive skew will require focusing on a broader array of factors, such as the frequency of mistaken identity, delayed fitness payoffs, and selection pressures arising from across-group competition. We furthermore suggest a novel approach to investigate the sharing of reproduction that focuses on the underlying genetics of skew. A quantitative genetics approach allows the partitioning of variance in reproductive share itself or that of traits closely associated with skew into genetic and non-genetic sources. Thus, we can determine the heritability of reproductive share and infer whether it actually is the focus of natural selection. We view the 'animal model' as the most promising empirical method where the genetics of reproductive share can be directly analyzed in wild populations. In the quest to assess whether skew theory can provide a framework for understanding the evolution of sociality, quantitative genetics will be a central tool in future research.

The Collective Action Problem: Within-group Cooperation and Between-group Competition in a Repeated Rent-Seeking Game

This paper analyzes the ability of group members to cooperate in rent-seeking in a context of between-group competition. For this purpose, we develop an infinitely repeated rent-seeking model with two groups where within-group cooperation is supported through the use of a double-edged trigger strategy. Indeed, each player in a group can optimally respond to the other members' strategies but can also play the best response of one's own group to the collective action of the rival group. We then characterize the conditions under which cooperation among fellow members within each group can be achieved as a stationary subgame perfect equilibrium. The main conclusion is that the larger group has more chances to maintain cooperation than the smaller group. Hence, in contrast with Olson's (1965) celebrated thesis but in accordance with many informal and formal observations, the larger group produces a higher level of collective action.

The role of concrescent conversation in the performing stage of work groups

PurposeTo provide an alternative paradigm to traditional group development research in understanding how group performance is constructed through conversation by its members.Design/methodology/approachIn this qualitative field study, empirical data was collected on the performing stage of two work groups. Searle's speech act categories were used to analyze the conversation of group members. Using grounded theory a model is inductively constructed by examining the individual communication pieces (i.e. speech acts) and putting those pieces back together into a coherent frame.FindingsThis study proposes that during the performing stage of work group talk, a unique type of describable verbal behavior, termed concrescent conversation, is present which enables group member's ability to “contribute to task success” – being a more productive group.Practical implicationsHow productive groups are is a highly relevant issue to managers in complex organizations. In the new workplace, groups are the primary work unit used to achieve business goals. Understanding how groups develop and how to improve their performance is of primary interest to managers and leaders of successful organizations.Originality/valueWhat is required to make groups productive? Taking a social constructionist's perspective to this question means acknowledging the social constructionist's view that conversation helps produce reality and that group productivity is a communication‐driven phenomenon. The study explores conversation's role in one phase of Tuckman's group development model – the performing stage. The goal is to extend the understanding of group performance and to be better able to create and sustain productive groups

Large group size yields group stability in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher

AbstractGroup size has been shown to positively influence survival of group members in many cooperatively breeding vertebrates, including the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, suggesting Allee effects. However, long-term data are scarce to test how these survival differences translate into changes in group extinction risk, group size and composition. We show in a field study of 117 groups from six different colonies (three from two populations each), that group size critically influences these parameters between years. Within one year, 34% of the groups went extinct. Group size correlated positively between years and large groups did not go extinct. The latter were more likely to contain small helpers the subsequent year, which is a cumulative measure of the previous months' reproductive success. Finally, there was a tendency that large groups were more likely to contain a breeding male and female still a year after the first check. The breeder male size, breeder female size, and largest helper size did not influence these parameters, and also did not correlate with the sizes of these categories of fish after one year. This suggests that group size, and not the body size or fighting ability of group members, was the critical variable determining the success of groups. In total, seven groups had fused with other groups between years. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing long-term benefits of large group size in a cooperatively breeding fish. We discuss the importance of differential survival and dispersal of group members for the demonstrated group size effects.

The bright and dark sides of individual and group innovation: a Special Issue introduction

AbstractThis introduction essay proposes a challenging program for researchers eager to explore factors and process mechanisms contributing to the benefits and costs individuals and groups incur from pursuing innovative approaches. With respect to individual innovation, such moderating factors might be found in the characteristics of the innovative idea, the innovator, co‐workers, supervisors, the broader organizational context, and in national culture. Examples of factors that are likely to shape the beneficial and detrimental outcomes of group innovation include knowledge, skills and ability of group members, group tenure, diversity among group members, group processes (clarifying group objectives, participation, constructive management of competing perspectives), and external demands on groups. This Special Issue contains a state‐of‐the‐science paper, three articles dealing with the benefits and costs of individual innovation, and three articles addressing the bright and dark sides of group innovation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Social Identity versus Reference Frame Comparisons: The Moderating Role of Stereotype Endorsement

Two studies tested the prediction that belief in a negative stereotype about an in-group will cause members to shift from viewing their in-group as a social identity to viewing it as a frame of reference. The stereotype that was the focus of inquiry was the belief that women have less aptitude at math and spatial tasks than do men. In both studies, female participants took a test of math and spatial ability and then received social comparison information about their abilities relative to a male and a female confederate. In Study 1, participants felt enhanced when the two women outperformed the male confederate, even when this meant that the participants themselves performed worse than the other woman. If participants were first reminded of the negative stereotype, however, they felt best when they outperformed the other woman, even if this meant that the two women performed worse than the man. Study 2 showed that the effects of stereotype activation were especially pronounced among female participants who showed moderate to high levels of stereotype endorsement. These findings suggest that belief in stereotypes about the in-group can lead to in-group comparison and contrast, even in contexts in which a group member's ability level challenges the validity of the stereotype.

Group size and relative competitive ability: geometric progressions as a conceptual tool

Contrary to the assumptions of many previous theoretical models, group size has recently been shown in experiments to have an effect on the relative (as well as absolute) competitive abilities of group members. Here we introduce a novel and effective mathematical tool for describing how relative competitive ability will change for any two specified individuals within a group as group size changes. We show that there is no simple general rule for describing how relative competitive ability will change with group size. A subsequent empirical test of the model helps to illustrate that very specific knowledge of the system under study is needed in order to produce robust predictions.