Group IVB Research Articles

PENGARUH DIGITAL SCRAPBOOK BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL TERHADAP LITERASI BUDAYA SISWA KELAS IV SD N 69 PALEMBANG

This study aims to determine the effect of a digital scrapbook based on local wisdom on the cultural literacy of fourth-grade students at SD N 69 Palembang. The research method used is a quantitative true-experimental design with a post-test only control group. The population of this study consists of fourth-grade students at SD N 69 Palembang, with class IVA serving as the control group and class IVB as the experimental group. The results of the normality test with a significance level of ≥ 0.05 indicate that the experimental class achieved a result of 0.200 ≥ 0.05, and the control class also received a result of 0.200 ≥ 0.05, with an average score of 65.3 for the control class and an average score of 85.12 for the experimental class. Based on the results of the independent sample t-test conducted using SPSS, the significance (sig.) value is 0.000 with a significance level of α = 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that sig. 0.000 < 0.05, or the calculated value ≥ ttable= 5.128 ≥ 1.690. Based on the decision criteria, H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, thus proving that the digital scrapbook based on local wisdom has an impact on the cultural literacy of students.

Mechanical response and grain boundary behavior of (HfNbTaTiZr)C high-entropy carbide ceramics and its constituent binary carbides

The structure and mechanical response of grain boundaries (GBs) are essential for predicting the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Understanding the properties of GBs in carbide ceramics is essential for the development of applications of high entropy carbide ceramics (HECCs) in extreme environments. In this work, we investigated the intrinsic properties and mechanical responses of {210}/[001] GBs in (HfNbTaTiZr)C HECC subjected to shear deformation and its constituent binary carbides using first-principles calculations. The results showed that the GBs in Group VB carbides undergo migration, whereas the formation of CC bonds within the GBs in Group IVB carbides can inhibit GB migration and result in the failure of supercells due to the breakage of metal-C bonds. Therefore, tailoring the GBs in (HfNbTaTiZr)C based on metal atoms from different groups can induce a "pinning" effect, potentially enhancing plasticity without sacrificing strength. Furthermore, HECC exhibits higher GB migration stress compared to conventional binary carbides. These results can provide in-depth insights into the mechanical behavior of GB structure of high-entropy carbide ceramics.

The A-15-type superconducting hydride La4H23: a nanograined structure with low strain, strong electron-phonon interaction, and a moderate level of nonadiabaticity

Abstract For seven decades, when referring to A-15 superconductors, we meant metallic A3B alloys (where A is a transition metal, and B is group IIIB and IVB elements) discovered by Hardy and Hulm (1953 Phys. Rev. 89 884). Nb3Ge exhibited the highest superconducting transition temperature, Tc = 23K, among these alloys. One of these alloys, Nb3Sn, is the primary material in modern applied superconductivity. Recently, Guo et al (2024 Natl Sci. Rev. nwae149, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae149) extended the family of superconductors where the metallic ions are arranged in the beta tungsten (A-15) sublattice by observation of Tc ,zero = 81K in the La4H23 phase compressed at P = 118 GPa. Despite the fact that La4H23 has much lower Tc in comparison with the near-room-temperature superconducting LaH10 phase (Tc ,zero = 250K at P ∼ 200 GPa) discovered by Drozdov et al (2019 Nature 569 531), La4H23 holds the record for the highest Tc within the A-15 family. Cross et al (2024 Phys. Rev. B 109 L020503) confirmed the high-temperature superconductivity in compressed La4H23. In this paper, we analyzed available experimental data measured in La4H23 and found that this superconductor exhibits a nanograined structure, 5.5 nm ⩽ D ⩽ 35 nm, low crystalline strain, | ε | ⩽ 0.003, strong electron–phonon interaction, 1.5 ⩽ λe-ph⩽ 2.55, and a moderate level of nonadiabaticity, 0.18 ⩽ Θ D /T F ⩽ 0.22 (where Θ D is the Debye temperature, and T F is the Fermi temperature). We found that the derived Θ D /T F and Tc /T F values for the La4H23 phase are similar to those in MgB2, cuprates, pnictides, and the near-room-temperature superconductors H3S and LaH10. To the memory of Martin J. Ryan, man and scientist who taught EFT the intricacies of X-ray diffraction.

Propane dehydrogenation catalysis of group IIIB and IVB metal hydrides.

Catalytic propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has mainly been studied using metal- and metal oxide-based catalysts. Studies on dehydrogenation catalysis by metal hydrides, however, have rarely been reported. In this study, PDH reactions using group IIIB and IVB metal hydride catalysts were investigated under relatively low-temperature conditions of 450 °C. Lanthanum hydride exhibited the lowest activation energy for dehydrogenation and the highest propylene yield. Based on kinetics studies, a comparison between the reported calculation results and isotope experiments, the hydrogen vacancies of metal hydrides were involved in low-temperature PDH reactions.

Electrophilic Routes to 6F Polymers and Attempted Synthesis of Semi-fluorinated Group IVB Metallocene Polymers

Electrophilic Routes to 6F Polymers and Attempted Synthesis of Semi-fluorinated Group IVB Metallocene Polymers

Synthesis of Group IIB and IVB Metal Complexes of 3‐Nitroaniline for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes

AbstractIn the current research, new metal complexes have been synthesized by using the greener synthetic approach in which 3‐Nitroaniline reacts with the elements of group‐IIB and group‐IVB. According to this method, ligand and metals were dissolved in 1,4‐dioxane and stirred at room temperature for a specific time period. The method for the preparation of metal‐base complexes is quite simple and cost‐effective. To identify the synthesized compounds various physio‐chemical analytical techniques were used such as Melting point, FT‐Raman Spectroscopy, FT‐IR Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) that provide significant data about the general structural characteristics of synthesized compounds. The percentage degradation efficiency of synthetic dyes was obtained as 57 %, 66 %, and 97 % using the synthesized compounds as photocatalysts. A statistical tool, RSM was used for the optimization of parameters (Concentration of Dye, Dose of Catalyst, and contact time).

Formation mechanism of two-dimensional hexagonal silica on SiO2/Si substrate

Owing to their remarkable electronic properties, silica ultrathin films have been utilized as an insulating layer in nanoelectronics systems. Silica films have been epitaxially grown on different substrates using various synthesis methods. Among all fabrication approaches, chemical vapor deposition has long been an advanced method for synthesizing two-dimensional (2D) materials due to its ability to ensure precise stacking control and minimize contamination between layers. This study harnessed the potential of CVD to atomically fabricate thin layered 2D silica on a SiO2/Si substrate. Significantly, a unique combination of multiple transition metals and salt as the catalysts aided the formation of 2D silica for the first time. Salt is a crucial catalyst in promoting the evaporation of high-melting-point metal catalysts, resulting in hexagonal nucleation sites on the SiO2/Si wafer. By meticulously controlling growth parameters, a distinctive hexagonal structure was obtained. Correspondingly, this work delves into the growth mechanism of 2D silica, as evidenced by experiments involving salt alone and individual transition metals. Group VB transition metals played a prominent role in achieving the hexagonal structure compared to their group IVB counterparts. This research offers insight into the formation and growth mechanism of 2D silica, expanding the understanding of silica nanostructures.

High‐Pressure‐Induced Lattice and Electronic Structural Transformations in Multilayer ZrS2

Compared with Group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Group IVB TMDs, specifically ZrX2, have exhibited superior carrier mobility, rendering them highly promising for developing innovative electron devices. The application of high‐pressure has been identified as an effective approach for altering the physical properties of TMDs by manipulating their lattice and electronic structures. This subject has attracted considerable attention within the scientific community. In this investigation, in situ high‐pressure Raman scattering and UV‐visible absorption spectra analysis are conducted to examine the lattice and electronic structural changes in multilayer ZrS2. Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals two phase transitions occurring at 3.65 and 10.95 GPa. Concurrently, the optical absorption findings reveal a distinct transformation in both the optical energy gap and Urbach energy at 3.34 GPa, highlighting the accompanying lattice and electronic structural changes in ZrS2 under high‐pressure. Moreover, these lattice and electronic structural changes are found to be irreversible, indicating the potential utility of compressed ZrS2 in optoelectronic devices.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for Revision of the TNM Stage Groups in the Forthcoming (Ninth) Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer

IntroductionThe TNM classification of lung cancer is periodically revised. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer collected and analyzed a new database to inform the forthcoming ninth edition of the TNM classification. The results are herewith presented. MethodsAfter exclusions, 76,518 patients from a total of 124,581 registered patients were available for analyses: 58,193 with clinical stage, 39,192 with pathologic stage, and 62,611 with best stage NSCLC. The proposed new N2 subcategories (N2a, involvement of single ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal nodal station, and N2b, involvement of multiple ipsilateral mediastinal nodal stations with or without involvement of the subcarinal nodal station) and the new M1c subcategories (M1c1, multiple extrathoracic metastases in one organ system, and M1c2, multiple extrathoracic metastases in multiple organ systems) were considered in the survival analyses. Several potential stage groupings were evaluated, using multiple analyses, including recursive partitioning, assessment of homogeneity within and discrimination between potential groups, clinical and statistical significance of survival differences, multivariable regression, and broad assessment of generalizability. ResultsT1N1, T1N2a, and T3N2a subgroups are assigned to IIA, IIB, and IIIA stage groups, respectively. T2aN2b and T2bN2b subgroups are assigned to IIIB. M1c1 and M1c2 remain in stage group IVB. Analyses reveal consistent ordering, discrimination of prognosis, and broad generalizability of the proposed ninth edition stage classification of lung cancer. ConclusionsThe proposed stages for the ninth edition TNM improve the granularity of nomenclature about anatomic extent that has benefits as treatment approaches become increasingly differentiated and complex.

Study for thermoelectric performance enhancement of group IVB (C, Si, Ge, Sn,Pb)-VB (P, As, Sb, Bi) monolayers

In this paper, we first sort out two-dimensional honeycomb-like monolayers composed of group IVB (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and VB (As, Sb) into the semiconductor and metal. We obtain the result that all possible 10 systems composed of Si, Ge and As, Sb are semiconductors. The thermoelectric properties of the 10 systems are investigated by the first principle method. The computations show that the thermoelectric powers and electronic dimensionless figure-of-merits of the considering systems are not different too much. As a result, we conclude that the good thermoelectric material could be obtained if the compound is made from only Si, Ge and As, Sb, when we wish to make the thermoelectric material of two-dimensional honeycomb-like monolayers composed of group IVB (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and VB (P, As, Sb, Bi).

Structural, optical and phonon properties of hafnium oxynitride thin films synthesized using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition

Hafnium Oxynitride belongs to the group IVB compounds with high permittivity and large acoustic impedance. In this work, hafnium oxynitride films have been synthesized using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition on Si and Quartz substrates. XRD results show the presence of mixed cubic and monoclinic phases with an optimum crystallization occurring at 850 °C. The thin films show strong absorption in the UV–visible spectrum suggesting semiconductor behaviour. The optical properties of the spectrophotometer and spectroscopic ellipsometry agree with the XRD observations. We also report the first observation of experimentally derived photoluminescence (PL) from hafnium oxynitride thin films synthesized using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. The PL spectrum is consistent with the XRD results with two absorption peaks around 576 nm and 705 nm, corresponding to cubic and monoclinic phases, respectively. Also, the PL results match very well with the theoretical value of the band gap of cubic and monoclinic phases of Hf2ON2. The Raman spectrum shows a phonon band gap around 242–263 cm−1, consistent with the theoretically reported value for cubic Hf2ON2.

A Study of the Magnetic Properties and Structure of Heusler Alloys Prepared by Arc-Melting Technique

Heusler alloys were prepared in this study using the Arc-Melting method in which 30 g of the Arc-melting pure elements were combusted in an Argon arc furnace. Saturation magnetization, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the prepared alloys in terms of the compositions (Co2TiZ), where Z= Al, Ge, Sb are related IVB sub-group metals. In this work, the specimens containing Ge and Ti have fully Ferro magnetically order and L21 chemical structure with magnetism due to the magnetic moments attributed to the Co site. The Heusler alloys containing IIB or IVB sub-group metals such as Al, Ti, or Ge behave ferromagnetism, with the magnetic moments being attributed to the magnetic moments of the Co sites. Heusler alloys containing the group IVB element such as Sb exhibited vacant chemical effects with Co sites, and they also contain some paramagnetic compounds. Heusler alloys with Sb element exhibited paramagnetic behavior with vacant chemical order. Alloys demonstrate different magnetic properties as a result of temperature change and exchange interaction with atomic structure.

Realizing a high OER activity in new single-atom catalysts formed by introducing TMNx (x = 3 and 4) units into carbon nanotubes using high-throughput calculations.

Exploring highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance for hydrogen production through water splitting. By means of high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the OER catalytic activity of a series of one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT)-based systems containing TMN4 or TMN3 functional units. Through the screening of 3d/4d/5d transition metals (TMs) from Group IVB to Group VIII, eight newly obtained TMNx@CNT (x = 3 and 4) systems were found to exhibit excellent OER activity, with very low overpotentials in the range 0.29-0.51 V, where the Co, Rh, Ir, Ti, Fe, and Ru atoms could be used as active sites. It was found that under the framework of TMN3@CNTs, the pre-adsorption of some species from water dissociation on the relevant TM sites (TM = Ti, Fe, and Ru) could lead to a high OER catalytic activity, which was different from the general situation where OER reactions directly occur on the clean surfaces of the remaining systems with Co/Rh/Ir metal centers. Moreover, the catalytic mechanisms were analyzed in detail. This work can be conducive to obtaining low-cost and high-performance OER single-atom electrocatalysts based on excellent CNT nanomaterials.

Effect of RADEC Learning Model on Student Learning Activities and HOTS on Science Learning in Elementary Schools

This research was motivated by the low levels of learning activities and higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) among students in science education. The study aims to determine the impact of the RADEC learning model (Read, Answer, Discuss, Explain, and Create) on the learning activities and HOTS of fourth-grade elementary school students. The research design used is experimental research with a Quasi-Experimental design that employs a Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The study's population comprises fourth-grade elementary school students, with class IVA selected as the experimental group and class IVB as the control group at SDN 09 Simpang Tigo, using simple random sampling. The instruments used in this study include questionnaires and tests. Questionnaires assess student learning activities, while tests evaluate students' HOTS. The study results revealed: (1) The Sig value (2-tailed) 0.001 < 0.05. Consequently, H0 is rejected, and H1 is accepted, indicating that the RADEC learning model influences student learning activities in social studies in fourth-grade elementary schools. (2) The Sig value (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05. Therefore, H0 is rejected, and H1 is accepted, demonstrating that the RADEC learning model has an impact on students' HOTS in science education in fourth-grade elementary schools. In conclusion, the study findings suggest that the RADEC learning model significantly influences students' learning activities and high-order thinking skills in science education in fourth-grade elementary schools.

Design of high-temperature superconductors at moderate pressures by alloying AlH3 or GaH3

Since the discovery of hydride superconductors, a significant challenge has been to reduce the pressure required for their stabilization. In this context, we propose that alloying could be an effective strategy to achieve this. We focus on a series of alloyed hydrides with the AMH6 composition, which can be made via alloying A15 AH3 (A = Al or Ga) with M (M = a group ⅢB or IVB metal), and study their behavior under pressure. Seven of them are predicted to maintain the A15-type structure, similar to AH3 under pressure, providing a platform for studying the effects of alloying on the stability and superconductivity of AH3. Among these, the A15-type phases of AlZrH6 and AlHfH6 are found to be thermodynamically stable in the pressure ranges of 40–150 and 30–181 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, they remain dynamically stable at even lower pressures, as low as 13 GPa for AlZrH6 and 6 GPa for AlHfH6. These pressures are significantly lower than that required for stabilizing A15 AlH3. Additionally, the introduction of Zr or Hf increases the electronic density of states at the Fermi level compared with AlH3. This enhancement leads to higher critical temperatures (Tc) of 75 and 76 K for AlZrH6 and AlHfH6 at 20 and 10 GPa, respectively. In the case of GaMH6 alloys, where M represents Sc, Ti, Zr, or Hf, these metals reinforce the stability of the A15-type structure and reduce the lowest thermodynamically stable pressure for GaH3 from 160 GPa to 116, 95, 80, and 85 GPa, respectively. Particularly noteworthy are the A15-type GaMH6 alloys, which remain dynamically stable at low pressures of 97, 28, 5, and 6 GPa, simultaneously exhibiting high Tc of 88, 39, 70, and 49 K at 100, 35, 10, and 10 GPa, respectively. Overall, these findings enrich the family of A15-type superconductors and provide insights for the future exploration of high-temperature hydride superconductors that can be stabilized at lower pressures.

Morphological Characteristics and Similarity Analysis of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Wonosobo, Temanggung, and Magelang Regencies

The diversity of cassava in Wonosobo, Temanggung and Magelang districts must be investigated. The objective of the study was to analyze the diversity of cassava based on morphological characteristics. The cassava of each accession was planted in Bandongan, Magelang Regency. Morphological characters observed after six months of planting included apical leaf color, apical leaf hair, leaf lobe shape, petiole color, leaf color, number of leaf lobes, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, vein color, petiole orientation, color epidermis of stem, color of outer appearance of stem, distance between nodes, stem growth, color of mature branch tip, branching type, tuber, tuber shape, outer tuber skin color, tuber flesh color, and tuber inner skin color. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of cassava is presented in the form of a dendrogram using the MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package) version 3.22. The results of the study obtained 39 accessions of cassava which showed different morphological characteristics. The lowest morphological similarity (0.735) was found in Group I only consisted of 2 acquisitions that did not have tubers, namely Red Vegetables and Green Vegetables and Group II ( Groups III and IV) have a similarity of 0.92. The highest similarity was in groups IIIa and IIIb and Groups IVa and IVb have a similarity coefficient value of 0.95. The morphological diversity of 39 accessions is a source of cassava germplasm: 37 accessions are harvested for tubers and 2 accessions areharvested explicitly for leaves as vegetables. This research was useful for the development of cassava-based food industry bioproducts.

Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Nanohole Arrays for Refractometric Sensing.

Group IVB metal nitrides have attracted great interest as alternative plasmonic materials. Among them, titanium nitride (TiN) stands out due to the ease of deposition and relative abundance of Ti compared to those of Zr and Hf metals. Even though they do not have Au or Ag-like plasmonic characteristics, they offer many advantages, from high mechanical stability to refractory behavior and complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible fabrication to tunable electrical/optical properties. In this study, we utilized reactive RF magnetron sputtering to deposit plasmonic TiN thin films. The flow rate and ratio of Ar/N2 and oxygen scavenging methods were optimized to improve the plasmonic performance of TiN thin films. The stoichiometry and structure of the TiN thin films were thoroughly investigated to assess the viability of the optimized operation procedures. To assess the plasmonic performance of TiN thin films, periodic nanohole arrays were perforated on TiN thin films by using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching methods. The resulting TiN periodic nanohole array with varying periods was investigated by using a custom microspectroscopy setup for both reflection and transmission characteristics in various media to underline the efficacy of TiN for refractometric sensing.

Doping engineering of monolayer MSe (M = Ga, In) by high-throughput first-principles calculations

Monolayer gallium selenide (GaSe) and indium selenide (InSe) have demonstrated promise in applications of ultra-thin electronics and optoelectronics. Based on high-throughput first-principles calculations, we investigate the stability and electronic and magnetic properties of substitutionally doped monolayer GaSe and InSe with the aim of broadening their application prospects. Most non-metal dopants from Group A can only be p-type carriers, whereas metals can be both p- and n-type carriers. In addition, considerable magnetism is predicted in GaSe doped with transition metals from periods four to six in groups ⅣB–VIIIB10, with relatively high binding energies, indicating high potential for spintronic applications. Our findings provide theoretical support for experimentally extending the utilization of metal chalcogenides, such as GaSe and InSe, in spintronic, electronic and optoelectronic applications.

Optical signature of the formation of vertical HfS2 nanosheets grown on sapphire substrate

Semiconducting hafnium disulfide (HfS2), a group IVB two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), has been investigated extensively due to its predicted superior physical properties. Herein, we investigate the formation of vertical HfS2 nanosheets on a sapphire substrates with diffuse reflectance. The samples were grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by varying HfCl4 supply to control the evolution of the HfS2 nanosheets. There is an increase in diffuse reflectance in the range of 400–800 nm, with a peak at 498 nm, once vertical HfS2 nanosheets are successfully grown with sufficient HfCl4 supply. Raman scattering spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 2θ X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the formation of HfS2 nanosheets. Our observations can provide guidance on a quantitative and non-destructive route to monitor the evolution and formation of vertical HfS2 nanosheets.

Pengaruh Model Project Based Learning Berbantuan Wordwall terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Materi Gaya Gravitasi pada Kelas IV SDN Ciracas 10 Pagi

Critical thinking skills can be pursued in various ways, one of which is by applying innovative learning models. The purpose of this study was to examine how the Wordwall-assisted Project-Based Learning Model was applied to the gravity material for Class IV SDN Ciracas 10. There were 64 participants in this study: 32 from the experimental group IV-C and 32 from the control group IV-B. The data passed the normality test which was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk Liliefors distribution before being analyzed and the homogeneous test with Fisher's test with homogeneous results. Statistical results in this study the control class obtained 70.13 and the experimental class 79.78, which means that there was an influence on the research