Pair Group Research Articles

The Effect of Traditional Child Games on Fifth-Grade Students' Attitudes Related to Geometry

This study aims to define whether geometry teaching was carried out with the help of traditional children's games for middle school 5th-grade students. In other words, it was tried to understand if it affected students' attitudes towards geometry while keeping traditional children's games alive and their importance in general education and teaching activities. This study was quantitative, and "a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with paired control group" was used. The results were handed with the "Attitude Scale Towards Geometry" in the 2021 and 2022 education year. The scale was developed by Ozmen (2019), and while operating this scale, Ozmen benefited from Bindak's (2004) "examination of students' attitudes and behaviors towards geometry." The study group of the research was composed of 42 5th-grade students in total in two classes, including 21 students each. They had education at a state secondary school in the Nusaybin district of Mardin. One of these classes was defined as the experimental group, and the other one as the control group. In the experimental group of the research, the geometry subject of measuring area and length was handled with 5 traditional children's games, and the same subject was taught by using traditional/old methods in the control group. Dependent and independent t-test was used to reveal if the application to the experimental group significantly affected students' attitudes toward geometry. According to the t-tests' result, it may be said that the use of traditional and cultural children's games used in the experimental group developed academic success more than the control group in which the traditional/old methods were used. So, it can be thought that using traditional and cultural child games in geometry lessons developed students' academic success. Keywords: Traditional child games, Attitude, Game, Geometry.

The Effect of Teaching Data Processing Learning Domain with VUstat Software Activities on Students' Academic Achievement and Retention of Knowledge

The main purpose of the study is to examine the effect of teaching the Data Processing learning domain with VUstat software supported activities on the academic achievement and retention of sixth grade students. The sample of the study, in which the pretest-posttest paired control group design was used, consisted of 45 sixth grade students, 23 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. The Data Processing Achievement Test, which was developed by the researchers and consisted of 25 questions, was used to collect data for the purpose of the study. As a result of the study, it was revealed that VUstat software activities were effective in ensuring the retention of knowledge, but they were not effective on students' achievement. At the end of the study, some suggestions were made for the researcher's experiences and future research.

TAEKWONDOCULARIN PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK DÜZEYLERİ İLE DURUMLULUK VE SÜREKLİ KAYGI DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the psychological resilience levels of taekwondo players and their state and trait anxiety levels.Taekwondo is a martial art originating from the Far East. Taekwondo is a very popular sport in our country because it is an Olympic sport. In the literature, the contribution of Taekwondo sport to both physical and mental development is expressed. Normally, 3 rounds are played over 2 minutes, and the competition may conclude at the end of the 2nd round, provided that the athletes close the rounds with a 2-0 advantage. Athletes play an average of 6-8 competitions a day and experience a high physical and mental process until the end of the day. It is thought that the competition process may cause some psychological processes in athletes. In this process; Athletes are expected to experience some psychological processes such as anxiety, worry, fear and stress. The universe of the study consisted of 270 taekwondo athletes participating in the U-21 Taekwondo Turkey Championship. While 130 of the participants were male athletes, the remaining 140 were female participants. While 72 participants were national athletes, the age range of the total participants was found to be 16-20. The data were collected from the athletes through a questionnaire during the Turkish Taekwondo Championships. The athletes were informed before the weigh-in and they were asked to fill in the questionnaires on a voluntary basis. The completed questionnaires were collected from the athletes and stored. The socio-demographic information form for the demographic information of the athletes, the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, and the STAI-I and STAI-II Anxiety Scales (Stated and Continuous) were used to collect the data. The analyses done in line with the options specified by the athletes were made in the SPSS 23.0 program. After the reverse items of the scales were translated, the scores obtained from the scales were summed. Then, the data were evaluated with Kolmogorov Smirnov analysis of normality. According to the results of the normality test, it was determined that the data showed normality. According to the demographic variables of the athletes, t-test was used in independent groups for paired groups and Tukey-corrected One Way Anova test was used for groups of more than two. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the self-esteem mean score and the resilience scale mean score. The results were evaluated at the p

Genome-wide association analysis of tan spot disease resistance in durum wheat accessions from Tunisia.

Background: Tunisia harbors a rich collection of unexploited durum wheat landraces (Triticum durum ssp. durum) that have been gradually replaced by elite cultivars since the 1970s. These landraces represent an important potential source for broadening the genetic background of elite durum wheat cultivars and for the introgression of novel genes for key traits, including disease resistance, into these cultivars. Methods: In this study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of a core collection of 235 durum wheat accessions consisting mainly of landraces. The high phenotypic and genetic diversity of the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (cause of tan spot disease of wheat) in Tunisia allowed the assessment of the accessions for tan spot resistance at the adult plant stage under field conditions over three cropping seasons. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a 90k SNP array. Results: Bayesian population structure analysis with 9191 polymorphic SNP markers classified the accessions into two groups, where groups 1 and 2 included 49.79% and 31.49% of the accessions, respectively, while the remaining 18.72% were admixtures. Principal coordinate analysis, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and the neighbor-joining method clustered the accessions into three to five groups. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 76% of the genetic variation was among individuals and 23% was between individuals. Genome-wide association analyses identified 26 SNPs associated with tan spot resistance and explained between 8.1% to 20.2% of the phenotypic variation. The SNPs were located on chromosomes 1B (1 SNP), 2B (4 SNPs), 3A (2 SNPs), 3B (2 SNPs), 4A (2 SNPs), 4B (1 SNP), 5A (2 SNPs), 5B (4 SNPs), 6A (5 SNPs), 6B (2 SNPs), and 7B (1 SNP). Four markers, one on each of chromosomes 1B, and 5A, and two on 5B, coincided with previously reported SNPs for tan spot resistance, while the remaining SNPs were either novel markers or closely related to previously reported SNPs. Eight durum wheat accessions were identified as possible novel sources of tan spot resistance that could be introgressed into elite cultivars. Conclusion: The results highlighted the significance of chromosomes 2B, 5B, and 6A as genomic regions associated with tan spot resistance.

Detection of in silico SSR Markers Specific to Uzun and Kırmızı Cultivars in Pistachio

In the current paper, it was aimed to detect the SSR markers that can be used in the prevention of confusion that may occur in breeding or nurseries, and directly genetically separating Uzun and Kırmızı pistachio cultivars from other commercial cultivars. A total of genotypes of 16 Pistacia vera species, one P. atlantica, one P. eurycarpa and two P. terebinthus species were obtained from the farmer's orchard in Nizip district of Gaziantep province for genetic characterization. Genetic diversity and clustering analyzes were performed with UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average) and STRUCTURE 2.3.4 programs using the scored SSR loci. Genetic relationship and population structure of genotypes were defined using common and distinct polymorphic PCR fragments. Cultivar-specific markers to be used in identifying and distinguishing the genetic structure of Uzun and Kırmızı cultivars were carried out in the current research. CUPOhBa2127 marker has the highest allele number (Na=10). In addition, 11 out of 25 SSR markers were explained as cultivar-specific SSRs that can distinguish Uzun and Kırmızı cultivars. These markers can be used directly by breeders and geneticists without any preliminary screnning of the markers. A quite serious providence will be achieved in the cost and time that will occur with the preliminary analysis, and thus, the confusion that may occur in large scale orchard establishments or nurseries will be reduced to pretty low levels with DNA analysis.

Association Analysis of Tiller-Related Traits with EST-SSR Markers in Psathyrostachys juncea.

Psathyrostachys juncea is a long-lived perennial Gramineae grass with dense basal tillers and soft leaves. It is used widely in cold and dry areas of Eurasia and North America to establish grazing pasture and is even used as an ideal plant for revegetation and ecological restoration. Plant architecture, especially tillering traits, is critical for bunch grasses in breeding programs, and these traits in plants are mostly quantitative traits. In this study, the genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium of 480 individual lines were analyzed using 127 pairs of the EST-SSR marker, and a significant association between ten plant-architecture-related traits of P. juncea and molecular markers was found. The results of the genetic diversity analysis showed that the number of observed alleles was 1.957, the number of effective alleles was 1.682, Shannon's information index was 0.554, observed heterozygosity was 0.353, expected heterozygosity was 0.379, and the polymorphism information content was 0.300. A total of 480 individual lines were clustered into five groups based on population genetic structure, principal coordinate analysis, and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis (UPGMA). The linkage disequilibrium coefficient (r2) was between 0.00 and 0.68, with an average of 0.04, which indicated a relatively low level of linkage disequilibrium among loci. The results of the association analysis revealed 55 significant marker-trait associations (MTA). Moreover, nine SSR markers were associated with multiple traits. This study provides tools with promising applications in the molecular selection and breeding of P. juncea germplasm.

The Challenges of Teaching Speaking to High School Students through Zoom Video Conference Application

Video conferencing is often used not only for webinar and other online meetings, but also for teaching and learning process. Some applications such as the Zoom Application are very helpful for students and teachers in the teaching and learning process. This research is about the obstacles faced, namely electronic media and internet quotas for online learning. Not all students are equal when it comes to economics. The problems of this research are how the teacher teaches speaking in online class and the challenges of teaching speaking through Zoom Video Conference Applications. The findings revealed that the English teachers provided relevant video as speaking model and engaged students to speaking practice in pair or small group to gain online learning experience. Meanwhile, teachers found several obstacles in online learning with the issues of students’ presence and motivation because of internet connectivity problems. the effectiveness of the learning process was affected. These findings contribute to highlighting the importance of addressing the digital divide in online speaking class to ensure equitable learning opportunities for all students.

Impact of digital capabilities of countries on the pedagogical transitions in business schools

Purpose During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of digital infrastructure in higher education surged. This study aims to analyze how a country’s digital capabilities influence pedagogical transitions in business schools and compare the impacts between digitally advanced and advancing countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors applied the job demands–resources model and the IMD World Digital Competition Ranking 2021 to analyze the impact of nations’ digital capabilities on the pedagogical transitions experienced by 121 business faculty members from 20 nations. The countries were categorized into digitally advanced countries and advancing countries. The snowball sampling method was used to gather data through an online survey consisting of 24 items. SPSS was used to statistically analyze the data in two stages using paired t-test and group comparison. Findings Significant shifts between face-to-face and online lectures occurred in both groups. Advanced countries witnessed positive shifts in discussions, presentations, oral assessment, independent learning opportunities, online teaching methods, technical support and faculties’ readiness, whereas advancing countries mainly noted alterations in professional development and communication technologies. Originality/value This study offers insights into optimizing digital capabilities and enhancing business schools’ readiness for effective pedagogical shifts during crises. Both the theoretical contribution and the findings will benefit national education policies, higher education institution leaders, scholars and educators.

Variation of Fruit Color in Cakra Hijau, G1/M8 and HV-149 Chilli Pepper Cultivar: Physiology and Molecular Approach

The fruit color of chili pepper is an important characteristic in identification and classification and is often used as the basis for determining consumer preferences. Information on the relationship between chili fruit color and its molecular profile is very important in supporting selection activities in plant breeding. This study aims to identify genetic diversity associated with the fruit color of three genotypes of chili (Capsicum frutescens L.): Cakra Hijau, HV-149 and G1/M8, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR). Morphological confirmation was carried out according to Capsicum descriptors. Nineteen RAPD markers and six SSR markers were used for genetic variability assessment. Genetic variation was analyzed using the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean and the Jaccard similarity index. The three chili genotypes had different fruit colors at each maturation stage. The immature Cakra Hijau fruit is dark green and turns dark red as it ripens. The immature fruits of the G1/M8 line are light green and turn red when ripe. Finally, immature HV-149 fruits are dark green and yellow when ripe. The SSR markers used in this study were unable to show polymorphism. On the other hand, the RAPD marker successfully detected genetic variation in the three chili genotypes and resulted in a total of 49 alleles. The average value of polymorphic information content of the RAPD primers used ranged from 0 to 0.296, with the highest index indicated by OPA-1. The dendrogram shows the separation of the three genotypes into two main clusters, with the first cluster consisting of the HV-149 variety and the second cluster consisting of Cakra Hijau and G1/M8 lines. This study revealed that there are genetic variations based on the morphological characteristics of fruit color at each ripening stage and RAPD band profile. The RAPD marker was more effective than the SSR marker for identifying the genetic diversity of fruit color in the three chilies studied.

Unlocking the genetic potential of Ethiopian durum wheat landraces with high protein quality: Sources to be used in future breeding for pasta production

AbstractThe content and composition of the grain storage proteins in wheat determine to a high extent its end‐use quality for pasta and bread production. This study aimed to evaluate the content and composition of the grain storage proteins in Ethiopian landraces and cultivars to contribute to future breeding toward improved pasta quality. Thus, 116 landraces and 34 cultivars originating from Ethiopia were grown in three locations, and the protein parameters were analyzed using size exclusion‐high performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC). A considerable variation in the amount of the analyzed protein parameters was found. The genotypes, environments, and interactions contributed significantly (p < 0.001) to the differences obtained. The broad‐sense heritability was high (0.75–0.98) for all protein parameters except for unextractable small monomeric protein (uSMP). Using the principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the impact of protein parameters and using either PCA or unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) to assess the impact of the genetic composition, the cultivar group was found to form a separate cluster. This indicates that durum wheat improvement in Ethiopia has relied on exotic materials, which might result from a narrow genetic base. Unlike most landraces, most released cultivars showed a high and stable gluten strength across environments. Two landraces, G057 and G107, were found genetically distinct from the released cultivars but with high and stable gluten. The two selected landraces might be of extremely high value for future use in durum wheat breeding programs, as they might be adapted to wide‐ranging Ethiopian growing conditions, they might carry genes of relevance to withstand abiotic and biotic stresses, and they seem to hold essential protein properties, which might result in high‐quality grains for industrial processes.

Match-Play External Load and Internal Load in NCAA Division II Women's Soccer.

Choice, EE, Tufano, JJ, Jagger, KL, and Cochrane-Snyman, KC. Match-play external load and internal load in NCAA Division II women's soccer. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2023-The purpose of this study was to describe average match-play demands for NCAA DII women's soccer, including positional and time-specific differences, and relationships between variables. External load was assessed using total distance, relative distance, sprint distance, number of power plays, peak speed, and Player Load. Internal load was assessed using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Mixed factor analysis of variance was used to assess time by position (midfielder, forward, or defender) for dependent measures. Correlations were assessed between separate pair groups. Average match-play demands included 9,463 ± 2,591 m total distance, 172 ± 48 m·min-1 relative distance, 531 ± 301 m sprint distance, peak speeds of 26 ± 1.6 kph, 46.71 ± 21.75 power plays, and 457.84 ± 121.78 AU Player Load. Significant (p < 0.05) positional differences were found for total distance, Player Load, match load, and peak speed. Significant, moderate correlations were found between relative distance and match load, and sRPE and total distance, Player Load, and power plays (all p < 0.001). Results indicate there are positional differences within a women's DII soccer team, with midfielders accumulating the longest distances (10,509 ± 2,913 m) and greatest Player Load (527.79 ± 130.5 AU) and match load (576 ± 343 AU), forwards running the fastest peak speeds (26.8 ± 1.5 kph), and defenders maintaining most consistent performance. Match-play external and internal load data should be monitored by player position and half for DII women's soccer.

Genetic similarity among Dendrobium species from Indonesia using RAPD markers

Abstract. Hartati S, Samanhudi, Cahyono O. 2023. Genetic similarity among Dendrobium species from Indonesia using RAPD markers. Biodiversitas 24: 5015-5021. Dendrobium genus orchids are one of the most popular commodities in the world due to their diverse range of flower sizes, shapes, and colors. To enhance plant breeding programs and genetic resources, it is necessary to obtain information on genetic similarity between orchids of the Dendrobium genus through molecular analysis techniques. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic similarity among five Dendrobium species using molecular markers, specifically RAPD. The plant material used was obtained from five species of the Dendrobium spp, namely (i) Dendrobium mirbelianum; (ii) Dendrobium lamellatum, (iii) Dendrobium secundum, (iv) Dendrobium bracteosum, and (v) Dendrobium purpureum. The analysis was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of the Dendrobium orchids using RAPD markers. A total of five RAPD primers were used for amplification, namely OPD 8, OPA 7, OPA 13, OPB 12, and OPB 18. The scoring data were analyzed using NTSYS-pc (Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System) version 2.02 which produced data in the form of cluster dendrograms. The dendrogram that was constructed by Unweighted Pair Group Method Using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) classified the five Dendrobium species into two main clusters. The results showed that there were two clusters, namely Cluster A consisting of D. mirbelianum, D. lamellatum, and D. secundum while Cluster B consisted of D. bracteosum and D. purpureum. Furthermore, the polymorphism of the five RAPD primers was very high, ranging from 91.6 to 100%, measuring 250-1900 bp. The coefficient of genetic similarity analyzed using the five RAPD primers ranged from 0.24 to 0.77. The species D. mirbelianum and D. lamellatum had a high coefficient of genetic similarity. Which can be discovered through parental selection in breeding program.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analyses in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Based on Agro-Morphological and Microsatellite Markers.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an important vine crop of the Cucurbitaceae family and is well known for its high nutritional and medicinal values. However, the genetic variation remains largely unknown. Herein, 96 diverse bitter gourd genotypes were undertaken for diversity analysis using 10 quantitative traits, and 82 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Out of 82 SSRs, 33 were polymorphic and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.38. Marker, JY-003 revealed a maximum (0.81) PIC value and, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 7 (average 3.46). The value of gene diversity showed the presence of a significant level of polymorphism among these genotypes. The unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into two major clusters of which Cluster I comprised mostly small and medium-fruited genotypes of both M. charantia var. charantia and M. charantia var. muricata, whereas Cluster II included mostly long and extra-long fruited genotypes. Furthermore, these genotypes were divided into six distinct groups based on population structure analysis. The diversity analysis based on 10 quantitative traits revealed that earliness and high-yielding ability were exhibited by the predominantly gynoecious line DBGS-21-06 followed by DBGS-48-00. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two components exhibited more than 50% of the total genetic variation. The present study deciphered a higher magnitude of agro-morphological and genetic diversity in 96 bitter gourd genotypes. Therefore, trait-specific genotypes identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programmes directed towards the development of improved cultivars and hybrids of bitter gourd.

Eating disorder and sports engagement in individuals playing sports

The main purpose of study is to investigate the relationship between the level of sports engagement, eating disorder tendency. A total of 524 individuals, a mean age of 24±8.00 in study. The data of the study were collected using the personal information form, the scale of engagement to sport, the orthorexia-11 scale. In the analysis of the data, the Independet Sample T-Test was used to compare the paired groups to determine the differences between the groups, One-Way Anova was used to compare the groups of three or more. In determining the effect size of the differences, Cohen d values for T-Test and eta2 values for ANOVA were calculated. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between eating disorder tendency, sports engagement levels. Participants' sports engagement scores; while it did not differ according to gender (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, level of sports, diet and year of sports (p&lt;0.05). Orthorexic (eating disorder) tendencies of the participants; while it did not differ gender and level of doing sports (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, dieting status and year of doing sports (p&lt;0.05). It was determined that the sport, history, diet and training frequency were effective on adherence levels, orthorexic tendency, high level of sport adherence increased orthorexic tendency. Considering that people's physical appearance concerns are high, their desire to have a fit appearance due to environmental effects, this is thought to be effective in increasing the level of engagement to sports, orthorexic tendency.

THU587 High Prevalence Of Primary Aldosteronism Diagnosis In Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer And Hypertension: A Cross-sectional Case-control Study

Abstract Disclosure: A.W. Maciel: None. T. Freitas: None. D.L. Danilovic: None. G.F. Fagundes: None. F. Freitas-Castro: None. L. Santana: None. A. Guimaraes: None. A. Pio-Abreu: None. J. V. Silveira: None. F. Consolim-Colombo: None. L. Bortolotto: None. M.C. Fragoso: None. A. Latronico: None. L. Drager: None. B.B. Mendonca: None. A.O. Hoff: None. M.Q. Almeida: None. Introduction: Aldosterone excess can cause oxidative stress leading to DNA damage in vitro and in vivo. Single case reports demonstrated a coincidence of primary aldosteronism (PA) with different malignancies. A higher prevalence of thyroid nodules and non-toxic multinodular goiter was described in patients with PA compared to those with essential hypertension (HT). A single study showed an association between PA and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but without a paired control group. Objective: To assess PA prevalence in a transversal cohort of patients with PTC and HT compared to a paired control group with HT. Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, PA was investigated in all patients with PTC and HT (n= 114), regardless of HT severity, under active surveillance at a cancer institute from 2019 to 2022. The control group included 228 (2:1) age-, sex- and body mass index (BMI)-matched individuals from a retrospective cohort of HT previously investigated for PA from 2011 to 2022. Serum aldosterone and plasma direct renin concentrations were measured by a chemiluminescent immunoassay. A positive PA screening was defined by aldosterone ≥10 ng/dL and aldosterone to renin ratio ≥2 ng/dL/μUI/mL. Results: Age, sex and BMI were not statistically different between PTC and control groups, respectively (age 59.8 ± 12 vs. 58.9 ± 12.3 yrs, p= 0.67; 79% vs. 81% women, p= 0.67; BMI 30.7 ± 5.8 vs. 30.8 ± 6.5 Kg/m2, p= 0.98). PA was diagnosed in 35 out of 114 PTC patients with HT. The prevalence of PA in the PTC group (30.5%, confidence interval (IC) 22.6%-40.1%) was significantly higher when compared to the paired control group with HT (11.84%, CI 8.08%-16.93%; p&amp;lt; 0.0001). Although PA prevalence was higher in the PTC group, only 20.2% had stage 3/resistant HT (vs. 38% in the control group, p= 0.003). The number of anti-hypertensive medications was lower in the PTC group compared to controls (2 drugs, 1 to 3 vs. 4 drugs, 3 to 5, respectively; p&amp;lt; 0.001). When analyzing only PA patients in both groups, frequency of stage 3/resistant HT and number of medications were lower in the PTC group (p&amp;lt; 0.001 and p&amp;lt; 0.001, respectively). Although HT was more severe in PA patients without PTC, aldosterone and renin levels were not different in PA patients from PTC and control groups, respectively (p= 0.15 and p= 0.34). Conclusion: PA prevalence was strikingly high among patients with PTC and HT, supporting the recommendation of PA screening in this patient group, regardless of HT severity. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Long‐term processes between Classic and Postclassic populations in the Mexico basin

AbstractThe study of nonmetric traits is useful for establishing biological differences or affinities between populations. This study considered 12 nonmetric cranial characters. The objective is to compare five series of two different cultural horizons: three populations of the Teotihuacán Classic period and two of the Mexica Postclassic period. For the selection of nonmetric traits, those not altered by intentional cephalic modification were considered. From the sample of materials, it was assessed whether the populations of the Classic period could have biological and cultural affinity between them, making a migratory interpretation which indicates differences in nonmetric characters between them. The mean measure of divergence (MMD) was considered as bio‐distance. The distance matrix was analyzed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Frequencies were studied using the principal component analysis. Mantel test and partial Mantel test were used to compare the distance matrix obtained with the MMD with sites geographical distance matrix, type of settlements matrix, and period of the site's matrix. In none of those cases were found a correlation at the level. Making more plausible that the results of the nonmetric traits MMD matrix agree with a migration process. All methods agree on separating Classical populations into one group and Postclassic populations into another. The archeological contexts, and the study of the material culture found, agree with the analysis of nonmetric characters.

The Effect of Argumentation-Based Teaching on Scientific Process Skills of 7th Grade Students

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of argumentation-based teaching carried out with secondary school 7th grade students on students' scientific process skills. The sample of the study consists of 7th grade students in two different branches studying at a public school in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey in the 2018-2019 academic year. The study was carried out with the participation of 36 students, 18 in the experimental group and 18 in the control group, and lasted approximately 12 weeks. Mixed method was used as the research model in the study. In the quantitative part of the research, the semi-experimental pretest-posttest paired control group design was used, and in the qualitative part, the semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was used. The “Scientific Process Skills Scale” was applied to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test and post-test. At the end of the process, the scores of the students from the related test were analyzed. As a result of the research, no significant difference was found between the scientific process skill levels of the experimental and control groups.

Genetic variability of Tachigali vulgaris trees based on seed morphophysiological traits

Tachigali vulgaris is a tree with high potential for energy purposes in Brazil. However, there is little information about genetic variability that can be applied to plant breeding. Here, we quantified genetic variability based on biometric and emergence traits of T. vulgaris seeds from the native population of the Brazilian Amazon. The biometric aspects, moisture content, emergence, emergence speed index, and average emergence time of the seeds were evaluated. Genotypic values and genetic parameters were analysed using the mixed model methodology in a completely randomised design with 12 genotypes and four replications of 25 seeds. All biometric and emergence traits of seeds showed phenotypic and genetic variabilities. Heritability was high for all traits evaluated (0.66 to 0.97), and genetic accuracy showed high experimental precision and reliable results (≥ 0.90). Grouping by the Tocher, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis methods based on genetic traits returned four groups: Group 1 by Genotypes 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12; Group 2 by Genotype 3; Group 3 by Genotype 2; and Group 4 by Genotype 11. In addition, Genotypes 1, 3–10 and 12 displayed seeds with superior physical and physiological traits and a high probability of genetic gain. Our findings can be used in the selection and marking of trees with a broad genetic base for seed production and plant breeding of this species.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF GLYPTOTHORAX PLATYPOGON VALENCIENNES, 1840 IN SERAYU RIVER BANJARNEGARA AND RINGIN RIVER SEMARANG CENTRAL JAVA

Glyptothorax platypogon is freshwater fish, it’s potential to be an ornamental fish. Its need to be protected from extinction because population in other areas is till abundance. G. platypogon has reported that it's in Serayu River and based on pre-research observations found in Ringin River, Semarang, Central Java. The differences in the geographic location of the two rivers have the potential for the emergence of morphological variations of G. platypogon. Research on the morphology study of the G. platypogon from the Serayu River in Banjarnegara and the Ringin River has been conducted. This study describe morphological variations and provide information about the phenetic relationship between them. Sampling was carried out at Serayu River and Ringin River by direct observation and collection methods in the Field then continued at the Structure Laboratory of Biology Department State Islamic University Walisongo for observed morphometric and meristic,including 43 characters. Data was analyzed with the Kruskall Wallis test, Mann Whitney U test, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Arithmetic Average Method). The result showed that there were high morphological variations in the Allopatric population in Serayu River and Ringin River and there were low morphological variations in the Sympatric population in Serayu river. There were two clad taxa branching groups from Serayu and Ringin population which show morphological variation. UPGMA analysis and Euclidean distance show the population of Serayu River and Ringin River have a close phenetic relationship.

Enhancement of some barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) resistance for nematode (Heterdra avanae) using DNA fingerprinting analysis

Background Heterodera avenae, the cereal cyst nematode or European cyst nematode, is a plant pathogen and an obligate parasite of cereal crops including barley, oats, wheat, and rye. Cereal crops infected with this nematode are more susceptible to infection by fungal diseases such as Rhizoctonia root rot. Objective The main objective of the present study was to map Heterodera avenae resistance and to compare seven different species. This study also aimed to increase the efficiency and precision of standard procedures for testing the resistance of barley toward root-lesion nematodes. Materials and methods The genetic variability analysis of seven barley genotypes, of Egypt was achieved using 7 Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. Phylogenetic relationships of seven accessions of (Hordeum vulgare L.) collected from different region of Egypt were assessed. The soil was sterilized in an autoclave of each pot was planted in the comparison experiment, as well as in the treatment experiment with nematode Heterdra avanae infected soil brought from an infected field, and this soil was added to the treated pots. Also (ISSR) molecular marker technique was used for DNA fingerprinting and assessing genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in barley germplasm. Results and conclusion A significant correlation was observed between the Jaccard’s dissimilarity matrices based on ISSR markers, as revealed by Mantel test using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.69; P &lt; 0.05). The results showed that ISSR primers produced 37 bands their size ranged between 100-2000 bp with (87.5%). polymorphism percentage. Polymorphic information content PIC was 0.74 for ISSR. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic (UPGMA), Dendrogram was divided into two clusters by morphological traits and ISSR analysis. Genetic similarity matrix was examined with Jaccard’s coefficient, maximum similarity was found between Giza126 and Giza127 (99%) with morphological analysis both and lowest similarity between Giza123 and Giza126 (6%) with ISSR analysis. Determination of genetic diversity between barley is of major importance for characterization of barley germplasm, breeding programs and conservation purposes. Morphological traits and ISSR analysis are effective tools for detecting genetic variations. The results showed that H. vulgare have high ratio of variation. This study may be considered as reference study for further studies on H. vulgare and may contribute to species concept and breeding programs.