Position Of Groundwater Table Research Articles

An energy-based criterion for defining slope failure considering the coupling effect of groundwater table and impact loading

Slope instability poses significant risks in tunnel construction, particularly under the influence of impact loading and fluctuations in groundwater table. This study addresses the complexity of energy transformation and distribution in slopes affected by these factors. The research aims to analyze the local dynamic Factor of Safety (FOS) from the perspective of energy-based criterion, considering groundwater table, impact loading, and load position. Key findings indicate that the groundwater table is the most influential factor on slope stability, followed by load position and impact loading. The overall dynamic FOS was observed to peak at 0.35 s and trough appears at 1.0 s during impact loading, stabilizing after 2 s. The evolution of the overall dynamic FOS is explained from the energy dissipation and transformation mechanisms. These insights provide a critical basis for risk assessment and prevention in complex slope scenarios, contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in line with UN SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

Characterizing hydro‐geotechnical processes of slopes implemented with bioretention cells

AbstractLow impact development (LID) practices are rarely implemented on slopes due to concerns about their poor hydrological performance and the potential impact on slope stability. Implementing LIDs on slopes, involving alterations to surface topography and subsurface hydrology (specifically, the formation of a groundwater mound), can pose challenges in maintaining slope stability. However, sloping areas often require LIDs for sustainable development. It is imperative to supplement the conventional design standard to address these challenges. Before proposing specific solutions, the impact of LIDs on slope stability should be understood first. This includes quantifying the extent of changes in slope stability before and after LID implementation, as well as identifying the key factors that influence stability. To address these, we developed a numerical model in HYDRUS‐2D to simulate the hydrological and geotechnical processes of slopes implemented with a two‐stepped bioretention cell (BC) system. The numerical model was calibrated and validated using monitoring data from a stepped BC in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Simulation scenarios encompassed three generic slope angles (15°, 20°, and 25°) with and without BCs, two initial groundwater table positions and two inflow volumes. The hydrological process was characterized by the evolution of the groundwater mound, and the geotechnical process was quantified using the factor of safety (FoS). Our findings indicated slope cutting and filling was likely to enhance stability with an increase in the FoS of 0.1. However, the formation of groundwater mounds, resulting from exfiltration, led to an approximate 0.1–0.2 reduction in the FoS, depending on the inflow volume. The subsequent groundwater mound evolution had no further impact on stability. Ultimately, the FoS was slightly reduced by around 0–0.1 due to the combined effect of cutting and filling operations and groundwater mounds. It was generally safe to implement LIDs on 15° slopes. For steeper slopes, special design considerations are necessary, such as reducing the drainage area to strike a balance between hydrological performance and slope safety.

The impact of weather conditions on the quality of groundwater in the area of a municipal waste landfill

Abstract The quality of groundwater in the source area of pollution depends on many factors, including the weather and hydrogeological conditions within the given area. Anassessment of water quality can be carried out based on data obtained from sensors placed in boreholes. This research examined the influence of air and water temperature, groundwater table position and precipitation on the value of electrical conductivity in groundwater in a selected piezometer belonging to the monitoring network of the Quaternary aquifer in the area of a waste landfill site in Tychy-Urbanowice in southern Poland. The influence of individual factors was checked by using twenty neural network architectures of a Multilayer Perceptron Model (MLP). Each of these indicated factors were selected as input variables. Ultimately, three neural networks were selected, which were characterized by the smallest validation and test errors and showed the highest learning quality. The significance of individual variables for the effectiveness of the model was checked using a global sensitivity analysis. Three selected MLP models contained seven to nine neurons in the hidden layer and used a linear or exponential function as the hidden and output activation. The maximum test quality was 0.8369, while the smallest test error was 0.0011. The results of the sensitivity analysis highlighted the important role of water temperature and water table position on the conductivity value. The obtained goodness of fit results of the models to the input data allowed us to conclude that the MLP was applicable to such forecasts and can be extended by the analysis of further factors.

Integrated use of georadar, electrical resistivity, and SPT for site characterization and water content estimative

Geophysical methods are potent tools for geotechnical site characterization in a nondestructive way. They improve the extrapolation of punctual data from direct survey methods, allowing a fast and cost-effective evaluation of large areas. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and DC electrical resistivity (ER) are the most requested methods for geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications. Their use, however, is usually uncoupled, with no sharing of information from one method to another to improve data interpretation. This case study illustrates the development of protocols and scripts in R© programming language for ER and GPR data analysis with Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) data to produce more accurate information on subsurface conditions concerning lithology, water content, and groundwater table (GWT) position. The SPT data were used to associate resistivity ranges with different soil lithologies and GPR pulse velocities for estimating the soil water content. Estimated water content values aided in interpreting ER data and locating the groundwater table. The contacts between layers in the radargrams allowed the refinement of the ER model, rendering 3D volumes for each soil layer in situ.

Estimation of groundwater recharge in a shallow sandy aquifer using unsaturated zone modeling and water table fluctuation method

Quantification of groundwater recharge is one of the most important issues in hydrogeology, especially in view of the ongoing changes in climate and land use. In this study, we use numerical models of 1D vertical flow in the vadose zone and the water table fluctuation (WTF) analysis to investigate local-scale recharge of a shallow sandy aquifer in the Brda outwash plain in northern Poland. We show that these two methods can be jointly used to improve confidence in recharge estimation. A set of preliminary numerical simulations based on soil water content measurements from 4 grassland and pine forest profiles provided a wide range of recharge estimates (263 mm to 839 mm for a 3-year period). Additional simulations were performed with the lower boundary condition specified as a functional relationship between the groundwater table elevation and the rate of groundwater outflow from the vertical profile (horizontal drains boundary condition). In this way, we could reproduce the water table fluctuations resulting from recharge and lateral discharge to nearby lakes. The agreement between simulated and observed groundwater levels differed depending on the specific set of parameters characterizing vadose zone flow, which allowed us to find the most representative parameter sets and refine the range of plausible recharge estimates (501 mm to 573 mm per 3 years). The recharge rates from WTF (410 mm to 606 mm per 3 years) were in good agreement with numerical simulations, providing that the effect of the natural recession of groundwater table due to lateral outflow was considered (master recession curve method). Our results show that: (i) the proposed approach combining 1D vadose zone modeling and WTF improves recharge estimation, (ii) multiple types of observations, including groundwater table positions, are needed to calibrate and validate vadose zone flow models, and (iii) extended periods of observations and simulations are necessary to capture year-to-year variability in the recharge rates.

Temporal variability in water and nutrient movement through vertisols into agricultural tile drains in the northern Great Plains

Agricultural tile drainage is expanding in the northern Great Plains of North America. Given ongoing environmental and political concerns related to the eutrophication of Lake Winnipeg in Canada and the potential for tile drains to transport significant quantities of nutrients from agricultural fields, an improved understanding of nutrient dynamics in tile drains in this region is needed. This study characterized seasonal patterns in tile flow and chemistry under variable hydroclimatic conditions and related this variance to temporal variability in soil hydraulic properties in a farm in southern Manitoba, Canada, from 2015 to 2017. Tile flow, soil hydraulic properties, and groundwater table position all varied seasonally, as did the chemistry of tile drain effluent. The majority of annual tile discharge, which occurred in late spring, appears to have been contributed by shallow groundwater, primarily through soil matrix pathways. At these greater tile flow rates, concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) were low (<0.03 mg L^–1 SRP, <0.04 mg L^–1 TP), but concentrations of nitrate (NO₃-N) were high (20 to 25 mg L^–1 NO₃-N). In contrast, tile flows outside of this peak period appeared to be primarily attributed to preferential flow pathways through frozen (snowmelt) and dry soil cracks (summer). Phosphorus (P) concentrations were greater during snowmelt and summer (~0.05 mg L^–1 SRP, ~0.1 mg L^–1 TP) but did not produce significant nutrient loads due to the minimal tile discharge rates (<1 mm d^–1). This work suggests that the expansion of tile drainage may not exacerbate water quality issues involving P in the northern Great Plains but may increase nitrogen (N) loads in local water bodies.

Assessment of Causes and Effects of Groundwater Level Change in an Urban Area (Warsaw, Poland)

Monitoring the data of groundwater level in long-term measurement series has allowed for assessment of the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on groundwater recharge. It allows for assessing the actual groundwater quantity, which constitutes the basis for balanced and sustainable groundwater planning and management in an urban area. Groundwater levels in three aquifers were studied: the shallow and deeper Quaternary aquifers and the Oligocene aquifer in Warsaw (Poland). Statistical analysis was performed on a 27-year (1993–2019) cycle of daily measurements of groundwater levels. The studies focused on determining the range and causes of groundwater level changes in urban-area aquifers. The groundwater table position in the Quaternary aquifer pointed to variable long-term recharge and allowed for the identification of homogenous intervals with identification of water table fluctuation trends. A decrease in the water table was observed within the Quaternary aquifers. The Oligocene aquifer displayed an opposite trend.

Effect of groundwater table on slope stability and design of retaining wall

Groundwater table on slope stability are important contributing factors to slope failures. Parametric studies were carried out to study the effect of groundwater table position in affecting slope stability. Six different groundwater table corresponding to the wettest, typical, and driest were used in the numerical analyses using Geo Studio. In order to monitor slope stability, GeoStudio software is frequently applied to landslide stability analysis. In this paper, Jalan Poros Berau-Tanjung Selor slope stability prediction in East Borneo was subjected by GeoStudio software, while limit equilibrium method was adopted to calculate the safety factor in the slip surface based on five different groundwater table. Overall, the analyses shows that the five different groundwater table give the different safety factor. From this matter, retaining wall has planned with two layer, based on the critical condition which show by minimum safety factor.

Analytical solution to estimate the point of application of resultant passive earth thrust against unsaturated retaining structures

ABSTRACT This paper describes a simplified analytical solution for computing the magnitude and the point of application of the resultant passive earth thrust, as well as the passive earth pressure distribution against inclined walls retaining unsaturated soils under different steady flow conditions. The present analysis was performed based on the assumptions consistent with the Coulomb approach within the framework of the limit equilibrium method. Possible modifications of induced negative pore pressure or matric suction within the unsaturated zone above the water table have been considered depending upon the steady flow conditions, soil types, and groundwater table positions. Results of the parametric study showed considerable alterations in the passive earth pressure of unsaturated soils due to different parameters and highlight the importance of incorporating suction stress changes directly in the stability analysis of earth-retaining structures.

Effects of rainfall infiltration and hysteresis on the settlement of shallow foundations in unsaturated soil

The effects of rainfall infiltration and hysteresis on the settlement of shallow foundations in unsaturated soil were numerically investigated. Numerical solutions were verified against experimental data. Rainfall intensities and groundwater table positions, factors that contribute to an additional settlement of shallow foundations, were investigated through a series of parametric studies. The effect of hysteresis on the settlement behavior of shallow foundations was considered by incorporating hysteretic soil–water characteristic curves (SWCC) that were obtained from the laboratory. A Reasonably good agreement of load-settlement response and matric suction distribution was obtained between the numerical analysis results and the field measurements. The parametric study showed that a reduction of matric suction due to rainfall infiltration induced the additional settlement of shallow foundations in unsaturated soil. The groundwater table position appeared to affect the wetting-induced settlement during rainfall due to the changes in matric suction. In addition, wetting SWCC analysis produced a slight larger settlement, up to 5% more than that produced by drying SWCC. Therefore, appropriate SWCCs (i.e., drying or wetting) should be used in numerical analysis in accordance with the conditions of the soils underneath the shallow foundations.

Rainfall-induced landslides by deficit field matric suction in unsaturated soil slopes

Landslides are mainly triggered by decrease in the matric suction with deepening the wetting band by rainfall infiltrations. This paper reports rainfall-induced landslides in partially saturated soil slopes through a field study. A comprehensive analysis on Umyeonsan (Mt.) landslides in 2011 was highlighted. The incident involves the collapse of unsaturated soil slopes under extreme-rainfall event. Fundamental studies on the mechanism and the cause of landslides were carried out. A number of technical findings are of interest, including the failure mechanism of a depth of soil and effect of groundwater flow, the downward movement of wetting band and the increase of groundwater level. Based on this, an integrated analysis methodology for a rainfall-induced landslide is proposed in this paper that incorporates the field matric suction for obtaining hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soil. The field matric suction is shown to govern the rate of change in the water infiltration for the landslide analysis with respect to an antecedent rainfall. Special attention was given to a one-dimensional infiltration model to determine the wetting band depth in the absence of the field matric suction. The results indicate that landslide activities were primarily dependent on rainfall infiltration, soil properties, slope geometries, vegetation, and groundwater table positions. The proposed methodology has clearly demonstrated both shallow and deep-seated landslides and shows good agreement with the results of landslide investigations.

Settlement Behavior of Shallow Foundations in Unsaturated Soils under Rainfall

Shallow foundations are often situated on unsaturated zones above the groundwater table. In this study, the influence of rainfall infiltration on the settlement behavior of shallow foundations was investigated using numerical analyses. The numerical solutions were compared with experimental data from in-situ load tests. The relative importance of rainfall intensities and groundwater table positions in inducing the additional settlement of shallow foundations was examined through a series of parametric studies. Two different groundwater table positions contributing to settlements and three assorted rainfall intensities were used in the numerical analyses. Typical soil properties of two main residual soils in Korea were incorporated into the numerical analyses. Special attention is given to the sequential analysis procedure comprised of a flow analysis and deformation analysis. Load-settlement relationships obtained from the numerical methodology in the present study were in good agreement with the field measurements. Results from the parametric studies showed that the rainfall intensity plays a significant role in the settlement behavior of shallow foundations in unsaturated soils. The changes in the settlement during rainfall were also affected by the groundwater table position near the ground surface due to changes in matric suction. In addition, higher bearing capacity in response to rainfall infiltration was observed in the soil with smaller permeability function as compared to larger permeability function.

Variability of soil water content controlled by evapotranspiration and groundwater–root zone interaction

ABSTRACTThe central moments of soil water content (SWC) variability at the field scale are determined by soil texture, considering both smooth topography and groundwater table position. The characteristics of variability are governed by other soil factors like soil structure, micro relief, preferred water flow paths, root system characteristics, rock content, etc. This paper shows the integral effect of all these hardly quantifiable factors on SWC variability simulated by the processes of evapotranspiration and groundwater–root zone interaction using the HYDRUS ET model. SWC and soil hydraulic characteristics were spatially determined over a 4.5 ha field during two sampling campaigns under different atmospheric and groundwater conditions, and data distributions were compared to SWC distributions provided by mathematical modeling. The entire spring–summer period of 2003 was then examined for changes of SWC spatial variability. It was found that evapotranspiration influences SWC spatial variability only if SWC is under the critical value when wetter parts of the field evaporate more water than drier parts, resulting in smoothed SWC variability. Under wet conditions the spatial variability of SWC increases by drainage, as those parts of the soil with coarser texture drain faster than finer-textured parts.

Effects of groundwater table position, soil strength properties and rainfall on instability of earthquake-triggered landslides

Although earthquake-triggered deep landslides are widely studied, less attention has been focused on the combined effects of groundwater table position, soil strength properties and rainfall on the instability of landslides triggered by earthquakes during rainfall events. In this study, to provide a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic landslides, the effects of these factors on the instability of a homogeneous soil slope under different earthquake conditions are investigated through a series of sensitivity analyses. These analyses are based on a newly developed combined hydrology and slope stability model. The results show that groundwater table position, soil friction, soil cohesion, rainfall intensity and rainfall accumulation have significant effects on the instability of landslides. Groundwater table position and soil strength properties are found to be the primary factors controlling the instability of landslides, while rainfall accumulation plays a secondary role. On the other hand it is shown that increasing soil saturation, which is a direct effect of rainfall accumulation, decreases the factor of safety. The results also show the combined effect of rainfall duration and earthquake acceleration on the landslide instability. Specifically, for a given rainfall accumulation, there exists a threshold earthquake acceleration coefficient that would trigger a landslide; for higher rainfall accumulations, landslides can be triggered by earthquakes with smaller acceleration coefficients.

Role of Infiltration and Saturation Excess in Rainfall-Runoff Modelling in Small Catchments

Abstract The paper presents the essential differences in small catchment model behaviour depending on the assumed runoff procedure, i.e. infiltration or saturation excess. It suggests an appropriate model structure and a way to obtain the required boundary conditions. In order to design the flood mitigation measures in small catchments, there is a need of reliable prediction of their behaviour. Long time series of data are rather rare here and the simple models are usually not capable to reflect all the necessary variables and their distribution. However, more comprehensive models are usually very demanding with respect to input data. A model of Bykovicky stream catchment (6.3 km2) was built in the physically based distributed model GSSHA. Out of two years of rainfall-runoff data several events were used for model calibration. Gradually the model was changed in order to explain observed data better. First modelling outcomes suggested a significant influence of saturation excess on flood hydrographs in most of the scenarios. In order to reflect this, the model needs to contain groundwater related processes, but the data on groundwater table position was not available. Therefore a simple method how to obtain it was proposed and tested. The paper discusses the achievements of this modelling experiment.

Impact of soil characteristics and land use on pipe erosion in a temperate humid climate: Field studies in Belgium

This study investigates the role of soil characteristics and land use in the development of soil pipes in the loess belt of Belgium. First, we tested the hypothesis that discontinuities in the soil profile enhance lateral flow and piping by impeding vertical infiltration. We focus on discontinuities in soil characteristics that can vary with soil depth, including texture, saturated hydraulic conductivity, penetration resistance, and bulk density. These characteristics as well as soil biological activity were studied in detail on 12 representative soil profiles for different land use types. Twelve sites were selected in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium): four pastures with collapsed pipes (CP), four pastures without CP, two sites under arable land without CP and two sites under forest without CP. Secondly, this study aimed at evaluating the interaction of groundwater table positions (through soil augerings) and CP in a larger area, with a focus on pastures. Pasture is the land use where almost all CP in the study area are observed. Therefore, the position of the groundwater table was compared for 15 pastures with CP and 14 pastures without CP, having comparable topographical characteristics in terms of slope gradient and contributing area. Finally, the effect of land use history on the occurrence of pipe collapse was evaluated for a database of 84 parcels with CP and 84 parcels without CP, currently under pasture. As to the first hypothesis, no clear discontinuities for abiotic soil characteristics in soil profiles were observed at the depth where pipes occur, but pastures with CP had significantly more earthworm channels and mole burrows at larger depths (>120cm: mean of >200 earthworm channels per m2) than pastures without CP, arable land or forest (>120cm depth, a few or no earthworm channels left). The land use history appeared to be similar for the pastures with and without CP. Combining all results from soil profiles and soil augering indicates that intense biological activity (especially by earthworms and moles), in combination with a sufficiently high groundwater table, favours the development of soil pipes in the study area.

Hydraulic subsurface measurements and hydrodynamic modelling as indicators for groundwater flow systems in the Rotondo granite, Central Alps (Switzerland)

Regional groundwater flow in high mountainous terrain is governed by a multitude of factors such as geology, topography, recharge conditions, structural elements such as fracturation and regional fault zones as well as man-made underground structures. By means of a numerical groundwater flow model, we consider the impact of deep underground tunnels and of an idealized major fault zone on the groundwater flow systems within the fractured Rotondo granite. The position of the free groundwater table as response to the above subsurface structures and, in particular, with regard to the influence of spatial distributed groundwater recharge rates is addressed. The model results show significant unsaturated zones below the mountain ridges in the study area with a thickness of up to several hundred metres. The subsurface galleries are shown to have a strong effect on the head distribution in the model domain, causing locally a reversal of natural head gradients. With respect to the position of the catchment areas to the tunnel and the corresponding type of recharge source for the tunnel inflows (i.e. glaciers or recent precipitation), as well as water table elevation, the influence of spatial distributed recharge rates is compared to uniform recharge rates. Water table elevations below the well exposed high-relief mountain ridges are observed to be more sensitive to changes in groundwater recharge rates and permeability than below ridges with less topographic relief. In the conceptual framework of the numerical simulations, the model fault zone has less influence on the groundwater table position, but more importantly acts as fast flow path for recharge from glaciated areas towards the subsurface galleries. This is in agreement with a previous study, where the imprint of glacial recharge was observed in the environmental isotope composition of groundwater sampled in the subsurface galleries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dissolved organic matter and nutrient dynamics of a coastal freshwater forested wetland in Winyah Bay, South Carolina

Seasonally flooded, freshwater cypress-tupelo wetlands, dominated by baldcypress (Taxodium distictum), water tupelo (Nyssaaquatica), and swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora) are commonly found in coastal regions of the southeastern United States. These wetlands are threatened due to climate change, sea level rise, and coastal urban development. Understanding the natural biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in these forested wetlands as ecosystems services such as carbon sequestration and nitrogen processing can provide important benchmarks to guide conservation plans and restoration goals. In this study, surface water and soil pore water samples were collected weekly from a cypress-tupelo wetland near Winyah Bay, South Carolina and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), inorganic nitrogen, and phosphate during its flooding period between October 2010 and May 2011. DOC was further characterized by specific ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm, spectral slope ratio (SR) (ratio of two spectral slopes between 275–295 nm and 350–400 nm), E2/E3 ratio (ratio between A254 and A365), and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix. In addition, litterfall was collected on a monthly basis for a year while the biomass of the detritus layer (i.e., decomposed duff lying on the wetland floor) was determined before and after the flooding period. Results of the field study showed that concentrations of DOC, DON, NH4+–N, and (NO2− + NO3−)–N in the surface water were generally higher during the fall, or peak litterfall season (October to December), than in the spring season (March to May). Highest concentrations of 54.8, 1.48, 0.270, and 0.0205 mg L−1, for DOC, DON, NH4+–N, and (NO2− + NO3−)–N respectively, in surface waters were recorded during October. Lower SUVA, but higher SR and E2/E3 ratios of DOC, were observed at the end of the flooding season comparing to the initial flooding, suggesting the wetland system converts high aromatic and large DOC molecules into smaller and hydrophilic fractions possibly through photochemical oxidation. A similar trend was observed in soil pore water, but the pore water generally had greater and relatively stable concentrations of dissolved nutrients than surface water. No obvious temporal trend in phosphate concentration and total nitrogen to total phosphorus ratio (N:P) were found. Results of the laboratory extraction and mass balance calculation suggested fresh litter was a major source of DOC whereas decomposed duff was the source of dissolved nitrogen in surface water. In summary, the biogeochemistry of this isolated cypress-tupelo wetland is not only driven by the vegetation within the wetland system but also by hydrology and weather conditions such as groundwater table position, precipitation, and temperature.

Underground pollution travel from leach pits of on-site sanitation facilities: a case study

A long-term field study was undertaken under different hydro-geological conditions at some locations of the state of West Bengal (India) to understand the phenomenon of underground pollution movement, and to assess safe horizontal distance of water sources from on-site sanitation leach pits. The study showed that pollution travel from leach pits, both in horizontal and vertical directions, is dependent on soil type, permeability, hydraulic gradient, grain size, and position of groundwater table with respect to the leach pits. A minimum travel of pollutant of 2.055 m was found in clayey silt soil, whereas a maximum travel of 10.20 m was observed in gravel–sand composition of soils in 10-day period. The study also demonstrated that clay envelop around leach pit arrests the movement of pollutant (both chemical and bacteriological) to a considerable extent. In the present study, graphical technique has been suggested for estimating underground travel of bacteriological contamination under given soil composition.

Effects of Groundwater Table Position and Soil Properties on Stability of Slope during Rainfall

Rainfall, hydrological condition, and geological formation of slope are important contributing factors to slope failures. Parametric studies were carried out to study the effect of groundwater table position, rainfall intensities, and soil properties in affecting slope stability. Three different groundwater table positions corresponding to the wettest, typical, and driest periods in Singapore and four different rainfall intensities (9, 22, 36, and 80 mm/h) were used in the numerical analyses. Typical soil properties of two main residual soils from the Bukit Timah Granite and the sedimentary Jurong Formation in Singapore were incorporated into the numerical analyses. The changes in factor of safety during rainfall were not affected significantly by the groundwater table near the ground surface due to the relatively small changes in matric suction during rainfall. A delay in response of the minimum factor of safety due to rainfall and a slower recovery rate after rainfall were observed in slopes from the sedimentary Jurong Formation as compared to those slopes from the Bukit Timah Granite. Numerical analyses of an actual residual soil slope from the Bukit Timah Granite at Marsiling Road and a residual soil slope from the sedimentary Jurong Formation at Jalan Kukoh show good agreement with the trends observed in the parametric studies.