Assessment Of Groundwater Quality Research Articles

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of trace hazardous elements contamination in the coastal environment

Groundwater is the second largest water source for daily consumption, only next to surface water resources. Groundwater has been extensively investigated for its pollution level in urban areas. The groundwater quality assessments in industrial areas associated with every urban landscape are still lacking. In order to examine the spatial distribution characteristics, pollution levels, and sources of trace metals in the densely populated Chennai coastal region of Tamilnadu, India, physicochemical parameters and trace element concentrations have been determined in groundwater. 55 groundwater samples from Tamil Nadu's coastal region were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, (EC), (TDS), and (TH) during the pre-monsoon (June 2015) and post-monsoon (January 2016) seasons. We used trace elements and analyzed them in this study (Mg, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, and Fe). Furthermore, anthropogenic input from industries and power plants exacerbates the pollution of Ni, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Due to evaporites and anthropogenic input, samples with excessive salinity, total hardness, and water quality are considered unsuitable for irrigation or drinking. The results demonstrated that seasonal, geogenic, and anthropogenic influences all have a significant impact on the heterogeneous chemistry of groundwater.

Heavy Metal Concentrations and Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Territory of Leningrad Oblast and Southern Republic of Karelia

Heavy Metal Concentrations and Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Territory of Leningrad Oblast and Southern Republic of Karelia

Assessing Groundwater Quality and Diagnosing Nitrate Pollution in the Sidi Allal Region: A GIS-Based Approach Utilizing the Groundwater Pollution Index

Groundwater is a critical resource for various human activities, yet it faces contamination risks from agricultural, industrial, and domestic sources. This study aimed to evaluate groundwater in Morocco’s Sidi Allal region using the groundwater pollution index (GPI) and diagnose nitrate pollution. The study included 45 groundwater wells from the study area, and physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, cations, and anions were examined in the laboratory. The geographic information system (GIS) was used to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters. The groundwater pollution index and nitrate pollution index (NPI) were determined. The inverse distance weighting method (IDW) was used to create a spatial distribution map. The results indicated that the calculated GPI values ranged from 0.856 to 7.416, with an average of 2.06. About 40% of groundwater samples were highly polluted and unsuitable for drinking. The NPI values ranged between −0.74 and 10.5, with an average of 5.1. About 64% of the total groundwater samples were considered highly polluted according to the NPI classification, suggesting that the groundwater was unsuitable for drinking purposes. The spatial distribution map revealed the availability of appropriate groundwater in the central area of the study area and inappropriate groundwater near the Esbou River and Nassour Canal. The findings of this study revealed high concentrations of nitrates in groundwater samples in the central part of the study area, indicating that this increase in nitrates may be due to intensive use of nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural activities and sewage waste.

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifers in Djeffara Medenine (Southeastern-Tunisia)

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifers in Djeffara Medenine (Southeastern-Tunisia)

GIS-statically-based modelling the groundwater quality assessment coupled with soil and terrain attributes data.

In this study, we investigated the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for groundwater quality assessment through the integration of statistical models with soil and topographical data. Our primary objectives were to identify soil parameters and topographical attributes contributing to groundwater quality assessment and to evaluate the potential of geostatistics and GIS for spatial analysis of groundwater resources. Groundwater samples were collected from 43 agricultural wells, and surface soil layer samples (0-20 cm) were obtained near each well. We measured groundwater quality parameters and relevant soil properties. Our approach involved the utilization of multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR), combined with topographical terrain attributes and soil data, for modeling groundwater electrical conductivity (GEC). Our findings revealed significant correlations between GEC and soil electrical conductivity (EC) (r = 0.89) as well as soil carbonate (CaCO3) (r = 0.68). Among the ten topographical attributes considered, the terrain wetness index (TWI) exerted the highest influence on GEC (r = 0.57), followed by the slope (r = -0.47). Further analysis demonstrated that the MLR model outperformed the PCR model in both the development and calibration datasets, with an achieved R2value of 0.89 and a root mean square error (RMSE)of 150 μScm-1 for MLR, compared to an R2 of 0.85 and an RMSE of 170 μScm-1 for PCR when coupled with soil and attribute data for GEC prediction. The resulting GEC map generated from the MLR model displayed spatial variations, ranging from 605 μScm-1 in the northern region to 1275 μScm-1 in the central part of the study site. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the effectiveness of combining statistical modeling with geostatistics and GIS for groundwater quality assessment, providing valuable insights for resource management and environmental planning.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Assessment of Groundwater Quality around Dumpsites in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water and the protection of groundwater is a major environmental issue as the importance of water quality to human health. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the groundwater quality around dumpsites in Bauchi metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria using standard analytical techniques and multivariate statistical analysis methods such as correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The mean concentration of the parameters in ground water samples ranged from pH 7.55 to 9.06, temperature 32.55 to 34.25 oC, conductivity 54.80 to 65.38 μS/cm, salinity 0.20 to 0.29 mg/L, TSS 0.36 to 1.93 mg/L, TDS 57.53 to 59.95 mg/L, HCO3 26.80 to 31.00 mg/L, PO43- 1.05 to 2.06 mg/L, SO42- 2.25 to 3.26 mg/L, NO3- 1.40 to 4.50 mg/L, NO2- 0.01 to 0.03 mg/L, and Cl- 2.14 to 8.31 mg/L. The result shows that the investigated parameters were below the WHO, permissible limit, except PO43-. The concentration of the parameters were in following trend; TDS > conductivity > temperature > HCO3> pH > NO3> SO4>Cl> PO4> TSS > salinity > NO2. Multivariate analysis revealed that the main sources of water quality parameters might be related to dumpsites around the study area. According to the HCA, and PCA, the parameters were divided into three groups; the first group correlated with Salinity, TSS, SO4, NO3 and NO2; the second group correlated with TDS and HCO3, and the third with pH, temperature, and conductivity. The hydrochemistry of groundwater from the area reveals that the water could be applied to irrigation.

Spatial–Temporal Changes in Shallow Groundwater Quality with Human Health Risk Assessment in the Luxi Plain (China)

Groundwater is an essential water source for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industrial production in Luxi Plain, Shandong Province, China. Understanding the spatial–temporal changes in groundwater quality and its influencing factors in the region were required for better utilization of groundwater resources and efficient design of groundwater management strategies. In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the study area were analyzed, and significant evolution was found from 2018 to 2020 due to silicate and carbonate weathering, evaporation and human activities. Moreover, the entropy water quality index (EWQI) was used to assess groundwater quality from 2018 to 2020. The EWQI values in 2018–2020 were 129.5, 90.5 and 94.0, respectively, and 31.7% of the groundwater in 2019 and 20.0% in 2020 can be used directly for drinking in the study area; others can be used for domestic water or irrigation. The potable groundwater, with an EWQI value of <50 (ranked as class Ⅰ or Ⅱ water quality), was mainly distributed in the west and southeast of the study area. The potential health risk due to oral intake and dermal intake was further assessed based on the human health risk assessment (HHRA) model. The results showed that, 37.3%, 6.7% and 3.3% of the groundwater samples for adults exceeded the acceptable limit for non-carcinogenic risk of 1.0 in 2018–2020, while for children, they were 88.2%, 30.0% and 56.7%, respectively. The high non-carcinogenic risks virtually all occurred in the counties or districts with higher agricultural or economic values. This work may provide useful information for local groundwater conservation and management and help to ensure a sustainable and healthy water supply for drinking, domestic and agricultural needs.

Hydrochemical Appraisal and Driving Forces of Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risks of Nitrate in Typical Agricultural Area of Southwestern China

Elucidating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater holds significant importance for its sustainable development. In this paper, 53 groundwater samples were collected from a typical agricultural area in the northeastern Chongqing municipality in SW China. The integration of multivariate statistical analysis, ion ratio analysis, geomodelling analysis, the entropy water quality index, health risks assessment, and sensitivity analysis was carried out to explore the hydrochemical processes and quality assessment of groundwater in this study. The statistical results reveal that the cationic concentrations followed the order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+, while the anionic components were in the order of HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > Cl−. Based on the Piper trilinear diagram, the hydrochemical types were shown as Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the groundwater samples could be categorized into three groups. The hydrochemical compositions were primarily influenced by water–rock interactions (e.g., carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering). In terms of irrigation suitability, the sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) ranged from 0.05 to 1.82, and the electrical conductivity (EC) varied from 116 to 1094 μs/cm, indicating that most groundwater samples were suitable for irrigation. The entropy-weighted water quality index ranged from 15 to 94, suggesting that the groundwater samples were suitable for drinking purposes. Non-carcinogenic human health risks followed the order of children > adult females > adult males, within the average values of 0.30, 0.21, and 0.18, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters had the weight order of NO3 > body weight (BW) > ingestion rate (IR) > exposure frequency (EF). Hence, we recommend prioritizing the management of areas with high salinity levels, while avoiding the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, raising awareness among local residents about safe groundwater, and providing robust support for the sustainable development of groundwater in typical agricultural areas.

Investigating the quality of groundwater in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Area, Lagos State

ABSTRACT This study assessed the groundwater quality in the rapidly urbanizing peri-urban region of the Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Area in Lagos State, Nigeria, during the rainy season. This study employed a two-stage sampling technique to select representative sampling locations, including boreholes and hand-dug wells. Seven towns in Ibeju-Lekki were sampled for this study. A total of 14 sampling points were chosen for the analysis of 15 water parameters, which included five physical parameters (NTU, TCU, E.C. TDS and TSS), eight (8) chemical parameters (pH, T.H. Ca, Mg, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and Fe), and two (2) microbial parameters (E.Coli count and BOD) after standard procedures. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Python to assess correlations between the physicochemical parameters. The results were compared with water quality standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). In addition, a water quality index (WQI) was calculated to provide a single numerical expression of the overall water quality. The findings revealed variations in the quality of borehole and well water, with some parameters exceeding the recommended standards, such as magnesium and iron concentrations. The presence of elevated turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (E.C.) in well water indicated potential contamination sources. The study also demonstrated the significance of understanding physicochemical parameter correlations in groundwater quality assessment. The WQI results emphasized that groundwater is suitable for various purposes, including animals and other domestic and agricultural purposes. However, the paper recommended routine monitoring and thorough treatment to address the high magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) levels in both borehole and well water sources.

Assessment of surface and ground water quality around Korba Coalfield, India: an integrated approach of water quality index, multivariate statistics analysis and GIS technique

Assessment of surface and ground water quality around Korba Coalfield, India: an integrated approach of water quality index, multivariate statistics analysis and GIS technique

Groundwater Hydrogeochemical Processes and Potential Threats to Human Health in Fengfeng Coal Mining Area, China

The Fengfeng mining area is in the transition zone between the North China Plain and the Taihang Mountains, and groundwater is the main source of water supply in the district. Under the combined influence of human activities and natural geological conditions, the quality of different types of groundwater varies greatly, posing a potential threat to the safety of drinking water. In this study, hydrogeochemical processes in different types of groundwater were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis methods with ion–ratio relationships, and a groundwater quality and health risk assessment model was developed. The research findings show that the main chemical components and TDS in the groundwater have obvious spatial distribution characteristics, i.e., the content of deep karst water (DKW) in the west is significantly lower than that of shallow pore water (SPW) in the east, and the hydrochemical type has changed from HCO3–Ca to SO4–Ca. The chemical components of SPW and DKW are mainly derived from silicates and carbonates, accompanied by weathering dissolution of sulphidic minerals, especially SPW. The chemical components of the groundwater was also influenced by the cation exchange reaction and human activities. The quality of the SPW was significantly worse than that of the DKW, and the nitrates in SPW carry a high non-carcinogenic risk, especially to children. The shallow pore water is not suitable for drinking water. This study can provide guidance on the safety of drinking water in the Fengfeng coal mining area and other areas with intensive industrial, mining, and agricultural activities.

Pollution Source Identification and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purposes in Semi-Arid Regions of the Southern Part of India

The quality of groundwater plays an important role in human health, and it majorly influences the agricultural process in the southern part of India. The present study mainly focused on evaluating the quality of groundwater used for domestic purpose in semi-arid regions of the southern part of India. The samples were collected in 36 locations, covering the entire investigation zone. The collected samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical characteristics of groundwater and compared with the world health organization standards. The entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) of the groundwater revealed that 16.67% of the samples required primary-level treatment before they could be used for drinking purposes. About 72.23% of the samples were in the good-to-medium category for drinking purposes, as was identified through weighted overlay analysis. The ionic relationship plot was used to identify the source of contamination and it revealed that carbonate weathering and anthropogenic activities are the primary sources of groundwater contamination. The present results show the contaminated zones and offer more helpful solutions to strengthen the water management policy in the study region.

Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment in urban and peri-urban regions of Jashore, Bangladesh

Abstract This study investigated the groundwater quality and its associated human health risks in the urban and peri-urban areas of Jashore, Bangladesh, where groundwater samples were collected from 67 randomly selected tube wells. The concentration of arsenic, iron, and manganese was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The water quality index indicates that about 89 and 43% of groundwater samples are not consumable for the urban and peri-urban areas, respectively. All of the source water is significantly contaminated with Escherichia coli for urban (31 ± 17.77 CFU/100 mL) and peri-urban areas (76.12 ± 35.17 CFU/100 mL), where about 67 and 57% of water source has intermediate and high microbial risk of E. coli for urban and peri-urban areas, respectively. Children and adults face unacceptable non-carcinogenic health risks for the urban area (4.13–10.67 for adults; 9.65–24.91 for children) and peri-urban area (1.05–5.58 for adults; 2.46–13.03 for children) via oral ingestion. Both groups (e.g. children = 4.25E-03 to 1.10E-02 and adult = 1.82E-03 to 4.71E-03 for urban regions; children = 1E-03 to 5E-03 and adult = 4.29E0-04 to 2.14E-03 for peri-urban regions) face undesirable carcinogenic risks from arsenic. In addition, children are suspected to have 2.33 times higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks than adults.

Assessing Groundwater Quality for Sustainable Drinking and Irrigation: A GIS-Based Hydro-Chemical and Health Risk Study in Kovilpatti Taluk, Tamil Nadu

The continuous investigation of water resources is essential to assess pollution risks. This study investigated a groundwater assessment in the coastal belt of Tamil Nadu’s Kovilpatti Taluk, Thoothukudi district. Twenty-one groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, analyzing water quality parameters, namely pH, EC, Cl−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3−, TH, Na2+, and K+. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was computed and it is observed that 5% of pre-monsoon and 9% of post-monsoon samples were unsuitable for drinking. SAR, MHR, RSC, %Na and Kelley’s index were used to determine irrigation suitability. Pre-monsoon shows 29% (MHR) and 71% (RSC) unsuitable, and post-monsoon shows 59% (MHR) and 9% (RSC) unsuitable. Coastal activity, urbanization, and industrialization in Kovilpatti resulted in the degradation of groundwater quality. Solving this coastal issue requires sustainable wastewater treatment and strict industrial discharge guidelines. Spatial distribution plots, Box plots, Gibbs plots, Piper plots, Wilcox plots and Correlation Matrices had similar results to the computed WQI and its physical–chemical parameters. According to the human health risk assessment, the Mooppanpatti, Illuppaiurani, and Vijayapuri regions show high health risks due to the nitrate and fluoride concentration in the groundwater. Kadambu, Melparaipatti, Therkuilandhaikulam, and Vadakku Vandanam have low levels, posing a minimal health risk.

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Aba (Abia State) Using WQI and GIS Techniques

Groundwater is considered as the most important source of freshwater for human consumption and activities in the urban environment. The assessment of groundwater quality is critical to avoid the negative effects of polluted groundwater on human health, agriculture, and the economy. In this study, the quality of groundwater in Aba (Abia State), Nigeria was assessed. Thirty-two water samples were taken from sixteen boreholes during the rainy and dry seasons, and analysed for pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Turbidity, Temperature, BOD5, COD, Pb, Cd, Cr, NH3, TDS, SO4, NO3 and PO4. The Weighted Average Water Quality Index (WAWQI) approach was used to compute the Water Quality Index (WQI). Geostatistical analysis methods such as Ordinary Kriging, Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Spline interpolation methods were compared in the spatial evaluation of variable concentrations using ArcGIS. In the dry season, 100% of the borehole locations had Water Quality Index values above 100 which is Unsuitable for drinking purpose. For the rainy season, 87.5% of the borehole locations had WQI values above 100 which is Unsuitable for drinking purpose, 6.25% had WQI which was of very poor quality and 6.25% had WQI values within the range of good water quality between 26 and 50. With a mean error of 0.372483, RMSE of 0.5515, and RMSSE of 1.030492 for the dry season and a mean error of 0.05625, RMSE of 10, and RMSSE of 0.986448 for the rainy season, the EBK interpolation approach was the best fit model for the WQI determination. WQI values for rainy season were generally lower than the WQI values of the dry season, attributable to surface water run-off during the rains.

Assessment of groundwater quality near municipal solid waste landfill by using multivariate statistical technique and GIS: a case study of Bandhwari (Gurugram) landfill site, Haryana, India

Assessment of groundwater quality near municipal solid waste landfill by using multivariate statistical technique and GIS: a case study of Bandhwari (Gurugram) landfill site, Haryana, India

Groundwater quality assessment of aba urban area

This work presents groundwater quality assessment of Aba Urban area and its sources of Contaminants within Aba Urban Area. Aba area was divided into nine parts using a 3x3 grid. Water samples were taken from each of these 9 parts of Aba. Five water samples were taken from household boreholes while four samples were taken from boreholes drilled and cased at the remaining four parts in the course of carrying out this research. Site and laboratory tests were conducted to determine the values water parameters in the samples. The parameters analysed in the laboratory include the Phosphate, ammonium, Lead, cadmium, Manganese, Copper, Mercury, Chromium, and magnesium, Electric conductivity (EC), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Acidity, Turbidity, Alkalinity, oxidation- reduction potential (ORP), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and E-Coli. It was discovered that more than 75% of the water samples are contaminated by EColi. Umuagu sample has Manganese value of 0.775mg/l. This more than the limiting value of 0.4mg/l. The values 252, 524 and 472 mg/l of Magnesium in samples from Estate, Abia Polytechnic and Osisio Ngwa respectively are more than the limiting value of 150mg/l. The DO (mg/l) values of 6,4 and 9 from Ariaria Junction and Abia Polytechnic are outside the range limiting of 6.5mg/l – 8.0 mg/l. The values of TDS, ORP and BOD recorded in all the samples are below the limiting values of 600 mg/l, 357 mV and 1mg/l respectively.

Assessment of groundwater quality in terms of water quality index (WQI) and fluoride contamination of Nuapada District, Odisha, India

The physico-chemical parameters and WQI of ground water in all five blocks of district Nuapada are calculated by taking ten samples from each block in the month of October 2019. The correlation study between different physicochemical parameters shows significant negative relationships. The WQI of ground water on Boden block is 472.1, Kharial is 366.7, Sinapali block is 319.82, Komana block is 344.1, and Nuapada block is 225.65. Hence the ground water of all these blocks is E-class and not fit for human use. Among all these blocks, the Boden block is highly polluted. The mean value of fluoride in the Boden block is 6.17 mg/l, the Kharial block is 4.79 mg/l, the Sinapali block is 3.93 mg/l, the Komana block is 4.47 mg/l, and the Nuapada block is 2.86 mg/l. Hence, the present study reveals that the groundwater quality of different regions of the district Nuapada is heavily polluted and not suitable for drinking.

Application of the Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in the Bou Dhar Mining District in Beni Tajjit (High Atlas, Morocco)

Application of the Water Quality Index to Assess Groundwater Quality in the Bou Dhar Mining District in Beni Tajjit (High Atlas, Morocco)

Hydro-geochemical evolution, quality, and health risk assessment of groundwater in crystalline basement aquifer in Keffi, Nigeria

Hydro-geochemical evolution, quality, and health risk assessment of groundwater in crystalline basement aquifer in Keffi, Nigeria