Separate Ground Research Articles

Partitioning RSFQ Circuits for Current Recycling

RSFQ circuits require a DC bias current to operate properly. The bias current in conventional RSFQ circuits is supplied to each gate, resulting in large current requirements in VLSI complexity SFQ systems, on the order of tens to hundreds of amperes. These high currents are difficult to supply and distribute. Superconductive input/output pins and bias lines support this limited current. Large currents however require significant metal and input pin resources. In addition, large currents can inductively couple to sensitive superconductive inductors, degrading circuit operation and producing errors. Current recycling is a well known technique to reduce these bias currents. RSFQ circuits with similar bias current requirements can be placed on separate ground planes and serially biased. The inputs and outputs of these circuits are galvanically decoupled and require drivers and receivers between connections. In this paper, a methodology for automated partitioning of complex RSFQ circuits into blocks with similar bias currents is described, where the number of connections among the blocks is minimized. Blocks with a significant difference in bias current are balanced using dummy padding structures. These blocks are biased in series, reducing the total bias current by the number of partitions. The Fiduccia-Mattheyses algorithm is modified with RSFQ specific enhancements to partition the system. A geometric partitioning approach, optimized by simulated annealing, is also proposed. These algorithms are integrated into the circuit placement process, and the methodology is evaluated using several modified ISCAS’89 sequential benchmark circuits and the AMD2901. The proposed partitioning methodology is intended for use within an automated EDA flow to enable current recycling for arbitrary (non-uniform, irregular) VLSI complexity RSFQ circuits, drastically reducing overall bias current and input requirements

THE CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF EARLY ANGLO-SAXON GRAVES AND GRAVE GOODS: NEW RADIOCARBON DATA FROM RAF LAKENHEATH, ERISWELL, SUFFOLK, AND A NEW CALIBRATION CURVE (IntCal20)

Between 1998 and 2008, 450 inhumation burials of the fifth to eighth centuries ad were excavated in four separate but adjacent burial grounds within RAF Lakenheath airbase in Suffolk. Study of the evidence has been based on the typology of the national chronological framework of sixth- and seventh-century graves and grave goods published in 2013, and correlated also with a related East Anglian regional scheme. Fifty high-precision radiocarbon dates allow for thorough evaluation of the scope for applying the phase-structure and estimated date-boundaries of the national framework to this one large site. The results can be held to reproduce the core sequence of the national framework, albeit with necessary modifications that provide greater insights into the processes used to generate models of the data, besides significant modifications to the perceived date-ranges of certain artefact-types. The results have also been markedly influenced (and apparently improved) by a new standard calibration curve, IntCal20, launched in August 2020. This study thus suggests key agenda for further productive research into this contextually vital body of information.

Revoking a Decision to Suspend Payment of Disputed Tax "on Further Consideration": An Administrative Law Perspective

The "pay now, argue later" rule entails that the obligation to pay tax and the right of the South African Revenue Service (SARS) to receive and recover tax are not suspended by objection or appeal. However, in terms of section 164(2) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (hereafter TAA), a taxpayer may request a senior SARS official to suspend the payment of disputed tax and a senior SARS official may, in terms of section 164(3) of the TAA, grant such a suspension having regard to certain relevant factors. Section 164(5) of the TAA further provides that the decision to suspend may be revoked on a number of grounds. One of the grounds is when a senior SARS official is satisfied, on further consideration of the factors which had to be taken into account when the suspension was granted, that the suspension should not have been granted. There is no indication in the TAA that this ground for revoking the suspension requires that there should be a material change in the factors, as this is provided for in a separate ground to revoke the decision to suspend the payment of disputed tax. It is also not required, for example, that the taxpayer should have failed to disclose information when making the request to suspend the payment. It is argued in this article that the ground for revoking a decision to suspend payment "on further consideration of the factors" raises concerns from an administrative law point of view. This is based on the revocation being an "administrative action" as contemplated in section 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 read together with the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000, which requires that the revocation should be lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair. The concerns raised in this article relate not only to the rights of taxpayers, but also to the duties of the SARS officials revoking a decision to suspend payment as it is equally important that administrators should be able to know how and when to act in a manner which is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair.

Ground-Roll Separation and Attenuation Using Curvelet-Based Multichannel Variational Mode Decomposition

Ground roll, a source-generated surface wave, is a main type of coherent noise in a land seismic survey. Low-frequency and high-amplitude ground roll often overlays valid reflection events, resulting in obscuring seismic reflections. Ground-roll attenuation is an essential step for seismic data processing, which is based on the accurate separation of the ground roll and reflections without damaging their morphological characteristics. In this study, we effectively separate and suppress ground roll in shot gathers through a proposed workflow. We first identify the major components of the ground roll adopting the multichannel variational mode decomposition (MVMD), which shows significant improvements compared to the conventional single-channel VMD. Ground roll can be identified on the decomposed band-limited intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Moreover, we propose an adaptive criterion to determine the number of decomposed IMFs. Due to the narrowly concentrated frequency components with the multichannel continuity constraint from MVMD, ground roll is mainly contained in low-frequency IMFs, which benefits the accurate ground-roll suppression. Next, we separate ground roll and reflections on the selected low-frequency IMFs through a curvelet based block-coordinate relaxation method. Afterward, we can obtain a filtered gather by removing the separated ground roll from the original shot gather. Finally, we apply the proposed workflow to synthetic and field gathers to testify its validity and effectiveness for simultaneously attenuating ground roll and preserving valid seismic reflector information.

Artificial Intelligence Clinical Evidence Engine for Automatic Identification, Prioritization, and Extraction of Relevant Clinical Oncology Research.

PURPOSEWe developed a system to automate analysis of the clinical oncology scientific literature from bibliographic databases and match articles to specific patient cohorts to answer specific questions regarding the efficacy of a treatment. The approach attempts to replicate a clinician’s mental processes when reviewing published literature in the context of a patient case. We describe the system and evaluate its performance.METHODSWe developed separate ground truth data sets for each of the tasks described in the paper. The first ground truth was used to measure the natural language processing (NLP) accuracy from approximately 1,300 papers covering approximately 3,100 statements and approximately 25 concepts; performance was evaluated using a standard F1 score. The ground truth for the expert classifier model was generated by dividing papers cited in clinical guidelines into a training set and a test set in an 80:20 ratio, and performance was evaluated for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.RESULTSThe NLP models were able to identify individual attributes with a 0.7-0.9 F1 score, depending on the attribute of interest. The expert classifier machine learning model was able to classify the individual records with a 0.93 accuracy (95% CI, 0.9 to 0.96, P < .0001), and sensitivity and specificity of 0.95 and 0.91, respectively. Using a decision boundary of 0.5 for the positive (expert) label, the classifier demonstrated an F1 score of 0.92.CONCLUSIONThe system identified and extracted evidence from the oncology literature with a high degree of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. This tool enables timely access to the most relevant biomedical literature, providing critical support to evidence-based practice in areas of rapidly evolving science.

A novel MIMO antenna with an improved isolation for UWB and multiband applications

A compact multiple-input–multiple-output antenna is presented for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) applications. The antenna consists of two separate modified elliptical patches, two separate ground planes including a triangular slot and a step slot for better accommodation of impedance matching, and also separate feed lines for each port. In this design, it has been attempted to isolate the ports by separating the ground planes and placing the feedlines facing each other. Also, by applying a rectangular parasitic element between two radiation patches, the isolation between the two ports has improved. The antenna is made of FR4 as substrate with a thickness of 0.8 mm and the total size of 30 × 26 mm. In this structure, antenna port-1covers the frequency band of 2.85–12.95 GHz and antenna port-2 covers the frequency band of 4.01–11.47 GHz. The measured results show good isolation (less than −18 dB) between the two ports.

Раскопки тагарских курганов на площади могильников Сагайская протока 1, 2, 5 и 12

The publication presents materials from the excavations of 6 burial mounds belonging to four separate Early Iron Age burial grounds. The investigations were carried out in the Askizsky District of the Republic of Khakassia as part of rescue works in the construction site of the second railway track at the “Chartykovsky - Kamyshta” section. Most of the burials were looted in antiquity. Inlet burials related to Tesinskaya archaeological culture were made in the barrow of an isolated mound of Sagayskaya protoka 5. In the course of the railway construction in the mid-20th century, the earthen barrows and underground stone structures were destroyed (burial site Sagayskaya protoka 1). Nevertheless, some burials have survived intact. This made it possible to establish the details of the funeral rituals and to correlate the archaeological sites with the Podgorny and Saragash stages of the Tagar culture. The Podgorny burials (VII-VI centuries BC) are characterized by arrangement of individual graves. The dead people were placed in stone boxes set in ground pits, accompanied by meat food and grave goods. In the surviving graves, bronze knives, a handle metal stap, mirrors, awls, beads, pendants made of animal teeth and the claw of a bird ofprey were found. The vessels are standard in shape and ornament. Rare finds include miniature combs (less than 2 cm long) decorated with solar symbols. The Saragash stage is represented by grave 4 in the Sagayskaya protoka 5 barrow containing the burials of 9 adults. The burial is tentatively dated to the V-IV centuries BC.

Is ground cover a useful indicator of grazing land condition?

Remotely sensed ground cover data play an important role in Australian rangelands research development and extension, reflecting broader global trends in the use of remotely sensed data. We tested the relationship between remotely sensed ground cover data and field-based assessments of grazing land condition in the largest quantitative analysis of its type to date. We collated land condition data from 2282 sites evaluated between 2004 and 2018 in the Burdekin and Fitzroy regions of Queensland. Condition was defined using the Grazing Land Management land condition framework that ranks grazing land condition on a four point ordinal scale based on dimensions of vegetation composition, ground cover level and erosion severity. Nine separate ground cover derived indices were then calculated for each site. We found that all indices significantly correlated with grazing land condition on corresponding sites. Highest correlations occurred with indices that benchmarked ground cover at the site against regional ground cover assessed over several years. These findings provide some validation for the general use of ground cover data as an indicator of rangeland health/productivity. We also constructed univariate land condition models with a subset of these indices. Our models predicted land condition significantly better than random assignment though only moderately well; no model correctly predicted land condition class on &gt;40% of sites. While the best models predicted condition correctly at &gt;60% of A and D condition sites, condition at sites in B and C condition sites was poorly predicted. Several factors limit how well ground cover levels predict land condition. The main challenge is modelling a multidimensional value (grazing land condition) with a unidimensional ground cover measurement. We suggest that better land condition models require a range of predictors to address this multidimensionality but cover indices can make a substantial contribution in this context.

Convolutional sparse coding for noise attenuation in seismic data

We have developed convolutional sparse coding (CSC) to attenuate noise in seismic data. CSC gives a data-driven set of basis functions whose coefficients form a sparse distribution. The noise attenuation method by CSC can be divided into the training and denoising phases. Seismic data with a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio are chosen for training to get the learned basis functions. Then, we use all (or a subset) of the basis functions to attenuate the random or coherent noise in the seismic data. Numerical experiments on synthetic data show that CSC can learn a set of shifted invariant filters, which can reduce the redundancy of learned filters in the traditional sparse-coding denoising method. CSC achieves good denoising performance when training with the noisy data and better performance when training on a similar but noiseless data set. The numerical results from the field data test indicate that CSC can effectively suppress seismic noise in complex field data. By excluding filters with coherent noise features, our method can further attenuate coherent noise and separate ground roll.

Article 47 of the Charter in the Opinion Procedure: Some Reflections Following Opinion 1/17

The emphasis on Article 47 of the Charter in Opinion 1/17, as a separate ground in the compatibility review, has a constitutional dimension. Once again, as in Achmea, the specific characteristics of the EU legal order, especially with regard to the affirmation and development of the rule of law, are analysed in the investment protection legal framework. However, Article 47 has a specific role and function in the EU legal order, establishing the guarantees for a composite judicial system at the basis of the principle of autonomy. Preserving the specific function of Article 47 in the balance between effectiveness, procedural protection, and national autonomy in the EU legal order is also of utmost importance in the current rule of law crisis. This paper affirms that external relations are outside the scope of Article 47 of the Charter. This does not however mean that the principle of judicial protection and the right of access to an independent tribunal have only an internal EU law dimension. The Union’s contribution to the development of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and to the establishment of permanent investment courts confirms that promoting the rule of law is part of the Union’s external action. The Court of Justice could assess the CETA’s compatibility with the right of access to an independent tribunal without having recourse to Article 47 of the Charter, on the ground either of the principle of autonomy or of the compatibility with the substantive provisions of the common commercial policy. This paper argues that while judicial protection as part of the autonomy claim could meet some conceptual limits, promoting judicial protection as part of the common commercial policy could reinforce the perception that the Union is a credible and influential actor in international trade and in international procedural law.

Observation of eclipse shadow bands using high altitude balloon and ground-based photodiode arrays

The results of an investigation into whether or not eclipse shadow bands have an atmospheric origin are presented. Using high altitude balloon and ground-based photodiode arrays during the August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse, data revealing the light patterns before and after totality were collected at 600 Hz. These data were then analyzed using spectrograms, which provide information on intensity fluctuations in the frequency space time domain. Both at the altitude of the balloon (~25 km) and on the ground, a sustained ~4.5 Hz signal was detected a few minutes before and after totality. This signal was coherent over a scale greater than 10 cm and detected in four separate balloon photodiodes and 16 separate ground photodiodes. At higher frequencies, up to at least 30 Hz, brief chaotic signals that were disorganized as a function of time were detected on the ground, but not at the altitude of the balloon. These higher frequency signals, which we attribute to atmospheric scintillation, appeared mostly uncorrelated over a length scale of 10 cm. Some of our ground arrays utilized red and blue filters, but neither the sustained 4.5 Hz signal nor the chaotic higher frequency signals showed a strong dependence on filter color. On the ground we made a video of the shadow bands on a scaled white screen. We judged that the bands were roughly parallel to the orientation of the bright thin crescent Sun before and after totality. Thus, if the ν≈4.5 Hz frequency signal is identified with the peak-to-peak shadow band wavelength of λ≈13 cm measured in the video, it can be inferred that their propagation velocity was about v≈59 cm s−1 (≈2.1 km hr−1). Shadow band signals other than the sustained signal at ~4.5 Hz are consistent with atmospheric scintillation theory.These results are surprising. Based on accounts in the literature we expected to confirm the atmospheric scintillation theory of eclipse shadow bands, but instead we detected a sustained ~4.5 Hz signal at both high altitude and on the ground, consistent with the type of shadow band signal visual observers often report before and after totality. This signal cannot be due to atmospheric scintillation and we ran a check to make sure this signal is not an artifact of our electronics. We recommend that additional searches for eclipse shadow bands be made at high altitude in the future.

Juristic qualification of separate basements of labor contract denouncement because of revealed lack of conformity of the employee’s post held or job executed

Legal adjusting of the phenomenon of denouncement of a labour contract in connection with the educed disparity of a worker to a held post or executed work now is not covering the whole spectrum of features of grounds of such denouncement that predetermines the necessity of research of descriptions of its separate grounds. The purpose of the article is an exposure of the lacks of adjusting of denouncement of labour relations on the initiative of an employer in connection with the educed disparity of a worker to a held post or executed work and suggestion of ways of their solution. During the realization of the indicated research the following methods were used: dialectical, logical-legal, analysis and synthesis. By means of analysis and synthesis, the essence of grounds of labour contract denunciation because of disparity to a held post or executed work was described, and also basic ideas and vectors of development of the legal adjusting are educed and compared, in particular categorical apparatus within the limits of the research article. A dialectical method allowed to investigate general properties, copulas and conformities to law, that arise at the exposure of disparity of a worker to a held post or executed work. A logical-legal method was used for the formulation of suggestions in relation to further perfection of the legal adjusting of the institute of labour contract denunciation on the initiative of an employer. The results consist of the exposure of the importance of grant of the right to employers to denounce a labour contract at presence of corresponding grounds and substantiation of the necessity of improvement of positions within the limits of the considered theme, envisaged by the current legislation. Conclusion. The imperfection of the existent presently legal adjusting of exposure of disparity of a worker to a held post or executed work, resulted in labour contract denunciation, is manifested in gaps of the categorical apparatus within the limits of the considered question, in particular in absence of clear fixing of the concept "insufficient qualification", absence of the regulated methods of its exposure, direct obligation of an employer to break labour relations with a worker in statutory cases, is a limitation of him/her in the right to make a decision independently, is a considerable obstacle to an employer in establishment of an effective method of work execution and improvement of results of such execution

Fast and Reliable Method for Identifying Fault Type and Faulted Phases Using Band Limited Transient Currents

A method for fault type discrimination and faulted phase identification using instantaneous local current measurements is proposed. Seven current components are obtained from the measured three-phase instantaneous currents through a transformation and band passed filtered to remove the fundamental components and high frequency content. Upon detecting a fault, nine fault discrimination indices are computed taking different ratios of the maximum rates of change of these filtered current components. The indices are used to (i) separate ground faults from the phase-to-phase and three-phase faults, (ii) discriminate phase-to-ground from phase-to-phase-to-ground faults, (iii) differentiate phase-to-phase faults from the three-phase faults, and (iv) identify the faulted phases. As the indices are ratios, decisions are less affected by the fault resistance. The algorithm was validated using a power system simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC. Extensive testing involving more than 10,000 fault scenarios showed that fault type and faulted phases can be successfully identified. The algorithm found some difficulty in identifying the phases involved in phase-to-phase-to-ground faults at certain fault inception angles, and one of the thresholds can be affected by the transposition scheme.

Selecting grounding points to reduce the interference level of the signal of high-impedance measuring channel

The study was carried out (2020) to reduce the effect of electromagnetic interference generated by a device for the formation of temperature effects based on Peltier element on a plant biopotential meter. Four variants of equipment grounding circuits are considered in the absence of a separate grounding bus for power equipment; graphs of biopotential signals are given. The type of interference that the device for the formation of temperature effects induces on the biopotential measurement channel is shown. The control unit case for the temperature-controlled stage based on Peltier element and the power cable shield for connecting Peltier element to the control unit must be grounded at a separate point from the biopotential meter. Biopotential meter electrodes should be grounded as far as possible from the control unit case and at a separate point from the grounding of the plate of the temperature-controlled stage. Recommendations are given for the grounding of high impedance input measuring devices and the power equipment emitting powerful inductive interference and causing interference in the grounding bus located in the same laboratory room, in the absence of separate grounding for power equipment. To reduce interference to an acceptable level, in addition to the selection of the grounding point, filtering is required. If the grounding point is selected incorrectly, a signal with a high level of interference is present at the filter output. The application of the proposed recommendations for grounding a device for the formation of a temperature effect based on Peltier element and a biopotential meter makes it possible to assess the response of a plant placed on the temperature-controlled stage to a temperature effect and not complicate programmed filtering of the signal received by the biopotential meter.

A phasor-distance based faulty phase detection and fault classification technique for parallel transmission lines

AbstractThis paper presents a phasor-distance based faulty phase detection and fault classification technique for parallel transmission lines. Detection and classification of faulty phase(s) have been carried out by deriving indices from the change in phasor values of current with a distance of one cycle. The derived indices have zero values during normal operating conditions whereas the index corresponding to the faulty phase exceeds the pre-defined threshold in case of occurrence of a fault. A separate ground detection algorithm has been utilized for the identification of involvement of ground in a faulty situation. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated for intra-circuit, inter-circuit and simultaneous faults with wide variations in system and fault conditions. The suggested technique has been evaluated for over 23,000 diversified simulated fault cases as well as 14 recorded real fault events. The performance of the proposed technique remains consistent under Current Transformer (CT) saturation as well as different amount and direction of power flow. Moreover, suitability to different power system network has also been studied. Also, faults having fault current less than pre-fault conditions have been detected accurately. The results obtained suggest that it is able to detect faulty phases as well as classify faults within quarter-cycle from the inception of fault with impeccable accuracy. Besides, as modern digital relays have been already equipped with phasor computation facility, phasor-based technique can be easily incorporated with relative ease. At last, a comparative evaluation suggests its superiority in terms of fault classification accuracy, fault detection time, diversify fault scenarios and computational requirement among other existing techniques.

The legality of the citizenship deprivation of UK foreign terrorist fighters

Citizenship deprivation of foreign terrorist fighters by the United Kingdom is increasing. This is of debatable legality under international law on five separate grounds. First, the UK is arguably wrong in claiming that an extraterritorial deprivation is outside the jurisdiction of the ECHR. Second, UK law may be unlawfully arbitrary and discriminatory. Third, UK law arguably contravenes the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961. Fourth, the UK may be violating its customary international legal obligation to readmit nationals. Fifth, UK practice may breach its conventional extradite or prosecute obligations. Overall, there are arguments of considerable strength that can be made in opposition to UK law and practice in the area.

Innovation for Trap Particle and Eliminate Germs in Air By Corona Electrostatic System

This article presents an innovation for trap particle and eliminate germs in air by corona electrostatic system. The air circulation rate is 165 cubic meters per hour by designing the power supply with IC#TL494. The IC#TLP250 uses separate ground and drive Power MOSFET#IRFP460 by bringing DC high voltage from the transformer#TLF14511 to the dust collector unit and the electron separation unit. By designing and building a machine capable of trapping dust particles smaller in size from 0.3 microns up to the results of the tests showed that the dust collecting efficiency of 95.37% from the experiment by measuring the amount of dust using Personal pump and the dust collection efficiency of 95.86% from measuring dust using Handy laser partical counter and part of electron separation can produce corona for producing ozone gas up to 3 ppm to eliminate bacteria in the air. The UV lamps for ozone emissions are reduced to 0.1 ppm for disaster prevention to users.

Separability and parity transitions in XYZ spin systems under nonuniform fields

We examine the existence of completely separable ground states (GS) in finite spin-$s$ arrays with anisotropic $XYZ$ couplings, immersed in a non-uniform magnetic field along one of the principal axes. The general conditions for their existence are determined. The analytic expressions for the separability curve in field space, and for the ensuing factorized state and GS energy, are then derived for alternating solutions, valid for any spin and size. They generalize results for uniform fields and show that nonuniform fields can induce GS factorization also in systems which do not exhibit this phenomenon in a uniform field. It is also shown that such curve corresponds to a fundamental $S_z$-parity transition of the GS, present for any spin and size, and that two different types of GS parity diagrams can emerge, according to the anisotropy. The role of factorization in the magnetization and entanglement of these systems is also analyzed, and analytic expressions at the borders of the factorizing curve are provided. Illustrative examples for spin pairs and chains are as well discussed.

Birds of the Oceans and Waterways

Birds of the Oceans and Waterways

Addressing Hate Crime in New Zealand: A Separate Offence?

In light of the Christchurch terror attack, a review of New Zealand’s hate crime laws is needed. This paper considers one potential reform option - the adoption of a separate hate crime offence. Firstly, I reconsider the question of whether hate crimes are the type of conduct that should be additionally criminalised. Additional criminalisation of hate crimes is necessary for a number of reasons. Hate crimes are a violation of the victim’s human rights and cause additional harm, to the victim and wider society. The increased moral reprehensibility of hate crimes makes deterring these crimes particularly important. I then critique the sentence enhancement approach, arguing that New Zealand’s current hate crime provision is inadequate. There is uncertainty in the weight that should be attributed to hate crime, the balancing exercise undertaken in sentencing gives insufficient recognition to the hate crime element and sentencing fails to deter hate crime offending. I also consider some issues with a separate hate crime offence: the limited nature of the provisions and the potential difficulties in prosecuting. I then consider the fair labelling principle. A separate offence is important for fair labelling of hate crime. The offence would more accurately communicate the nature of the wrongdoing to the offender, the public and other criminal justice agencies. It would also give more recognition to the victim. There are a number of issues that would need to be addressed if a separate offence were enacted. In particular, which underlying offences should be covered by the separate offence, which characteristics or grounds of hostility should be protected and the requisite motive or causation that should be required. This paper considers how these issues might be addressed. I conclude that New Zealand’s current approach to hate crimes is inadequate and change is needed. More consideration of the exact scope of any changes is required, particularly to determine whether to adopt a separate hate crime offence or a hybrid system.