Groundnut Shell Research Articles

Characterization of Pyrolysis Oil Extracted from High Lignocellulosic Groundnut Shell Biomass

<div>Fossil fuel reserves are swiftly depleting when consumer demand for these fuels continues to rise. In order to meet the demand and diminish the pollution derived through conventional fuels, it is crucial to employ cleaner fuels made from substitutes such as waste biomass. Also, converting waste biomass to fuel can lower usage of landfills. There are many biomass resources that are suitable for fuel production, out of which groundnut is also a potential feedstock. Groundnut shell biomass was chosen for this study, as it is a waste leftover during shelling of groundnuts for various commercial applications. The procured groundnut shells were converted to oil using pyrolysis process and was distilled. Both the pyrolysis oil and the distilled oil were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared instrument wherein the presence of functional groups such as alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids were identified. Further analysis of the distilled oil using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry indicates that major peaks correspond to phenolic groups. Acetic groups such as vaccenic acid and dicarboxylic acid were also identified in the distilled oil. Physiochemical property tests of distilled oil reveal that the overall qualities were inferior when compared to diesel. Further studies on using groundnut shell distilled oil as a fuel for combustion engine can be done using blend strategy.</div>

The Growth Performance of Yankasa Rams Fed Gamba Grass (Andropogon Gayanus) and Various Levels of Ensiled Urea Treated Groundnut Shell Meal Supplementary Diet

This study was carried out to investigate the feed intake, nutrient intake, and growth performance of Yankasa rams fed gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) and various levels of ensiled urea treated groundnut shell meal supplementary diet. A total of twenty (20) growing Yankasa rams aged between 7 and 8 months with an average body weight of 11.50 kg were used for this experiment. Five treatment groups were established, with varying levels of UTGSM supplementary diet (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Parameters such as organic matter, crude protein, fiber, ether extract, ash, NFE (nitrogen-free extract), concentrate, and forage intake were measured. Average total weight gain and average daily weight gain were also determined. The results showed significant variations in nutrient intake among the treatment groups. The results showed that animals on T5 with 20% UTGSM inclusion in their supplementary diet had the highest feed intake, nutrients intake and growth performance compared to the other treatments. It was concluded that 20% level of UTGSM inclusion could replace maize offal 100% in the supplementary diet of Yankasa rams to improved feed and nutrients intake, and growth performance. It was recommended that livestock producers can incorporate up to 20% of UTGSM into small ruminants feed in order to reduce the cost of production especially during the dry season.

Utilization of groundnut shell ash in alkali-activated slag: Comparison of hydration, shrinkage and compressive strength

The aim of present study is to investigate the potential application of groundnut shell ash (GSA) in alkali-activated slag (AAS). The effect of GSA incorporation on the hydration, shrinkage, and compressive strength of AAS was examined. It was found that laboratory-prepared GSA has a high content of alkali oxides such as CaO or K2O, providing additional alkali activators for the AAS system. When the sodium oxide (Na2O) equivalent of alkali activators is 4%, GSA has a positive effect on the hydration of AAS, leading to a 31.2% increase in cumulative heat at 72 h, and a 20.0% increase in compressive strength at 28 d. When the Na2O equivalent of alkali activators is 6%, the addition of GSA(5%) reduced the autogenous shrinkage of the pastes by 12.0%. Incorporation of GSA causes a decrease in pastes fluidity, and within a certain substitution range (≤10%), the setting time was prolonged. With the increase of the average particle size of GSA (4.2 µm, 6.5 µm, 8.0 µm), the compressive strength of AAS pastes at 28 d will slightly decrease, but the shrinkage properties will be improved.

ENHANCING BIOADSORPTION EFFICIENCY OF PEANUT SKIN BASED ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ACTIVATION METHODS IN FE2+ ION REMOVAL USING COLUMN TECHNIQUE IN ARTIFICIAL WASTEWATER

In the interest of efficient heavy metal ion removal from water, various methods such as aeration, coagulation, filtration, sedimentation, and adsorption have been thoroughly investigated. Adsorption, specifically the column method with groundnut shell powder as a bio adsorbent, stands out as a practical, effective, and efficient approach. In this study, a fixed variable of 50 g adsorbent, a particle size of 35 mesh, and an initial adsorbate concentration of 100 ppm was used, along with a 10-liter adsorbate volume and a flow rate of 4 liters per minute. Sampling intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 minutes were chosen, and the independent variables encompassed untreated adsorbents, physically activated adsorbents, and chemically activated adsorbents using 1N H2SO4 and 1N NaOH. The outcomes revealed that the adsorption of Fe2+ was notably influenced by the type of activator. The highest Fe2+ removal percentage, 55.90%, was achieved at 135 minutes, showcasing the efficacy of the bioadsorption process. Notably, the optimal bioadsorbent activation was attained using 1N NaOH. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of heavy metal ion removal, emphasizing the significance of bioadsorption with groundnut shell powder and underscoring the impact of specific activation methods on the efficiency of the adsorption process.

Sustainable Bio-Based Adsorbents for Simultaneous and Efficient Removal of Hazardous Dyes from Aqueous Solutions.

Dyes provide a notable environmental issue as a result of their intrinsic poisonous and carcinogenic characteristics. An estimated 60,000 metric tons of dyes has been discharged into the environment, leading to a substantial increase in water pollution. The mitigation of these dyes is a substantial and intricate challenge. The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the adsorption of cationic dyes containing positively charged groups such as sulphonates, amines, and triphenylmethanes. The adsorption study was carried out using four different low-cost adsorbents derived from biowaste, specifically Groundnut Shell (GS), Mosambi Peel (MP), Mango Bark (MBARK), and Mango Leaves (ML). The adsorbent materials were characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), point-of-zero charge (PZC), and BET techniques. The adsorption capacity was found to be between 1.5 and 2.2 mg/gm for Groundnut Shell, Mosambi Peel, Mango Bark, and Mango Leaves for individual dye removal (Crystal violet, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B, and Malachite green). It was observed that adsorbent derived from mango bark showed excellent adsorption (%) in a mono-component dye system and, thus, was explored for the simultaneous removal of a mixture of the same dyes. MBARK exhibited an excellent overall dye removal efficiency of 94.44% (Qe = 2.7 mg/g) for the dye mixture in 60 min. From a detailed kinetic investigation, it was concluded that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model (R2= 0.99963 to 1 for different dyes and adsorbents) hinting at chemisorption. The effect of the pH of the analyte solution and the dosage of adsorbent was also studied for simultaneous removal. The isothermal studies demonstrated that the Langmuir adsorption model (R2 = 0.99416) was the best-fitted model, suggesting monolayer adsorption. The adsorption process was predicted to be governed by ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, pi-pi interaction, etc., based on charge, functional groups, and pH of dyes and adsorbent. Thus, this study highlights the application of low-cost biowaste as a potential adsorbent for the mitigation of toxic industrial dyes present in wastewater.

Physicochemical Characterization of Zeolite Materials Produced from Selected Low-Cost Agricultural Wastes

Zeolites play a crucial role in adsorption processes for eliminating pollutants from industrial effluents and are extensively utilized in catalytic activities across diverse syntheses. This study focused on the conversion of three agricultural wastes—corncob, groundnut shell, and sugarcane bagasse—into zeolitic materials through three analytical methods: hydrothermal, microwave sintering, and alkali fusion, respectively. Standard methods were employed to assess the physicochemical parameters of the resulting zeolites. Generally, the produced zeolites had excellent surface areas and porosities. However, zeolites synthesized from sugarcane bagasse via the alkali fusion method exhibited highest porosity (80.9%), whereas that derived from corncob demonstrated highest surface area (1335 m2/g). Point of zero charge for the produced zeolites was within the range of 7.9-9.8, with zeolite produced from groundnut shells via alkali fusion having the highest value (9.8). The elevated porosities and surface areas, and point of zero charge of the synthesized zeolites signify their enhanced adsorptive capacity, implying their suitability for application as adsorbents for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. These findings underscore the effectiveness of synthesized zeolites in reducing or completely removing pollutants such as phenols, dyes, pesticides, heavy metals, and inorganic anions from wastewater.

Synthesis of Hybrid Composites from Bio-Based Fillers: Chicken Feather, Groundnut Shell, Sawdust

Experimental research has investigated the mechanical characteristics and water absorption performance of polyethylene-based composites reinforced with sawdust, chicken feathers and groundnut shells. Composite samples have been produced with preset volumetric ratios (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) at 160°C and 25 kN pressure. A compression molding machine was used to produce specimens of composite materials. The findings indicate that the composites exhibit promising mechanical properties, making them potentially suitable for various applications. However, the waste polyethylene sheet was tested for comparison. It displayed a tensile strength of 7.56 MPa, impact strength with an average energy absorption of 0.093 J, and hardness strength with an average energy value of 92.72 J. The water absorbency data showed minimal water absorption for composite samples, indicating their resistance to water penetration. Similarly, the thickness swelling data revealed no significant change in thickness after immersion, demonstrating dimensional stability in the presence of moisture. This article presents the details of these experiments conducted systematically.

Effect of Ground Nut Shell Powder on Soil Stabilization By IJISRT

Various varieties of soil may be found across the world. The engineering features of soil are the most significant consideration in any building development. Construction on expanding soil is the most essential difficulty that civil engineers encounter. The expansive soil has typically undesired engineering properties, such as poor shear strength, plasticity, and compressibility; it expands when wet and shrinks when dry. Its characteristics can be enhanced with appropriate stabilizing procedures. Black cotton covers around 15% of the soil in India. Crops produced on black cotton soil include pea nuts, cotton, wheat, jowar, linseed, tobacco, castor, sunflower, and millets. In comparison, the peanut industry generates millions of tons of garbage. Nowadays, a key issue is "How to benefit from the industrial waste product." Soil stabilization is performed in order to improve the engineering qualities of the soil. The rising expense of typical stabilizing chemicals, along with the need to economically utilize industrial and agricultural waste for positive engineering reasons, prompted an inquiry into the stabilizing potential of groundnut shell powder (GSP) in expansive soil. This study looks at how to improve the geotechnical characteristics of expansive soil by performing various tests such as specific gravity, atterberg limit, compaction test, and California bearing ratio test to determine the properties of the untreated soil sample and then adding 5%, 7%, and 9% ground nut shell powder by weight of soil. In this phase, only untreated soil testing are conducted. After receiving treated and untreated soil results, compare the untreated black cotton soil results to various percentages of ground nut shell powder results to determine the optimum amount of ground nut shell powder necessary to increase the stability of black cotton soil.

IMPACT OF ORGANIC WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WEEDS CONTROL, GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

This field experiment on organic weed managament practices was conducted during rabi,2021-22 at wetland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, with 10 management practices in arandomized block design and replicated thrice. Among all the organic weed management practices,lower weed density and dry weight with higher weed control efficiency and weed control indexwas recorded with corn gluten meal 3.5 t ha-1 as pre-emergence (PE) followed by hand weeding(HW) at 30 days after sowing (DAS), however, it was statistically comparable with HW twice at 15DAS and 30 DAS. Significantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes and kernel and stoveryield of maize were recorded with corn gluten meal 3.5 t ha-1 as pre-emergence followed by HWat 30 DAS over rest of the treatments. The next best treatment in reducing density and dry weightof weedswith higher growth parameters, yield attributes and yield was HW twice at 15 DAS and30 DAS, which was however, at par with groundnut shells mulch 12.5 t ha-1 and mango leavesmulch 5 t ha-1.

Evaluation of zinc-ion hybrid super-capacitor based on chemically activated (KOH/H3PO4) ground nutshell biochar

In the realm of advancing energy storage technologies, the efficacy of natural biomass sources in mitigating environmental constraints has gained prominence. This study delves into the evolving landscape of energy storage devices, specifically batteries, super-capacitors, and the nascent domain of zinc-ion hybrid super-capacitors (ZIHSC). The focus centers on biomass-derived highly activated carbon, a burgeoning field of research esteemed for its diversity, environmental compatibility, distinctive structural attributes, and unique surface characteristics. This investigation presents a comparative analysis of activated carbons derived from ground nutshell (GS) in the context of ZIHSC applications. Emphasis is placed on the significance of a straightforward biochar synthesis process and subsequent chemical activation. The activated biochar, denoted as GS-H3PO4 and synthesized using H3PO4, exhibits a discernibly higher Brunauer Emmett Teller (B.E.T.) surface area when juxtaposed with pre-carbonized ground nutshell (GS-Biochar).The ZIHSC cell incorporating GS-H3PO4 manifests noteworthy energy density metrics, registering at 50.28 Wh Kg−1 (100 W Kg−1) and 11 Wh Kg−1 (2 kW Kg−1). Additionally, it demonstrates a specific capacitance of 199 F g−1 (2 mV s−1). These findings underscore the promising potential of H3PO4-derived activated carbon in optimizing cathode performance for Zinc-ion hybrid super-capacitors. This study contributes to the growing understanding of biomass-derived materials, offering insights into the nuanced interplay between synthesis methods and electrochemical properties, crucial for advancing sustainable energy storage solutions.

Chemical, Thermogravimetric and Elemental Characterization of Nigerian Groundnut and Cowpea Shells for Sustainable Valorization

In this study, the chemical, thermogravimetric, and elemental composition of Nigerian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea shells (Vigna unguiculata) were investigated to understand their potential as valuable waste resources. Analysis of the carbohydrates and lignin content was performed using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical structure of the substrates. Elemental analysis was performed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and an elemental analyzer to determine the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis was used to assess the thermal stability of the substrates. The chemical composition analysis revealed that the cowpea shells contain 21.32% cellulose, 21.46% hemicellulose, and 28.37% lignin. On the other hand, groundnut shells comprise 26.31% cellulose, 19.5% hemicellulose, and 38.33% lignin. The XRF results indicated the presence of significant elemental compositions in both substrates, including Si, Al, Mg, Na, P, Fe, K, Ca, and S. The carbon content of both substrates was found to be 43%. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that groundnut shells exhibit a higher cellulose decomposition temperature at 350 °C, whereas cowpea shells manifest this phenomenon at 322 °C. The results show that the cowpea shells had a higher heating value as they exceeded that of the groundnut shell by 0.89 per cent. These comprehensive findings show the substantial potential of Nigerian groundnut and cowpea shells as valuable waste materials, which can be effectively used to produce valuable products such as bioethanol, biochemicals, biochar, and bio-composite materials. This research contributes to understanding the composition and properties of these agricultural by-products, thus paving the way for their sustainable use in various industrial applications.

Optimization of methane yield from co-digestion of alkalipretreated groundnut shells and duck waste using response surface methodology

Anaerobic co-digestion of lignocellulose feedstock with livestock waste can assist in overcoming the challenges of digesting lignocellulose and balancing the nutrient contents of the process. This study investigated the optimum conditions for methane yield production from anaerobic co-digestion of alkali-pretreated groundnut shells and duck waste using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A central composite design of the RSM model with three input variables of retention time, temperature, and substrate mixing ratio was used to set up the anaerobic digestion process. Individual and interactive influence of the three process parameters were examined. The result showed that all three process parameters considered are significant and determine the methane yield. The developed RSM model predicted a daily methane yield of 53.33 mL CH4/g VSadded for optimal conditions of 11 days, 26 °C temperature, and 50: 50 mixing ratio, which is not the same as the optimum methane yield observed from the experiment (54.26 mL CH4/g VSadded) and at different process conditions. Cumulative methane yields of 666.72 and 666.66 mL CH4/g VSadded were predicted and observed, respectively, which shows a very close range. The RSM coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.8251 (82.51%) was observed, indicating a close fit between the predicted and observed yields. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) p < 0.0001 indicates that the developed model could be helpful in anaerobic co-digestion of lignocellulose materials and livestock waste. This study can be replicated at the industrial scale.

Co-processing of organic fraction from groundnut shell biocrude with VGO in FCC unit to produce petrochemical products

This research work explores the transformative potential of biomass leading to sustainable production of biocrude and its utilization in refinery and petrochemical sector for reducing reliance on fossil fuels. In this study, groundnut shell biomass was thermally converted in a customized continuous semi pilot auger reactor in temperature range of 400–700 °C. The optimum temperature for maximizing biocrude was studied, and detailed chemical analysis revealed that biocrude contains hydrocarbons and alcohols with a calorific value of 29 MJ/kg. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the performance of the FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalyst and feedstock (H-T- VGO (Hydrothermal vacuum gasoline oil) & Biocrude) in a laboratory-scale utilizing ACE R + MM (Advanced Cracking Evaluation - Residue and Metals Management) unit under predetermined temperatures (515 °C, 525 °C) and a fixed cat-to-oil weight ratio (CTO = 6 w/w). The organic phase and FCC feedstock in different weight ratios from 5 to 20 wt % were blended. There are marginal changes in the yields of dry gas, LCO (light cycle oil) and HCO (heavy cycle oil), with significant increase in the yields of LPG (liquified petroleum gas) and gasoline. Bottoms have been reduced, and coke formation has been adjusted. However, this process requires prudent blending and temperature choices, with future recommendations including improvement in the quality of biocrude to enhance the yields of both LPG and gasoline along with reduced coke formation.

Enhancing the biomethane yield of groundnut shells using deep eutectic solvents for sustainable energy production

This study examined the influence of DES pretreatment using choline chloride and ethyl glycerol with the molar ratio of 1: 1 at different solid:liquid ratios and temperatures on groundnut shells’ microstructural arrangement and biomethane yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the effects of pretreatment on microstructural arrangements, and the pretreated substrate was digested at mesophilic temperature to determine its biomethane potential. The result of SEM analysis indicated that DES pretreatment alters the microstructural arrangement of groundnut shells, and XRD analysis showed an optimum crystallinity index of 20.71% when the substrate with a solid:liquid ratio of 1:2 was experimented at 80°C. The highest theoretical biomethane yield of 486.81 mL CH4/gVSadded was recorded when the substrate with a 1:4 solid:liquid ratio was investigated at 100°C, and the highest biodegradability rate (84.87%) was observed from the substrate treated with a 1:2 solid:liquid ratio at 100°C. The optimum biomethane yield of 365.70 mL CH4/gVSadded, representing a 226.05% increase, was observed from 1:2 of solid:liquid ratios at 100°C. Therefore, DES pretreatment using choline chloride and ethyl glycerol is a bright, low-cost pretreatment method for enhancing the biomethane yield of lignocellulose feedstocks.

Machine learning optimization of bio-sandcrete brick modelling using response surface methodology

In this study, raw grinded groundnut shell (RGGNS) was used as a fine aggregate in the brick industry to reuse agricultural waste in building materials. In this study, an experimental approach was used to examine a new cement brick with raw groundnut shells integrated with compressive strength, water absorption and dry density optimization utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). The raw ground-nut shell content improved the fine aggregate performance of the 40%, 50%, and 60% samples. The 28-day high compressive strength with the raw ground-nut shell was 6.1 N/mm2 maximum, as needed by the technical standard. Samples made from 40%, 50%, and 60% raw groundnut shells yielded densities of 1.7, 2.2, and 1.9 kg/cm3 for groundnut shell (GNS) brick, respectively. A product's mechanical properties meet the IS code standard’s minimum requirements. RSM was then utilized to develop a model for the addition of raw groundnut shell to concrete. R-square and Adeq precision values indicated that the results are highly significant, and equations for predicting compressive strength, water absorption, and dry density have been developed. In addition, optimization was performed on the RSM findings to determine the efficiency optimization of the model. Following the optimization results, experiments were conducted to determine the applicability of the optimized model.

Optimization of Ash and Energy Yields from the Combustion of Flamboyant Pod, Groundnut Shell and Additive (Kaolin) Composite

Aim: I-optimal design via the Combined Methodology of the design expert software was used to optimize the ash yield from the combustion of a biocomposite mixture of Flamboyant Pod and Groundnut Shell with additive (Kaolin) in a grate furnace.&#x0D; Study Design: Analysis of Variance, and Artificial Neural Network were used to predict the ash yield from the data generated from the design process, while the coefficient of determination between variables was determined using the Principal Coefficient Analysis. The resulting ash yield was characterized for ash composition using a Scanning Electron microscope.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. September-December 2020.&#x0D; Methodology: Proximate analysis was used to determine Moisture Content, Fixed Carbon Content, and Volatile Matter values used to determine the Higher Heating Value of the composite.&#x0D; Results: The sample with 53wt. % Flamboyant Pod, 37wt. % Groundnut Shell, and 10wt. % kaolin mixture at 825 °C gave the lowest ash yield of 5wt. %. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the model equation developed for ash yield (0.9992) validated the model due to its closeness to 1. The deviation between the experiment and prediction for ash yield indicated 3wt. %. The Higher Heating Value calculated shows that the lowest ash yield composition has a higher heating value of 15.14 and the highest yield mixture has a lower Higher Heating Value of 12.26.&#x0D; Conclusion: The reduction of ash yield from 56 to 5wt. % (as observed in previous studies shows a greater improvement in ash reduction during the combustion process.

Ultrasound assisted removal of methylene blue using functionalized mesoporous biochar composites

Global wastewater pollution issues demands developing innovative and cost-efficient techniques for wastewater treatment. The current study reports application of different metal oxide (iron, copper, zinc) doped carbon-based materials such as activated carbon (AC), groundnut shell (GS), cotton stalk (CS) and biochar (BC) for the removal of methylene blue (MB). Iron oxide-doped AC exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity (∼32 mg/g) with all the other metal oxide-doped AC having the adsorption capacity below ∼10 mg/g. Adsorption of MB on FeCS followed the Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer adsorption on the heterogeneous active sites. Kinetic models indicated dominant chemisorption mechanisms, aligning well with the pseudo-second-order model. Higher adsorption capacity under alkaline pH conditions is attributed to the prevalence of negative charges on the surface. The presence of ultrasound further intensified the adsorption behavior resulting in a maximum removal efficiency of ∼90 % within 10 min. An optimum adsorbent loading of 0.5 g/L was determined for effective removal of MB. FeCS adsorbent displayed stable performance over multiple cycles, affirming its reliability for reuse. These results shed light on the practical application of biochars derived from large scale pyrolysis process for the wastewater remediation.

Laboratory Assessment of the Effectiveness of Rice Husk Ash, Rice Husk, and Groundnut Shells in Soil Improvement

Laboratory Assessment of the Effectiveness of Rice Husk Ash, Rice Husk, and Groundnut Shells in Soil Improvement

Recycling the groundnut crop waste as fertilizer and paper

India is the second largest producer of groundnut in the world. More than 85 lakhs of hectares of the land isapproximately used in groundnut cultivation. In 2022 groundnut is produced in 9.86 million metric tons in which 50% of waste has been produced. Agricultural waste can be recycled into different forms of energy sources. Groundnut crop residues were collected from Lattur located at Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected residues were separated as groundnut shell and plant residues. The plant residues are subjected to both vermicompost and natural composting processes. Groundnut shell is used to prepare paper by using the Kraft process (Chemical pulping method). Both the compost is mixed with soil with the ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and Nutrients like N, P, K were analysed. The results slow vermicompost having enriched nutrients. Comparing Natural compost, and the Groundnut shell were prepared as paper with a size of 210mm*297mm. Compost helps to improve the health and quality of the soil that is added to improve and maintain the environment. For the paper production trees were cut and used. This causes deforestation. To resolve this problem the better solution is preparation of paper using the non-wooden material. The groundnut shell is one of the non-wooden materials used for the production of the paper. These papers will be eco-friendly as well as it controls deforestation.

Evaluating fuel properties and chemical composition of Biofuel produced via co pyrolysis of rice straw and groundnut shell

Evaluating fuel properties and chemical composition of Biofuel produced via co pyrolysis of rice straw and groundnut shell