Groundnut Shell Ash Research Articles

Experimental investigation on mechanical and wear behavior of agro waste ash based metal matrix composite

In the present study, the mechanical and wear properties of the aluminum composite reinforced with the groundnut shell ash (GSA) and hemp fiber ash (HFA) wereinvestigated. Reinforcementswere addedalong with the matrix material AA6063 in different percentages of weight to prepare hybrid composites by stir casting method. The hybrid composites were subjected to Micro tensile, hardness, wear, microstructure, salt spray analysis. It was found that on increasing the weight percentage of GSA, there is a reduction in the hardness value, tensile strength, and specific strength of the composite. Itcan beovercome by replacing GSA with HFA in the composite. With the addition ofGSA + HFA content, it was found that the hardness decreased with an increase in HFA content. The wear properties show positive results when these reinforcementswere addedas compared with those of the pure AA6063.

WITHDRAWN: Mechanical and corrosion behavior of Groundnut Shell ash particle (GSAp) reinforced AZ31 magnesium composite

Magnesium based alloys are some of the widely used lightweight metals in vehicles and aerospace industries, but these materials are having low strength to weight ratio when compared to Aluminium. To enhance the strength to weight ratio of magnesium, some ceramic materials like carbides and oxides of metals or some natural residues are added as reinforcements and proved to have better augmentations in the physical properties. In the present work, AZ31 magnesium alloy is reinforced with 1%, 2%, 3% of Ground Nut Shell Ash particles (GSAp) through powder metallurgy, and properties like Micro hardness, Compressive strength is studied and the Microstructural analysis is also done. The addition of ash particles as reinforcement has not shown much variation in the strength and hardness, the addition of ash particles more than 3% leads to crack and the addition of ash particles increases the rate of corrosion.

Investigation of Groundnut Shell Powder on Development of Lightweight Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Composite: Mechanical and Microstructural Properties

The aim of the present project deals with the use of the available agricultural by-product groundnut shell ash (GSA) as replacement (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt.%) to metakaolin for the synthesis of lightweight geopolymer. Two alkaline solutions (8 and 10M) have been used as activator solution. The resulting product was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS analyses as well as physico-mechanical properties. The results revealed that the addition of the GSA literally decreased the compressive strength from 21 to 14 MPa (8M) and 30 to 15 MPa (10M). Bulk density was ranged between 1.21 and 1.10 g.cm− 3 and 1.51–1.20 g.cm− 3. Increasing of the groundnut shell ash content up to 30 wt.% leads to the high porosity (38.13 and 40% vol). SEM images revealed that the microstructure of reference geopolymer (MKGA0) appeared denser than those containing additive (MKGA20) justifying the deterioration in the mechanical strength. The end-products appeared as promising candidate for non-structural application in construction.

Improved corrosion resistance, mechanical and wear behaviors of particulate composite coating of steel pipeline for marine environment

The use of agricultural wastes, which are cost-effective and environmental-friendly materials as composites coating, is growing fast in various engineering fields. This research investigates the possibility of improving corrosion resistance, mechanical, and wear behaviors of particulate composite coating of steel pipeline with zinc alloys reinforced with groundnut shell ash (GSA) for the marine environment. Different weight percentages of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt.% GSA of particle size 75 μm were used for the coatings. The groundnut shell ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescent (XRF). The morphology of the steel pipeline before and after coatings was studied using scanning electron microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The XRF results revealed that calcium oxides (CaO), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) being the major oxides present. The results showed that average coating thickness and hardness value were 45.50, 98.50, 99.67 μm, and 80.45, 108.60, 118.60 HBV for Zn-10ZnO/0, 20, and 25 wt. % GSA respectively. Their corresponding current corrosion (icorr) were 38.52, 10.56, and 2.98 mA/cm2. The morphologies revealed that reinforcement with GSA protected the surface of the system analyzed. The corrosion rate of the steel pipeline of 38.52 mA/cm2 values decreased to 10.56 mA/cm2 and 1.98 mA/cm2 for 0, 20, and 25 wt. % GSA with the protection efficiency of 72.59% and 81.25%, respectively. The wear rate improvement between 0-25 wt. % GSA was 49.75%. The work established Zn-10ZnO/GSA composite coating on steel pipeline can improve the corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear rate of the studied steel pipeline coated.

Microstructural and mechanical properties of copper matrix composites

This article focuses on the synthesizing of copper metal matrix material (CMMC). Titanium carbide and groundnut shell ash strengthen the steel. The 70 per cent hybrid mixture with copper powder, 15 per cent tungsten carbide powder and 15 per cent groundnut shell ash favoured where copper is mixture content. The composite made using metallurgical powder technology. The proposed composite studied through study of microscopy, corrosive analysis and measuring of hardness. Reinforcing the existing 15% Tungsten Carbide Powder mixture and 15% Groundnut Ash shell, enhanced hardness and diminished corrosion rate (increased corrosive resistance). The Scanning Electron Microscopy picture guarantees a clear distribution of reinforced particles in the matrix content.

Experimental study and neural network modelling of expansive sub grade stabilized with industrial waste by-products and geogrid

For highway construction projects, expansive sub grade improvement is one of the prime and major processes. The strength of the sub grade soil is indicated by its California bearing ratio (CBR) value which is quite expensive and time consuming. In order to overcome this situation, the present research aims in predicting the soaked CBR value for the stabilized soils by Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. Experiments were done to stabilize the expansive soils with the addition of varying percentages of industrial waste by-products (Coal ash, Bagasse ash and Groundnut shell ash) with geogrid layers. Ash type, Mix proportion, Atterberg limits, Maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and number of geogrid layers were taken as input variables and soaked CBR value as output variable for the regression based models. It is observed that ANN model is accurate than the MRA model in predicting the soaked CBR value of expansive soil stabilized with industrial waste materials, both the measured experimental values and predicted values are in good agreement. Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation shows maximum R value of 0.94317 and minimum MSE value of 0.49.

A study on the effects of groundnut shell ash on strength characteristics of soil

This study investigated the effect of groundnut shell ash (GSA) on the strength of selected lateritic soils, with a view to determining the optimum percentage of GSA that will give the best strength properties of the soils. Soil samples were collected from two different borrow pits and identified as sample A and sample B respectively. Preliminary tests (Natural moisture content, specific gravity, grain size analysis, Atterberg limit) and engineering tests (compaction and unsoaked California bearing ratio (CBR)) were conducted on the soil samples in their natural state. GSA was then added to the soils at 2 %, 4 % and 6 % proportions. Atterberg limits, compaction and unsoaked CBR tests were conducted for each addition of GSA. The results showed that there was much improvement in the properties of the soils, with values of plasticity index (PI) reducing from 23.02 % (at 0 % GSA) to 12.55 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample A; and 35.14 % (at 0 % GSA) to 2..54 % (at 6 % GSA) for sample B. It was also observed that addition of GSA generally caused reduction in optimum moisture content (OMC) with an increase in corresponding maximum dry density (MDD). For sample A the maximum value of unsoaked CBR (17 %) was obtained at 2 % GSA, while for sample B, maximum CBR value (4 %) was obtained at 4 % GSA. It was concluded that GSA could be used to significantly improve the strength of lateritic soil.

Investigation on mechanical, wear and corrosion properties of Fe–Co–Cr–W–GNSA hybrid composites synthesized using powder metallurgy process

In this work, mechanical wear and corrosion resistance properties of Fe-5Co-5Cr-5W-GNSA hybrid composites fabricated through powder metallurgy process were explored. The composite powders are compressed into an 8 mm diameter green pellets using a hydraulic press at a pressure of 500 MPa. The green compacts are then sintered at 950 °C for 2 h and cooled under furnace atmosphere. The microstructure and Mechanical Properties such as microhardness, compressive strength and density of the hybrid composites were investigated. The microhardness of the Fe-5Co-5Cr-5W-GNSA hybrid composites decreases with increase in GNSA reinforcement. The ground nut shell ash reinforcement also reduces the compressive strength and density of the composite materials. whereas, the wear analysis of the hybrid composites confirmed that the wear rate of the composite materials reduced proportionally with the increase in GHSA content. The electrochemical corrosion analysis also confirms that there is increase in corrosion resistance with increase in GNSA reinforcement.

Reactivity and hydration behavior in groundnut shell ash based pozzolanic concrete

There is a global yearning for enactments enforcing down scaling of industrial processes that contribute to global warming to be adopted by the committee of nations, as part of measures to realize a sustainable environment before year 2030. Conventional cement production technologies have long been identified as one of the major contributors to global warming, hence the quest for green source alternative materials, which can serve as whole scale or partial scaling measure to cement production. One of promising scaling methods discovered is the partial replacement of cement with pozzolans especially agro-based pozzolans. It is therefore necessary to study the behavior of these pozzolans to optimize their usage in partially replacing cement. The Pozzolanic reaction mechanisms and hydration behavior of groundnut shell ash (GSA) in concrete were investigated. Different blend ratios of GSA (between 0 and 16%) were used as replacement for Portland cement in the production of the concrete mixes. X-Ray diffractometry, X-Ray fluorescent spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, pozzolanic reactivity in suspension, and compressive strength measurements were used as basis to assess the reaction mechanism and hydration behaviour of the concrete and paste mixes produced. The principal chemical constituent of GSA is silica, and the SiO2 + Al2O2 + Fe2O3 sum of 69.2 wt% observed for the GSA falls into class C pozzolans. Hydration efficiency evaluated by assessing the amount of calcium silicate hydrate formed, quantity of calcite present in the hydrated paste and integrity of microstructural interlocking of particles indicated the efficiency use of 8 wt% GSA.

Effects of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes on Mud Blocks Using Geopolymer

For this research, the red soil sample was drawn, and a steady percentage of the geopolymer was used along with distinct proportions of stabilizers such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS. Geopolymer was used in the manufacture of stabilized mud blocks as a binding agent. The geopolymer solution’s effects on mud block strength have been researched. The effects of industrial by‐products and waste such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS were also explored with the geopolymer to stabilize the mud blocks.

Mechanical and corrosion behaviour of copper matrix composites fabricated by powder metallurgy process

The composite technology is a gate way of invention of new materials with desirable properties. Synthesize of Copper Metal Matrix Composite (CMMC) is focused in this paper. The copper is reinforced with tungsten carbide and groundnut shell ash. The composite matrix of 80% of copper powder (Cu), 15% Tungsten Carbide Powder (WC) and 5% of Ash of Groundnut shell (GSA) preferred in which copper is matrix material. The composite manufactured by powder metallurgy technology. The proposed composite investigated by microscopy analysis, corrosive analysis and hardness analysis. The reinforcement of proposed proportion of 15% Tungsten Carbide Powder and 5% of Ash of Groundnut shell, improved hardness and reduced corrosion rate (increased corrosive resistance). The Scanning Electron Microscopy image ensures uniform distribution of reinforced particles in the matrix material. The control specimen made with only copper powder by same method of manufacturing and testing also to expose the effects of reinforcement.

Waste Material Ashes Used in Concrete

Disposal problem of waste materials and excessive demand on naturally available resources due to rapid urban development has opened possibilities for use of waste materials in construction industry. Many waste materials are used in concrete as replacement to cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and reinforcement. Here review of some waste materials, whose ash is used as partial replacement to cement in concrete, is presented. Different properties of fresh and hardened concrete, when admixed with ash of waste materials are reviewed. Concrete containing sugar cane bagasse ash, ground nut shell ash, rice husk ash, saw dust ash, and tobacco waste ash are reviewed. After review, it is observed that further studies are required on all waste ashes replacing cement, which will reveal more potential on their usage in concrete. Concrete containing ash of waste materials attained demanded strength within 5% to 20% replacement.

The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.

Development of a short time model for predicting chloride ingress into normal and pozzolanic concrete

One of the major origins of corrosion in concrete reinforcing steel is chloride ion penetration. This process deteriorates concrete structures in many parts of the world. Chloride can penetrate into concrete structures mainly through diffusion and absorption. A good percentage of research work has been carried out on diffusion mechanism and the process even though slow is a well understood one. Conversely, few research work has been reported concerning absorption mechanism of chloride ion penetration in concrete. This is a fairly rapid transport process whose mechanism needs to be understudied. For this study, concrete cube specimens containing 100%OPC, 12%BLA and 12%GSA of mix 1:2:4 were prepared. The workability of the various mixes was obtained through slump and compaction factor tests. The hardened cubes, 150 mm³, were thereafter immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for the specified durations. Compressive strength, absorption and spray tests were carried out on the designed specimens at 28, 56 and 90 days. Numerical models were developed using data obtained from the various tests to predict the depth of chloride penetration into normal and pozzolanic concrete under the condition used in this study. The developed models indicate that absorption has substantial effect on chloride ingress. The models’ outputs further propose that the thickness of concrete cover in structures exposed to chloride attack should be greater than the present recommended values in use. However, thickness of concrete cover has practical limits based on the design and analysis, consequently, partial replacement of cement with pozzolans (Bamboo Leaf Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash) should be adopted.

Desiccation-Induced Volumetric Shrinkage Characteristics of Highly Expansive Tropical Black Clay Treated with Groundnut Shell Ash for Barrier Consideration

Contamination of underground water as a result of excessive crack on clay liner material is a prevalent phenomenon in an engineered landfill. Volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) is one of the veritable properties considered for selection of materials suitable for liners and cover in waste containment systems. Material devoid of excessive shrinkage and cracking during climate change could possibly make a better barrier material that will eventually limit or control infiltration of leachate in an engineered landfill. Hence, to obtain a clay liner and covers system that are safe and robust, stabilization of such soil (expansive clay soils) becomes imperative. In order to stabilize or reduce excessive cracking and shrinkage of this soil, earlier researchers have employed cement, chemicals, and fibers. However, in recent times, the ill effects of these stabilizers on the environment have been realized, and hence their replacement with sustainable materials that are mostly agro and or industry by-products is becoming necessary. Tropical dark grey clay treated with up to 8 % Groundnut shell ash (GSA), was carried out. Specimen were compacted using British standard light (BSL) and British standard heavy (BSH) compactive efforts; at water contents between 2% dry and 4% wet of optimum. The compacted specimens were extruded and subjected to drying under laboratory conditions to evaluate its desiccation induced shrinkage and hence its suitability as a cover material in waste containment facilities. Results of this study show that changes in mass and volumetric shrinkage strain were large within the first five days of drying. Volumetric shrinkage strain increased with higher moulding water contents (MWC) and water contents relative to optimum (WRO). The effect of GSA treatment on VSS was not consistent from -2 to +2 % of optimum moisture content. For specimen prepared at +4 % of optimum moisture content, VSS decreased up to a threshold of 28% at 6 % GSA and 30% at 4% GSA for BSH and BSL compactive effort, respectively. Generally, lower compactive effort (BSL) with higher moulding water content and lower dry density produced higher VSS. A regression function was developed from the data to estimate VSS given the compaction water content relative to optimum (WRO), groundnut shell ash content (GSA), plasticity index (PI), percentage fine content (PF) and compactive effort (CE). Compaction water content relative to optimum significantly correlated with VSS, thus should be strictly regulated during field compaction to realize a durable hydraulic barrier. Keywords: Atterberg limit, compaction, desiccation, expansive soil, groundnut shell ash, statistical analysis DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-8-06 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Physical, mechanical and thermal behavior of recycled agro waste GSA reinforced green composites

Abstract In the traditional development of aluminum based composite materials ceramic particles such as SiC, Al2O3 and B4C etc. are customarily used as a reinforcement material for the aluminum matrix. Further, industries producing these ceramic particles emit huge amount of greenhouse gases which in turn cause a great amount of environment pollution. Moreover, the production of these ceramic particles is costly. Agro waste groundnut shell ash (GSA) is an agricultural waste product that produces soil and air pollution. In addition, its disposal is costly. In this study, an attempt was made to utilize agro waste GSA as a partial replacement for ceramic particles in the development of AA2024 aluminum based composite. Microstructure results showed a uniform distribution of GSA particles in the aluminum base metal matrix alloy. Maximum tensile strength and hardness were found to be 198 MPa and 64 BHN for 3.75 wt.-% reinforcement of GSA particles in the AA2024 aluminum base matrix material. Porosity and thermal expansion were found to be 12.96 % and 125 mm3, respectively for the AA2024/3.75 wt.-% GSA composite. Density, corrosion loss and the cost of the GSA reinforced composite continuously decreased by increasing the percentage of reinforcement. Specific strength and corrosion loss of the AA2024/3.75 wt.-% GSA green metal matrix composite were also found satisfactory.

Influence of groundnut shell ash on the properties of cement pastes

This paper presents the effect of groundnut shell ash (GHA) on the properties of cement paste. Cement pastes containing GHA as cement replacement in different proportions up to 50% by weight were prepared. At fresh state, the consistency and setting times of the pastes were checked, while at hardened state, soundness and compressive strength of the pastes were determined. In addition, the microstructure of the hardened paste was investigated using the Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) technique. The results show that GHA increased water demand and delayed setting times, but improved soundness of cement paste. Moreover, compressive strength enhancement of hardened cement paste due pozzolanic reaction as evidenced by the microstructure analysis (FTIR) was observed with up to 10% GHA replacing cement. Thus, GHA is a good potential material for cement replacement in cement paste.

Synthesis and Characterization of Clay Brick Using Waste Groundnut Shell Ash

Clay bricks have been made since ancient periods. The higher demand for this brick fails to support the needs. This is because clay is the non-renewable materials. Therefore, new artificial cement blocks have been introduced to satisfy the fast demand in the world.

Experimental study on mechanical behavior of natural hybrid composites filled with ground nut shell ash

Abstract Nowadays, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites are widely used because of their advantageous properties like minimum density, maximum specific strength, low cost and easy availability. Manufacturing of natural fiber composite is easy as compared to the conventional methods. In the present scenario, due to an increasing interest in environmental consciousness with greenhouse effect, various industries have initiated the use of eco-friendly materials and are replacing hazardous materials with such eco-friendly materials. The present work aims to determine the tensile strength of okra and jute fibers reinforced in Epoxy LY-556 and XIN-100IN Resins. Okra fibers are developed from the stem of the plant of the Malvaceae family. Their use as reinforcement in polymer composites requires the basic knowledge of their mechanical properties. Jute fibers are developed from the best jute plants. The conclusions are based on their mechanical properties and behavior.

Microstructural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites reinforced with groundnut shell ash and B4C

In this study, aluminium hybrid composites were fabricated by reinforcing eco-friendly agrowaste, groundnut shell ash and boron carbide using squeeze casting method. Groundnut shell ash and boron carbide were added in ratios of 2.5:7.5, 5:5 and 7.5:2.5 percentages by weight. The impact on mechanical properties namely density, hardness, tensile strength, impact strength was studied, and the results were compared with the matrix alloy. The fracture mechanism of tensile and impact specimens were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Microstructural study reveals the uniform distribution and good bonding of reinforcements with clear interface in the hybrid composite. The hardness and tensile strength increased up to a maximum of 17% and 18.32%, respectively, and then slightly decreased while increasing groundnut shell ash particles. Increasing groundnut shell ash particles in hybrid composites decreases the impact strength and density to a maximum of 12% and 7.5%. Dimples, voids, cracks, clusters and particle fracture are characterised by fracture mechanism. Brittle fractures in the form of cracks, and particle fractures were formed due to the solid interfacial bonding between the reinforcements and alloy. Ductile fractures are the reason for high impact strength and are characterised by dimples and voids. The eco-friendly groundnut shell ash has the potential to serve as reinforcement for the development of composites.