Groundnut Haulms Research Articles

Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and groundnut ( Arachys hypogea L.) haulms as supplements to sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) stover: intake, digestibility and optimum feeding levels

Two feeding trials were conducted to study the combined effects of (i) varying degrees of selective consumption and (ii) supplementation with cowpea (Trail 1) or groundnut haulms (Trial 2), on intake of organic matter (IOM) from sorghum stover, and total intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM). In both trials, 36 rams were allocated to 36 different treatments: six levels of feeding sorghum stover (25, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 160 g organic matter (OM) kg −0.75 per day) combined with six levels of supplementation (0, 5, 12.5, 20, 40, and 60 g OM kg −0.75 per day). Each diet was offered for a 21 day period; intake and digestibility were recorded during the last 9 days. Non-linear regression models were used to describe the combined effects of varying amounts of stover ( x) and supplements ( s) offered. All animals ate the full amount of supplement offered, but not the sorghum stover. For animals without supplement, maximum intake ( m) of stover (i.e. IOM at high levels of x) was estimated at 50.7 g kg −0.75 per day in Trial 1 and 45.7 g kg −0.75 per day in Trial 2. In both trials, m decreased linearly with s at the rate 0.4 g g −1. Also, the shape of the curve relating intake of stover to x was affected by level of supplementation. Digestibility of whole stover (0.47 in Trial 1; 0.40 in Trial 2) was much lower than that of cowpea haulms (0.70) and groundnut haulms (0.62), but in both trials animals selected material of higher digestibility when excess stover was offered. Thus, the negative effect of supplementation on intake of stover was partly compensated by higher digestibility of consumed stover. For rations without cowpea in Trial 1, the maintenance level of IDOM was reached by offering 61 g sorghum OM (kg −0.75 per day) of which 47 g was consumed. With the same amount of offered sorghum 9, 18, 28, 38 and 48 g cowpea OM were needed to attain intake levels equivalent to 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 times maintenance, respectively. In the trial with groundnut, maintenance was not reached with sorghum alone and larger amounts of supplement were required for the levels of intake mentioned above. Iso-production curves describing which amounts of stover and supplement gave the same IDOM, were not linear with constant slope corresponding to the comparative digestibility of whole stover and supplements, but strongly curved. Such curves can be used to derive optimum combinations of stover and higher quality feeds, depending on feed prices, desired production level and taking into account the effects of selective consumption. With prices of cowpea and groundnut haulms 4 times higher than that of stover, the results of Trial 1 indicate that least cost rations for feeding at 1.2 M (maintenance) would consist of 72 g sorghum OM (kg −0.75 per day) combined with 7 g cowpea haulms. For feeding at 1.6 M this would be 70+26 g , and at 2 M, 54+50 g . Similarly, with the feeds used in Trial 2, optimum combinations of sorghum stover and groundnut haulms for the same levels of feeding would be 58+24, 51+47, and 11+78 g OM kg −0.75 per day .

Effect of selective consumption on voluntary intake and digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) stover, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) haulms by sheep

Three experiments with 12 animals each, were conducted to measure the effect of selective consumption on intake of organic matter (IOM), crude protein (CP) content and digestibility of ingested organic matter (DOM), and intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), stover (SS), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) (CH) haulms and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) haulms (GH) by sheep. On organic matter (OM) basis, SS contained 70.6% stems, 15.5% leaf sheaths, 6.5% leaf blades, 6.0% leaf central nerves and 1.4% ears; CH contained 64.2% stems and 35.8% leaves, and GH 50.1% stems and 49.9% leaves. Forages were not chopped and a wide range of feeding levels (amount of offered organic matter, OOM) was applied. The lowest and highest OOM (g kg ˇ0.75 per day) were: 30‐110 for SS, 37‐189 for CH and 30‐194 for GH. Maximum IOM values (estimated by non-linear regression analysis) were 47.3, 85.9 and 81.6 g kg ˇ0.75 per day for SS, CH and GH, respectively. Selective consumption of leaves caused significant increases in the CP content of ingested OM for CH and GH, and increased DOM for SS and CH. The amount of digestible OM for production (IDOM — maintenance requirements) per unit of feed OM offered (value for animal production (VAP)) was used as the criterion for optimum feeding levels. For CH and GH, the maximum value (VAPmax) (0.32 and 0.26, respectively) was reached at feeding levels of 96 and 91 g OM kg ˇ0.75 per day, respectively. At these levels of OOM, 80 and 84% of the offered OM was eaten. Corresponding IDOM values were 54.3 and 48.0 g kg ˇ0.75 per day. In the case of SS, a very high feeding level

Mesure de la valeur alimentaire de fourrages et de sous-produits utilisés dans l'alimentation des petits ruminants

Les valeurs alimentaires de six fourrages disponibles localement ont été déterminées lors de deux essais de digestibilité à l'aide des moutons Toronké. Le premier essai a porté sur la paille de brousse (PB) et la paille de sorgho (PS). Les ingestions de PB et de PS ont respectivement été de 62 et 51 g de matière sèche (MS) par kilogramme P0,75 . Les valeurs énergétiques ont été de 0,71 et 0,60 UFL/kg de MS respectivement pour la PB et les PS. Les teneurs en matières azotées digestibles (MAD) ont été de 3 et 1 g/kg de MS respectivement pour la PB et la PS. Si les valeurs énergétiques ont été assez bonnes, les valeurs azotées ont été très faibles ; elles représentent une contrainte majeure des productions animales au Mali. Le deuxième essai a porté sur la fane d'arachide (FA), la fane de dolique (FID), les pailles de maïs (PM) et de mil (PL). Les ingestions ont été de 97, 99, 40 et 35 g MS/kg P0,75 respectivement pour les FA, FD, PM et PL. Les digestibilités des nutriments ont été plus élevées dans les fanes que dans les pailles, excepté celle de la cellulose brute. Les teneurs en MAD des pailles ont été négatives. Celles des fanes ont été de 67 et 58 g/kg MS respectivement pour la FA et la FD. Les valeurs énergétiques des aliments ont été de 0,76, 0,63, 0,50 et 0,42 UFL/kg de MS respectivement pour la FA, la FD, la PM et la PL. Les pailles ont eu une valeur énergétique peu élevée et une valeur azotée nulle. Les fanes riches en matières azotées totales, de digestibilité et d'ingestibilité élevées, peuvent contribuer à l'amélioration de la valeur alimentaire des pailles de céréales par une supplémentation appropriée. P0,75

Recycling of crop wastes and green manure and their impact on yield and nutrient uptake of wetland rice

The potential for using crop wastes as a source of nutrients on the yields of rice grown under submerged conditions was studied in both field and pot experiments at the Experimental Farm of the Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur during 1992/93 and 1993/94. The application of groundnut haulm at 3·0 t/ha, maize stover at 5·0 t/ha, mustard stover at 3·0 t/ha and green manure at 1·5 t/ha contributed considerable amounts of nutrients, which improved components of yield, yield and nutrient uptake by rice and also improved the organic carbon (OC) content and available N, P and K in the soil. Yields and soil fertility were both further improved when these organic materials were combined with inorganic fertilizer to supply the recommended amounts of nutrients, except that inorganic fertilizer alone did not cause an increase in the OC content of the soil. In the pot experiment, the production of NH4-N and NO3-N was both larger and more consistent when organic and inorganic nutrient sources were added together than when inorganic sources alone were used.

Use of household wastes and crop residues in small ruminant feeding in Nigeria

A study was conducted of 252 households in five communities within Ogun State, Nigeria, to survey the use of household and farm wastes by small livestock holders. Over 90% of the respondents were farmers whose average farm size was 0.8 ha with cassava, maize and yam as major crops. Flock sizes were one to three sheep and one to four goats per household. Predominant household wastes and crop residues were cassava, yam, cocoyam, orange peels, maize cob and stalk, cowpea vines and husk, groundnut haulm, pods, cocoa pods, colanut pods and rice milling by-products. The most commonly fed were cassava and yam peels, cowpea husk and kitchen wastes like banana peels, plantain peels, pineapple waste, palm kernel meal, maize and sorghum fermentation wastes. The crude protein levels in these feedstuffs ranged from 1 to 23%, fibre 2 to 52% and metabolizable energy was as high as 20 MJ per kg DM. Crop residue was underutilized as only 1%, 2%, 43% and 44% of the respondents fed, respectively, maize stover, maize cob, cowpea husk and yam peels to their sheep and goats. Large amounts of various crop residues (29–100%) were left in the field to rot away or were burnt. The sheep and goats were healthier and heavier when given supplemental feed. Five percent of the owners provided housing for their animals. It is suggested that more of the household wastes and crop residues could be used after proper processing.

The effect of addition of organic matter on the compaction of a Vertisol from Northern Nigeria

The quantitative effect of organic matter incorporation in alleviating compaction of dark clay soil (Vertisol) of Borno State of Nigeria was determined. Groundnut haulms were incorporated into the dark clay soil at three different levels (2, 4 and 6% by weight). Each of the soil-organic matter mixtures was subjected to three levels of compaction (5, 15 and 25 blows of a Proctor hammer) at six moisture contents. The moisture levels of compaction were selected according to the consistency limits of the soils. Measurements were made of the dry bulk density, penetration resistance, shear strength, saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties of the soils. Results obtained indicated a reduction in dry bulk density, penetration resistance and shear strength of the soils. On the contrary, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the water retention of the soils were significantly increased by organic matter. The implications of the results on the productivity of the dark clay soils are discussed.

Dietary Fibre Utilization and Growth Performance of Young Rabbits Fed on Rabbit Concentrates Replaced with Graded Levels of Groundnut Haulms

Abstract Ngodigha, E. M., Sese, B. T. and Adeleye, I.O.A. 1994. Dietary fibre utilization and growth performance of young rabbits fed on rabbit concentrates replaced with graded levels of groundnut haulms. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 5: 21–27 Graded levels of groundnut haulms (GH) were used to replace equivalent levels of commercial rabbit concentrate (CRC) in rabbit diets, to determine the effect on growth performance and digestibility. One of the diets constituted the all-concentrate (0% GH inclusion) control diet while the other four diets had step-wise replacement of CRC with GH by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Comparison of responses of growing rabbits to all five treatments showed significant (P<0.05) differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. All these results were in favour of a CRC—GH combination of 100% + 0%; 75% + 25% and 50% + 50% respectively. Significant (P<0.05) differences were also observed in the digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract. There were, however, no ...

Effects of incorporating two organic materials at varying levels on splash detachment of some soils from Borno state, Nigeria

AbstractSplash detachment by raindrops was measured using a factorial experiment involving three soils (sandy loam, clay loam and clay) and two organic materials (cow dung and groundnut haulms) applied at five levels (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 per cent by mass). A simulated rainfall intensity of 145 mm h−1 for 10 min duration was used for the tests. Detachment was described in terms of the direct effects and the first and second order interactions of the variables mentioned above. Results indicated that mean splash detachment was reduced significantly (P &lt; 0·01) from 1·97 kg m−2 in the sandy loam to 0·67 kgm−2 in the clay soil. For each soil type, detachment was reduced significantly (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing levels of added organic matter. Groundnut haulms produced lower values of detachment than cow dung. There were also significant interaction effects between the study variables. These interactions were used to describe the effect of added organic materials on splash detachment. For each soil type and organic material, negative exponential relationships were established to relate splash detachment to levels of added organic matter.

Studies on urea-ammonia treatment of maize straw: treatment method and potential for dry season feeding of cattle in Northern Nigeria

A method for treating maize straw with urea was developed and used to produce enough treated material for a feeding trial with native Bunaji (Zebu) cattle in the dry season. Chopped maize straw was treated with graded levels of urea of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g, each dissolved in 500 ml water and applied to 1 kg of the chopped straw. The treated forages were ensiled in laboratory silos for 1, 3, 5 or 7 weeks duration. The extent of dry matter disappearance of treated material was determined by nylon bag incubation in vivo. The lowest urea concentration and shortest ensilage period which gave a maximal dry matter disappearance was 40 g urea kg −1 straw (4% urea concentration) ensiled for 1 week. Chopped corn straw treated with 4% urea and ensiled for 1 week was given in a 2 × 2 factorial feeding trial with native Zebu cattle. The factors were straw type (treated vs. untreated) and supplement type (groundnut haulms vs. no groundnut haulms). The crude protein content of chopped maize straw was 8.4% compared with 4.8% for the untreated material. Organic matter digestibility was 65.3% for treated straw and 51.0% for untreated straw. Both urea treatment and supplementation with groundnut haulms significantly increased straw intake, but did not prevent cattle weight loss. There was no significant treatment effect on cattle weight changes, although there were trends favouring such treatments. Treatment of maize straw with 4% urea ensiled for 1 week for cattle feed, coupled with the feeding of groundnut haulms for cattle in the dry season, is likely to minimise weight losses in the season.

A NOTE ON CONCENTRATE: LEGUME HAY RATIO IN FATTENING YANKASA SHEEP

Twenty Yankasa rams, about 1.5 years and weighing between 20 and 25kg. were randomly alloted to four treatment groups of 5 animals each. The groups were used to study the effect of feeding concentrate and groundnut haulms in the ratio of 0:1 (A); 1:1 (B); 1:3 (C); 3:1 (D) on feedlot performance. All animals were fed at 4% of body weight in individual pens through the 86 day experimental period. Total dry matter intake was significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest for Group D and lowest for Group A. It costs least to feed Group A animals but cost of feed per weight gain was least for Group D. Liveweight gain was highest for Group D, which utilized feed most efficiently. &#x0D;

Intensive fattening of beef cattle by stall feeding on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi. II. Utilisation of crop residues, crop by-products and leucaena.

Experiments were conducted over three dry seasons to investigate the value for fattening beef cattle, of crop residues (maize stover, groundnut haulm) and madeya (maize bran) with varying levels of dried leucaena leaf or cottonseed cake. The inclusion of groundnut haulm in the roughage increased animal performance when madeya was restricted. Increasing the protein content of the madeya supplement but restricting the quantity of madeya fed did not influence liveweight gain although the efficiency of concentrate conversion was enhanced. Restricting the amount of maize stover and feeding madeya to appetite had no significant effect on liveweight gain, but the inclusion of leucaena up to a level of 12 per cent crude protein improved animal performance. There were no differences between cottonseed cake or leucaena when fed with madeya at the same levels of crude protein.

Feeding Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Haulms to Dairy Cows in Uganda

(1967). Feeding Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Haulms to Dairy Cows in Uganda. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 170-174.

The effect of Liming Acid soils on the yield and composition of Groundnut crop

A pot oulture experiment was laid out with the acid soil of Nanjanad, Nilgiris district to determine the effect of lime on the yield and composition of groundnut. The growth and yield of groundnut haulms, pods and kernels were found to be increased by the application of lime alone at 7000 lb. per acre and in combination with superphosphate at 60 lb. P.Os per acre. Both the calcium and phosphorus content of the crop were also increased by the application of lime and superphosphate. Tho CaO/P-Os ratio in the crop increases as the crop approaches maturity and the ratio in the groundnut kernel is very low as compared to groundnut haulms and shells.

THE NUTRITIVE VALUE AND AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOME FODDERS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

The results are presented of digestibility trials on silage samples made from the following materials: Andropogon gay anus, Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass), Hyparrhenia rufa (Jaragua grass), Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), Pennisetum pedicellatum, P. purpureum (Elephant grass). Sorghum vulgare (sorghum), Acanthospermum hispidum, Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Stizolobium sp. (velvet bean), Zea mays (maize) and mixtures of A. gayanus/P. pedicellatum, Arachis hypogoea (groundnut haulms)/P, pedicellatum. Sorghum vtdgare/Stizolobium sp., Z. mays/Vigna sinensis (cowpea). The results obtained, also the agronomic aspects of the subject and the use of the materials as fodder for cattle during the dry season are discussed.