Value Of Grounding Resistance Research Articles

Grounding Analysis Based on Different Soil Characteristics in The Distribution System

This study aims to obtain the type of grounding and resistance value in the distribution system of medium voltage UP3 South Surabaya ducts. In addition, to see the magnitude of the comparative value of the results of the resistance analysis stimulates ETAP. In the South Surabaya UP3 medium voltage distribution system. PT. PLN (Persero) improves and optimizes service to all of its customers. The grounding system at PT PLN UP3 South Surabaya. The existing PLN UP3 South Surabaya must comply with PUIL regulations of 2011, and the value of land holdings must be no greater than 5 Ω. Of the 15 grounding points analyzed, there are 3 points whose grounding values do not meet the requirements of PUIL 2011, namely the grounding values are still above 5 Ω. The smallest grounding resistance value before adding the rod electrode is 1.1 Ω at the 3rd point or BD 313 and after adding one rod and then paralleling it, the resistance value drops to 0.55 Ω. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAPsimulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAP simulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts. For the largest grounding resistance at the point that meets the requirements, namely 4 Ω at the 9th point or BD 653 and after adding one rod and then parallelizing it, the resistance value drops to 1.75 Ω. ETAP simulation, the simulation results are affected by the value of x direction and the depth of the conductor. In addition, the simulation results are affected by the size of the rod. ETAP simulation results, the touch tolerable is 587.6 volts and the step tolerable is 1948.6 volts.

Ground Resistance Estimation for a DC Converter Station: Theory versus Experiment

This paper is aimed at proposing a calculation model for the ground resistance of a grounding scheme servicing a high-voltage direct-current converter station. The method is based on the equivalence of current conduction and electric field from the grounding scheme through the surrounding medium. The grounding scheme is composed of three concentric ring electrodes supported by two horizontal conductors and eight vertical rods. The calculated ground resistance is 4.8 Ω against the experimental value of 5 Ω with an error of 4.2%. The calculated ground resistance value agrees reasonably well with that of 4.7 Ω as obtained using CYMGRD software (version 7.0). The calculated surface-potential values over the ground surface agreed reasonably well with those measured experimentally, with an average deviation not exceeding 6.5%. This study is designed to investigate how ground resistance is decreased by the increase in the scheme parameters, including the rods’ diameter and length, as well as the radius of the inner and outer rings. The dependency of the ground resistance on the soil type is also investigated.

Using copper-coated round rod electrodes at various depths in freshwater marshes

Purpose: High-voltage electrical equipment requires a grounding installation in order to protect lives in freshwater swamps with a hydrogen potential of 6.75. To build a grounding structure, it is required to know the resistance value and grounding materials, namely copper-coated rod electrodes at different depths.
 Research methodology: The research was conducted in a freshwater swamp close to the shampooing substation using field observations and direct measurement of soil resistance values, followed by a literature review and comparisons using COMSOL simulation and FEM Analysis.
 Results: The results of direct research and simulations indicate that in order to accomplish a grounding resistance value < 5 ohms according to the PUIL 2011 standard for a single rod system made of copper, it is necessary to optimize the depth of the grounding electrode within a range of 10 meters, which differs from the simulation results of ground resistance measurement and the Comsol application. The percentage error is 1.05%.
 Limitations: This research analyzes the results of measurements and grounding analysis using Comsol Multiphysics at a depth of 1 meter for a particular type of copper-coated round rod electrode at depths of 1, 1.5, and 2 meters.
 Contributions: The results of the study offer information on the usefulness of grounding resistance in freshwater wetlands with a pH greater than 6, where several rod electrode types are utilized to compare future research.

Axle Counter Grounding System on The PPI Madiun Railway Using the Wenner Method

Axle counter is a railway detection equipment producing wave frequencies to count the number of axles passing over the track. The existence of a mismatch between the initial and final count numbers usually leads to a red signal and this can prevent the formation of a travel route. The components of axle counter are often damaged by lightning strikes both directly and through the distribution of excessive currents due to a poor grounding system. However, these excessive currents can be safely grounded without damaging the components through the application of a good grounding system. Therefore, this research aimed to plan an effective grounding system to anticipate the incidents using the Wenner method. Some requirements such as soil type, depth, and electrode rod diameter were used in the process to determine the appropriate resistance value. The design was made based on the simulations that closely resembled real field conditions using Aspix software and grounding resistance values were also measured directly on the field to determine the discrepancies between the planning and actual conditions.

Evaluation of lightning-originated stress on distribution class surge arresters

The paper focuses on evaluating the stress on distribution class surge arresters (SAs) caused by lightning strikes. It proposes a procedure for estimating the statistical distribution of energy absorbed by SAs due to both indirect and direct lightning strikes, which is a crucial step for assessing the probability of SAs failure. Two different SA representations are considered, namely, a static nonlinear resistance and a dynamic, frequency dependent model. After analyzing the overvoltage and current waveforms caused by lightning strikes and considering the effect of flashover occurrence, the paper assesses the effect of several factors on the current and energy absorption, namely the presence of a periodically grounded shield wire, of the grounding resistance value, and of the distance between subsequent SAs. The analysis shows that the static model can be considered accurate enough for evaluating the stress originated by direct and indirect lightning on distribution class SAs.

Analisa Hasil Pengukuran Tahanan Pentanahan Pada Peralatan di Switchyard Gardu Induk Angke PT. PLN (Persero) UIT – JBB Duri Kosambi

Substation is part of the electric power system that distributes electrical energy from the generator to the load. It is necessary to ensure safety and security guarantees for the installed equipment and humans at the substation. This research discusses the results of measuring grounding resistance on equipment in the switchyard with quantitative methods based on the results of measuring equipment grounding resistance, step voltage, touch voltage. The quantitative method is based on the quality of the equipment grounding resistance at the Angke Substation switchyard. The value of the equipment grounding resistance at the substation must be able to meet the IEEE Std standard 80 – 2000 that is < 1 ?. The smaller the grounding value obtained, the better of the grounding. Based on the results of this study, the value of the grounding resistance of the Angke Substation is 0,13 V. The value of the touch voltage is 651.55 V for humans weighing 70 kg and 481.4 V for humans weighing 50 kg. With the value of the permissible touch voltage is 626 V. The step voltage value is 2135.2 V for a human weighing 70 kg, and 1577.6 V for a human weighing 50 kg. With a permissible step voltage value of 2216 V.

Pengaruh Tahanan Jenis Tanah Terhadap Sistem Pentanahan Menggunakan Elektroda Batang Dilokasi Gedung Teknik Elektro Unimal

Providing a return line for short-circuit currents or fault currents to a low-resistance ground, grounding system is useful for achieving a uniform potential voltage over a given area of buildings and equipment. Because a large voltage difference can occur if a fault current is forced to ground against a high resistance. Placement of the electrode to be planted is one of the elements to obtain a low grounding resistance value. Grounding resistance measurements, which will serve as a guide for the grounding system design process, are required during the planning stage for certain types of grounding systems. The problem is how the grounding resistance is affected by the buried depth of the rod conductor and the soil type resistance. Therefore, it is very important to conduct research and testing to determine the extent to which these parameters influence. The experimental results of measuring resistance on dry and wet soils are on dry soil 30 cm obtained 98.48 Ω, 60 cm obtained 37.07 Ω, 90 cm obtained 20.52 Ω, 120 cm obtained 19.77 Ω, and for wet soil at a depth of 30 cm obtained 43.34 Ω, 60 cm obtained 22.21 Ω, 90 cm obtained 15.43 Ω, 120 cm obtained 11.66 Ω. So to get the 5Ω value we make an estimate by adding a depth of 56.603 cm for wet soil and 38.58 cm for dry soil, then the length of the electrode needed is 176.603 cm for wet soil and 158.58 cm for dry soil.

The grounding resistance improvement of distribution substation using multiple rods and wood charcoal as soil treatment

The grounding system plays the important role in securing the electric power system. Low grounding resistance ensures the proper operation of the grounding system. The lower the grounding resistance value, the easier current flow through the earth without any obstacles then prevents equipment from being damaged or causing the injury of personnel. According to the PUIL 2000 standard, grounding resistance should be less than 5Ω. Methods that can be performed to reduce grounding resistance are increasing the length and diameter of the grounding rod, using multiple rods, and treating the soil to reduce its resistivity. In this study, we would like to improve the grounding system of the KA2317 distribution substation located at Mertasari, Jimbaran in South Kuta, Bali which has a grounding resistance of 8.1Ω (more than 5Ω). The method that was applied in this study was grounding improvement by adding an electrode rod and adding wood charcoal to reduce soil resistivity. At the end of the study, grounding resistance can be reduced from 8.1Ω to 1.9 Ω or improved by 76.6%.

Refinement of the Calculated Ground Resistance Value for the Volumetric Stress-Strain State

Despite the fact that the Mohr-Coulomb theory of strength appeared more than a hundred years ago, many authors are still conducting research in accordance with the recommendations to find optimal solutions to practical problems. From the Coulomb-Mohr theory, a huge number of methods for solving applied problems were formed, for example, the initial critical load, which is useful for research in the article. This formula is no longer new, but despite this, it is still the object of research. The authors of this article consider the case of the assumption, applying it when issuing a formula for the initial critical load. Based on the initial critical load, a formula for the design soil resistance was obtained, which is still regulated by codes and standards in the field of design. The authors reflect the main ependencies that appear in the calculation of the stress-strain state in soil mechanics. Based on these dependencies, the amount of allowable stress is revealed, under which the condition of linear deformability will be satisfied. The authors have shown that the proposed formula for any stability parameters will correspond to the Mohr-Coulomb limit state condition. The conclusion of the article compares the effect of the formula obtained by the authors and the recipe of the formula obtained by N.P. Puzyrevsky.

KEC 기준을 적용한 저압 전기설비의 접지저항값에 따른 접지계통 안전성 분석

The KEC(Korea Electro-technical Code) is applied in accordance with the international standard conformity requirement for installation and inspection of domestic electrical equipments. The main differences between KEC and the past standard are classification of grounding methods according to the type of grounding system, and protection against electric shock. Accordingly, in the standard of human body protection from electric shock, the allowable dangerous voltage has become more important than the grounding resistance value, but in the case of design and construction of low voltage electrical equipment, it is difficult to calculate that. Therefore, in this paper we model the types of grounding systems that can be applied in Korea through simulation, and the safety of the grounding system according to the grounding resistance value in terms of electric shock protection is reviewed by simulating human electric shock case study.

Earthing Resistance and Poldzolic Soil Resistivity at PT. Perta Samtan Gas Field Extraction Plant Prabumulih

It is important to undertake research at the location of PT. Perta Samtan Gas Field Extraction Plant Prabumulih with Podzolik soil type (yellow gravel clay) and analysis in order to prevent work accidents and the risk of fire caused by leakage current at the gas processing extraction installation. Direct measurement of soil resistance value is used as the basis for the methodology, which is followed by literature study as background information and technical comprehension of experimental research. The outcomes of the research study are then compared using Comsol simulation with the computational method of computational finite element analysis of the resulting resistance. According to the data, the resistivity of the podzolic soil was 214.4 Ωm, while the Comsol simulation yielded a resistance value per meter of 209.1 Ω and 196.7Ω, respectively. The Comsol simulation demonstrates that, in order to obtain a ground resistance value of 1 ohm on a Single rod system with Fe material, it is necessary to optimize the depth of the grounding electrode, which can range from 3 meters to 1053 meters d. In the simulation, the results of soil resistance measurements and the Comsol Multiphysics application are obtained, and the difference is calculated with a percentage error of 1.62%.

Studi Kelayakan Sistem Pentanahan pada Gedung Teknik Elektro Universitas Andalas

The grounding system is one part of the electric power system that has an important role in flowing overcurrent from the electric power system to the ground due to electrical power system disturbances or lightning strikes that can endanger the building and its surroundings. This grounding system aims to protect humans, electrical equipment, and electrical installations from the danger of electrical short circuits. In compliance with official regulations, safety standards and according to general electrical installation regulatory standards (PUIL) to avoid the danger of lightning strikes in buildings, it is necessary to have grounding resistance value of less than five ohms and is made as small as possible. In this study, the measurement of grounding resistance seen from the depth of the grounding and the grounding resistance are arranged in parallel. The results of this study indicate that the parallel grounding resistance method produces a more significant reduction in the value of grounding resistance compared to the grounding resistance in a certain depth From the calculation results, the resistance value of the Electrical Engineering Building at Andalas University using a rod electrode with a diameter of 0.016 meters is 24.5 Ω with an electrode depth of 0.5 meters and at a depth of 1 meter a grounding value of 17.52 Ω is obtained. The deeper the depth of the electrode, the smaller the resulting resistance value, and installing a grounding system with the multirod method, namely arranging electrodes in parallel with a certain depth, obtains less resistance compared to not parallelizing the electrodes

Measured and simulated impulse responses of the grounding systems of a pair of wind-turbines connected by a buried insulated wire

• Prediction method of ground characteristics of wind turbines based on numerical electromagnetic field analysis method. • From the analysis, highly accurate transient grounding characteristics of wind turbines can be guessed. • It was possible to accurately acquire the characteristics of the lightning current flowing from the wind turbine to another wind turbine during a lightning strike. In recent years, it is becoming more common to replace old wind turbines and build new wind turbines with larger capacities in Japan. In the grounding design when replacing wind turbines, wind-turbine owners often utilize a part of the grounding electrodes of the conventional wind turbines to achieve lower grounding resistance with low cost. In addition, in order to make the grounding resistance value of the wind turbine lower than 10 Ω specified by IEC 61400–24, the grounding systems of multiple wind turbines are often connected. The ratio of the cost of constructing a grounding system of a wind turbine is not low, the cost is increasing year by year. Therefore, many companies involved in the design of grounding systems are beginning to use numerical electromagnetic field analysis methods in their designs in order to reduce costs. In this paper, measured and simulated impulse responses of the grounding systems of two single wind turbines and a pair of wind turbines connected by a buried insulated wire are introduced, and its characteristics are considered. In the analysis using the FDTD method, it is difficult to take into account the frequency-dependent characteristics of the soil because Maxwell's equations are time-differenced to formulate the equations used in the FDTD method. To construct a highly accurate analysis model, it may be necessary to build a model that takes into account the frequency-dependent characteristics of the soil. The method to construct such frequency-dependent model is also introduced in this paper.

Analysis of a Grounding System In 20 Kv Distribution Transformer Line in PLTD Gayo Lues

The main purpose of grounding is to create a low-impedance path to the earth's surface for electric waves and transient voltages. An effective grounding system will minimize these effects. The grounding system plays a very important role in the protection system. The grounding system is used as a fault current discharge path to the ground. According to its function, grounding is divided into 2, namely grounding the neutral point of the power system and grounding equipment. The neutral grounding of the power system serves as a safety system or network, while the grounding of the equipment functions as a safety against touch voltage. Measurement of the type of grounding electrode on a 20 kV distribution transformer at PT. PLN Rema Gayo Lues Area uses 2 rod electrodes with a grounding resistance value of 2 Ohms.

Selection of Sheath Voltage Limiter for Mixed Overhead-Underground Cable in 220 kV Transmission Lines

This paper presents the most common methods of sheath bonding of transmission cables and the calculation of parameters, including rated voltage and energy absorption, of sheath voltage limiters for a mixed overhead-underground 220 kV transmission lines. The dependence of sheath voltage limiters parameters on the sheath types, system parameters such as the short-circuit capacity, the cable length, lightning current amplitudes, grounding resistance and cable installation are calculated in details. In this research, several methods in selecting sheath bonding types as well as sheath voltage limiters for a given set of conditions in mixed overhead-cable 220 kV transmission lines are proposed. The cross bonding permits to choose SVLs with the lowest rating voltage. However, the grounding resistance value of the tower at the junction between overhead lines and cables must be maintained at or below 3 Ω. The surrounding environment of cables changes, the required parameters of SVL to be selected must be recalculated to take the cable installation into account.

Simulation and Experiment of Substation Grounding Resistance Measurement Based on Pseudorandom Signal.

The grounding resistance of a substation is an important parameter that should be designed within a reasonable range to prevent operational accidents from damaging electrical equipment due to overvoltage and ensure the safe operation of an electrical system. However, simply and accurately measuring the grounding resistance of a substation has been a difficult problem faced by engineers and technicians for a long time. This paper proposes a method of denoising by applying the m-sequence correlation identification technology to the measurement of substation resistance. We established a grounding resistance model of a grounding grid and used LabVIEW to simulate it. Based on system identification and correlation function theory, pseudorandom signals or sinusoidal signals were used as excitation signals. The output results of the system were compared when pseudorandom signals and sinusoidal signals were used as excitation signals. It was verified that the grounding resistance value measured by a pseudorandom signal was closer to the actual value, which met the design requirements. Laboratory test results verify that the method of calculating grounding resistance based on the correlation analysis method is feasible.

Lightning protection of overhead distribution lines installed on high resistivity soil

The paper presents a comprehensive study on the lightning performance of overhead distribution lines located on high resistivity soil considering both indirect and direct strokes. An evaluation of the effect of high grounding resistance values of the neutral conductor, shielding wires and surge arresters is presented. A lightning induced voltage calculation methodology is presented and validated. The estimated performance results for distribution lines placed at high resistivity soils, with and without neutral conductor and surge arresters, are presented together with a discussion on the induced voltage problem. Additionally, the protection of distribution lines against direct strokes is analyzed and an innovative solution to reduce the number of arrester failures is proposed. The new solution is compared with the classical one, which uses a shielding wire to protect the arresters, followed by a discussion on the line lightning performance against direct strokes. The results point to different alternatives to improve the distribution lines lightning performance considering direct and indirect strokes together.

PENGARUH BESARAN HAMBATAN PEMBUMIAN TITIK NETRAL TERHADAP THD DI GEDUNG KAMPUS

The quality of electric power is influenced by harmonic factors that occur due to animbalance in the load on the power system. This load imbalance results in a current at theneutral point. This amount of current can cause equipment damage and loss of electrical power.Therefore, an earthing system is needed to parse the current flowing at the neutral point and asa safety for the electric power system in a building. The objective of this research was to specifythe impact of the grounding resistance value of the neutral point on the current THD on theMDP installed during peak load conditions at the Electrical Engineering Campus of UdayanaUniversity in Jimbaran. This research method uses simulation with Simulink Matlab software todetermine the effect of neutral point grounding resistance on current THD in areas withcalcareous soils. The simulation outputs indicate that the value of the earth resistance affectsthe THDi value in the electrical system. The simulation outcomes represent that when the earthresistance value is 5 , the THD of the R, S, and T phase currents is feasible at 17.55%, 19.42%, and 8.86%. Then when the resistance value is lowered by 0.5, the THD of the R, S, T phasecurrents is feasible 17.20%, 17.35%, and 8.79%. This shows that more slight the earthresistance number, the smaller the current THD value.

An Artificial Neural Network Model Based on Experimental Measurements for Estimating the Grounding Resistance

In grounding systems established in rocky and sandy lands where contact resistance with metal electrodes is high, contact resistance is generally the most critical parameter that changes the total grounding resistance value. Therefore, the nonlinear variation of the earth contact resistance according to the soil type cannot be taken into account in determining the grounding resistance with the traditional mathematical formulas given theoretically. This reduces the accuracy of grounding resistance determination. In this study, experimental measurements were made according to soil types and a data set was created. Then, to estimate the total grounding resistance of complex grounding systems, a classification was made using the multi-layer sensor (MLP) type ANN algorithm and the successful results were reported. Thus, according to the data set prepared based on experimental measurements, the proposed general classification algorithm approach can be applied to any grounding system. It presents a different technique from the previous literature as a pre-feasibility study for estimating the grounding resistance, especially before the grounding system installation, which is an early stage of the design process.

Mitigation of soil resistivity using composition of zeolite, NaCl, and charcoal

The grounding resistance value is directly proportional to soil resistivity. The resistance value is better as low as possible for the equipment body grounding. The purpose is to provide a path of the short circuit current flows to the ground as protection and safety personal and also the equipment. The soil resistivity great is influenced by moisture and substance content in the soil. The highland soil and rocky soil commonly are poor the soil resistivity. Transmission line towers can be not avoided through the highland region. To reduce the soil resistivity value can widely be carried out by addition low material resistance (LMR) or LMR composite other materials. This research, to mitigate the value of the soil resistivity can be carried out by addition low material resistance (LMR) Zeolite composite with NaCl, Charcoal, and Soil. Various compositions of the LMR, NaCl, and Charcoal were used to find the lowest grounding resistance at certain depth. The three-point method was used to measure the grounding resistance value. The research result gives information that best composition is 90% Zeolite, 5% NaCL and 5% charcoal for the rod depth of 1.2m, the resistance decrease from 94.3Ω down to 5.3Ω (94.4%). The LMR Zeolite is dominant influence to reduce the grounding resistance.