Ground Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Sensored Brushless DC Motor Control Using dsPIC30F4012 for CW/CCW Bidirectional Rotation

This paper presents the development of BLDC (Brushless DC) motor control based on dsPIC30F4012. The system is designed to control motor rotation in clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) directions. There are 3 input pins used to facilitate the control interface, namely ground (GND) pin, control (CTRL) pin and enable (EN) pin. An analog input was assigned as command input for rotation in CW/CCW direction. The CTRL pin input has full-scale of analog input that comprises of three regions, namely CCW rotation input (0V~2.4V), CW rotation input (2.6V~5V), and neutral input (2.5±0.1)V as the deadband. The commutation sequences of six steps for direction of motor rotation, while P-I (Proportional-Integral) controller is used to control the motor current. The control law and commutation sequences are implemented in single chip dsPIC30F4012 microcontroller. To verify the system performance, we test the system implementation to drive BLDC motor and measured current are sent to the host PC through serial communication. From the experimental results it is shown that the realizing P-I controller is good performance in small frequency where the bldc motor current can follow the input commands. The bandwidth of motor control to characterize the performance of designed system is also presented.

Design and analysis the performance of triangular patch antenna for THz applications

Modern technology advancement requires a more extensive data rate to convey information more rapidly than ever. Improved bandwidth can satisfy the need for high-speed transmission demand. In order to achieve significantly increased bandwidth for a high data rate communication, the antenna design at the THz band is essential. The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most prominent antennas for THz band applications such future 5G communication systems and advanced wireless communication system. This paper proposed a triangular patch antenna for THz applications where FR4 is used at the substrate as an insulator and Graphene at the patch as a conductor. Moreover, we improve the performance of the proposed antenna by modifying the shape of the patch and ground (GND) layer. We modify the patch shape by cutting the corner edge of the triangular patch. Moreover, the GND layer is modified with horizontally partial ground. The size of the proposed antenna is set to 160×120 µm2. We analyze the performance of the proposed antenna using CST simulation software. Based on the simulation results, the proposed antenna with a modified patch and GND shape shows wide bandwidth of 1.27 THz and minimal return loss of -33.22 dB at a resonant frequency of 2.28 THz. Additionally, the gain and efficiency of the suggested antenna show good improvement. Therefore, the proposed triangular patch antenna with a modified patch and GND shape is expected to be suitable for high-speed THz applications.

Differences of oribatid mite community and trophic structure between karst caves and surface different moss habitats.

In order to reveal the community characteristics and trophic structure of oribatid mites in different moss habitats in karst caves, the oribatid mites in the moss habitats of ground (GD), understory (US), cave wall (CW), surface shrub (SB) and farmland (FL) outside the cave were collected in October 2021. Through the identification and data analysis of oribatid mites, 2352 oribatid mites were found, belonging to 45 families and 72 genera, most of which were Gymnonota. The family number, genus number, individual number, individual density, dominant genus composition, community diversity, community similarity, MGP (Analysis methods for ecological groups of oribatid mites) ecological group of oribatid mites and trophic structure of oribatid mites in different moss were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The number of families, genera, individuals, and individual density of SB and FL are higher than those of the other three habitats; (2) Platyliodes, Oppiella, Tectocepheus, Scutovertex, Scheloribates and Trichogalumna are the dominant genera of the oribatid mites in the cave moss habitat, among them, Tectocepheus and Trichogaluna have the most obvious advantages; (3) The diversity index of shrub (SB) was higher than that of other four habitats; Similarity between ground and cave wall, shrub and farmland is high; (4) The MGP ecological group of oribatid mites in different habitats is dominated by O type (Overall type belongs to MGP analysis results, 20%≤M,G,P≤50%), and a total of 42 genera of oribatid mites preliminarily constitute the trophic structure of oribatid mites in the cave moss habitat. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that there are differences in the community structure of oribatid mites in different moss habitats in the study area, and the use of dominant genera of mites can preliminarily indicate the environmental conditions of different moss habitats. This study enriches the study of mites in karst cave mosses, and can provide theoretical significance for the protection of cave biodiversity in karst areas.

Receiving and Transmitting Antenna Pairs Based Rasorber With High Angular Stability

Frequency selective rasorbers (FSRs) with out-of-band absorption and in-band transmission performance have been widely reported for stealth radome applications over the past few years. However, developing an FSR with high angular stability in the transmission band remains challenging. Therefore, to improve the transmission angular stability, we propose an innovative architecture in this work for constructing the FSR with independently explorable absorption and transmission paths. First, a band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) and an absorber are employed in the absorption path to obtain out-of-band absorption. Second, the receiving (RX) and transmitting (TX) antenna pairs connected by the corresponding enclosed transmission lines (TLs) are utilized to comprise the transmission path. Note that a wide-beam RX antenna is employed to capture incident electromagnetic (EM) waves at large angles and achieve in-band transmission with high angular stability. Besides, another second-order FSR with a sharp roll-off transmission filtering response is proposed by using the second-order band-stop FSS as the ground (GND) of the RX antenna. Furthermore, two prototypes of the FSRs (one narrowband and the other second-order) are fabricated and measured as demonstrations of the proposed architecture. Experimental results agree with simulation ones, indicating the two devices exhibit the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 3-dB transmission bands with excellent angular stability of 60 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , and both transmission windows are located on a wide <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10-dB low reflection band.

Millimeter-Wave Patch Antennas With Ultralow Profile of 20 μm on Flexible Substrate

In applications of flexible communication electronics, the requirement for ultralow profile of antenna is gradually approaching a limit. In order to achieve a higher flexibility, it is necessitated to limit the vertical distance to 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> scale between the integrated antennas and the electrode ground (GND). Such a small Section height results in a severely reduced radiation efficiency and a narrowed bandwidth. In this article, the enhancement of radiation efficiency and bandwidth of a millimeter-wave (mmWave) patch antenna with 20 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> profile height are studied. On the metal GND, by properly opening two (or one) resonant slots with a width of 100 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , strong resonance coupling between the patch antenna and the slots can be induced, leading to a greatly enhanced radiation efficiency. Meanwhile, the spectra width of TM10 mode of the patch antenna can also be effectively broadened by the mode coupling, giving rise to a greatly improved radiation bandwidth. The physical mechanism and the sensitive factors to maximize bandwidth, antenna gain, and front-to-back ratio are discussed.

Visualization and analysis of a Re-entrained particle with an electrostatic precipitator using PIV method

With the increasing demand for electric power and economic growth, the amount of gas emitted from power plants by power generation and diesel engines of ships and automobiles is increasing. In particular, exhaust gas contains black carbon, which is one of the pollutants that significantly influence global warming and must therefore be suppressed. It is considered that an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), which is an air purification device that uses plasma technology, can solve the problem. ESP is a mechanism that generates ion wind and electric charge by electric discharge, charges the passing particulate matter, and collects it on the ground (GND) electrode. During the dust collection process, particles charged with the discharge of ESP come into contact with the collecting electrode, and the particles lose the charge, thereby becoming neutral. With time, some of the collected particles detach from the GND electrode owing to the influence of electrostatic induction and the primary fluid. These particles are called re-entrained particles (RPs), and the phenomenon is called re-entrainment; this decreases the collecting efficiency of the ESP. The RP was successfully visualized and confirmed in this study using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method with dry ESP, and it is beneficial for the problems that ESP may encounter during the development and application process. As a result, the movement velocity of particles and the re-entrained number of particles per second were increased by increasing the applied voltage of the plate electrode. Furthermore, the discharge current of the back needle electrode, the distance between the high voltage electrode, and the number of collected particles on the GND electrode significantly affected the re-entrained number of particles per second.

Bi-Static Radar Cross-Section Test Method by using Historic Marconi Set-up and Time Gating

In this paper, a low-cost, simple, and reliable bi-static radar cross-section (RCS) measurement method by using a historic Marconi set-up is presented. It uses a transmitting (Tx) antenna (located at a constant position, at a reference angle of θ=0∘θ=0∘) and a moving receiver (Rx) antenna. A time gating method is used to extract the information from the reflection in the time domain; applying time filter allows removing the antenna side-lobe effects and other ambient noises. In this method, the Rx antenna (on the movable arm) is used to measure the reflected field in the angular range from 1∘1∘ to 90∘90∘ from the structure (printed circuit board, PCB) and the reference configuration represented by a ground (GND) plane of the same dimension. The time gating method is then applied to each pair of PCB/GND measurements to extract the bi-static RCS pattern of the structure at a given frequency. Here, a comparison of measurement results is carried out at 18 and 32 GHz with simulation ones indicating successful performance of the proposed method. It can be used as a low-cost, reliable, and available option in future measurement and scientificresearch.

A PSI targets characterization approach to interpreting surface displacement signals: A case study of the Shanghai metro tunnels

Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a multi-epoch InSAR method for measuring displacements of Earth's surface over time by exploring the interferometric phase of constantly coherent points, named Persistent Scatterer (PS). PSI has shown its superior capability to monitor linear features with long-distance and large-span characteristics. Nevertheless, the interpretation of estimated displacements over PS is a challenge to overcome. Here, we propose a target characterization approach for multi-epoch InSAR post-processing to efficiently correlate the target's possible deformation types and corresponding deformation characteristics. The PS targets were categorized into elevated (ELV) and ground (GRD) groups. The deformation signals are assigned into four types: Defo-Type I stable, Defo-Type II shallow, Defo-Type III structural, and Defo-Type IV mixed deformation based on the ELV versus GRD differential motion estimation. Our approach is demonstrated over the metro network of Shanghai city, China using High-resolution TerraSAR-X data. The seven-year displacements map along Shanghai metro lines estimated by PSI shows that 85% of the points are relatively stable, while only 0.07% exhibits a significant deformation trend. We performed the stability evaluation along the subway by incorporating velocity, cumulative and relative deformation. It was found that the lines that have been operated for a long time are relatively stable, and obvious deformations were observed on the newly built lines and the extension sections of existing lines. By interpreting deformation types, We inferred that the displacements along metro lines mainly corresponded to Defo-Type II, and the areas with obvious deformation involve the superposition of multiple deformation types.

Compact and Fast Response Dual-Directional SCR for Nanoscale ESD Protection Engineering

Direct bidirectional current discharge paths between input/output (I/O) and ground (GND) are imperative to achieve robust charged device model (CDM) protection for very stringent design window in advanced low-voltage (LV) processes. In this brief, a compact and fast response dual-directional silicon-controlled rectifier (CFR-DDSCR) has been proposed. Using P-electrostatic discharge (ESD) implantation layer to implement each diode-triggered silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) within only one n-well, the inherent defect of the prior art (i.e., the cumbersome p-well/n-well triggering diode) is eliminated, ensuring the low resistance of auxiliary triggering path and the compactness of silicon footprint. Moreover, by shielding all internal shallow trench isolation (STIs) with floating high- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${k}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> metal gates (HKMGs), an all-gate-bounded SCR structure is realized, and all triggering diodes evolve into gated diodes with compact current paths, thus improving the CDM protection capability greatly. Experimental results indicate that the CFR-DDSCR, with a design window suitable for 1.2 V-CMOS technologies, acquires a higher effective CDM robustness (73% improved), a faster turn-on speed (64% improved), and a more compact layout (31% shrunk) compared with its conventional counterpart, which is promising for the advanced LV CDM protection.

Design and analysis of frequency reconfigurable antenna for global positioning system applications

A compact frequency reconfigurable antenna is designed and analyzed in this paper to operate with global positioning system (GPS) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The designed antenna is printed on flame resistant 4 (FR4) epoxy substrate with relative permittivity is 4.3, loss tangent of 0.03 and overall substrate with ground (GND) plane dimensions of (54.6x54.6x1.6) mm3 and patch dimensions of (45x45) mm2. The antenna is designed and optimized using computer simulation technology (CST) package through series of parametric studies in order to cover the GPS, WiMAX bands with resonant frequency of 1.229 GHz, 1.575 GHz, and 3.34 GHz. Two triangular slots at the patch sides and single elliptical slot at the middle are etched for the best antenna performance. The designed antenna performs frequency re-configurability by using PIN diode switch at the inset feed to change the operating frequencies from double band operation at (1.575 and 3.34) GHz to single band at 1.229 GHz under S11 ≤-10 dB. The proposed antenna produces accepted simulation results with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), maximum radiation efficiency and gain of less than 2.76% and 7.035 dBi respectively.

A new electrically small antenna for on-demand 3.6/5.8 GHz wireless applications

Abstract This article presents a highly miniaturized dual-band electrically small antenna (ESA) for on-demand 3.6 and 5.8 GHz wireless applications. A partial rectangle-shaped structure is printed on the back face of the dielectric material, forming the antenna's ground (GND) plane. The radiating structure of the antenna consists of a C-shaped structure and a U-shaped ring connected to it, which is printed on the dielectric material's front face. The overall dimensions of the designed antenna are 0.160λo × 0.160λo × 0.02λo at the lowest operating frequency. The proposed antenna has a ka value of 0.56 at the lowest operating frequency, which is 3.59 GHz. Thus, the proposed antenna is considered as electrically small. The characteristic mode analysis is adopted to provide a clear understanding of the antenna's resonance behavior. The antenna has been fabricated and the simulation results were validated through measurements. Good agreement between simulated and measured results was obtained. Dual-band operation at 3.62 and 5.75 GHz was achieved, according to the measured reflection coefficient. The proposed antenna offers an adequate performance in terms of gain and efficiency, based on simulation and measurement results. Because of these characteristics, the antenna is well-suited to new wireless applications.

Temperature Gradient Affecting Electrical Tree in Silicone Rubber under Impulse Superimposed on DC Voltage

In this paper, the electrical tree growth characteristics of silicone rubber (SiR) are studied under impulse superimposed on DC voltage and a temperature gradient (TG) field. The temperature difference between high voltage (HV) and ground (GD) electrodes varies from -90 to 90 °C resulting in a TG field in the samples. The electrical tree morphology, length and accumulated damage are discussed. Experimental results show that with the increase of absolute value of TG, the electrical tree length and accumulated damage continue to increase, and the tree morphology turns from branch-like tree to bush-branch hybrid tree. The positive TG has a more obvious acceleration effect on the tree growth than does the negative TG. Under the TG, the temperature dependent carrier transport results in space charge accumulation and electric field distortion at low temperature side, which is the main reason for the different growth characteristics of electrical tree. Besides, the accumulated damage of DC superimposed with heteropolar impulse voltage is larger than that under DC superimposed with homopolar impulse voltage. It is concluded that the temperature gradient and impulse superimposed on DC voltage promote the electrical tree growth of HVDC cable accessories insulation.

Compact and Low Leakage Devices for Bidirectional Low-Voltage ESD Protection Applications

In advanced charged device model (CDM) protection engineering, it is necessary to provide dedicated dual-directional electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection between input/output (I/O) and ground (GND) to discharge the large amount of charge stored in the silicon substrate efficiently. This letter presents two improved bidirectional and low-voltage silicon-controlled rectifiers (BLVSCR-type1 and BLVSCR-type2), which are composed of two diode-triggered SCRs of opposite polarity in parallel. By improving the device structure and metal connection, the BLVSCR-type1 and BLVSCR-type2 can offer robust ESD capabilities. Compared with the conventional bidirectional direct-connected SCR (BDCSCR), experimental results show that the proposed BLVSCR-type1 can render a three order of magnitude reduction in the leakage current at a 1.2V I/O port and more stable parasitic capacitance characteristic. Moreover, the BLVSCR-type2 can possess a compact layout area reduced by as much as 35% when comparing to BLVSCR-type1.

Shared-Aperture Slot-Based Sub-6-GHz and mm-Wave IoT Antenna for 5G Applications

In this article, a square concentric slot-based antenna is presented for sub-6-GHz and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 5G-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The proposed antenna design exhibits an octaband operation for the sub-6-GHz spectrum while resonates at 28 GHz as well. The unique feature of the proposed design is the shared radiating aperture for both sub-6-GHz as well as mm-wave bands. The antenna consists of three concentric square slots etched out from a ground (GND) plane dimensions of 50 × 50 × 0.508 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . For the sub-6-GHz band, the antenna is excited by a single open-ended microstrip transmission line, while 1 × 8 power divider (PD) is used to excite the planar connected antenna arrays at the mm-wave band. The proposed antenna covers the following eight bands for sub-6-GHz operation: 1.05-1.23 GHz, 1.4-1.55 GHz, 1.9-2.3 GHz, 2.3-2.7 GHz, 3.1-3.7 GHz, 4.04-4.511 GHz, 4.83-5.2 GHz, and 5.66-6.151 GHz. The mm-wave band covers 27.4-28.4 GHz with the minimum bandwidth (BW) of 1 GHz. The proposed antenna covers most of the IoT bands, thus, it is a potential candidate for next-generation 5G-enabled IoT devices.

Control of Dual-Output DC/DC Converters Using Duty Cycle and Frequency

As part of the integration process of the auxiliary power systems of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, this study proposes a method to control two different voltage types using two control factors of the rectangular alternating waveforms contained in DC/DC converters, namely the duty cycle and frequency. A prototype circuit consisting of an H-bridge inverter, a transformer, two series resonant filters and two diode bridge circuits was constructed. The H-bridge inverter was connected to the primary side of the transformer and the diode bridge rectifier circuit was connected to the secondary side in parallel. Series resonant filters were inserted between one of the diode bridge circuits and the transformer. Thereafter, the proposed control method was applied to the transformer voltage of the prototype circuit. Although the circuit operation became complex owing to the circulating current flowing between the ground (GND) of the two output circuits, it exhibited ideal static and dynamic characteristics, thereby confirming the possibility of controlling two voltages with the duty cycle and frequency control factors. The results of the efficiency evaluation and loss analysis demonstrated a minimum efficiency of 68.3% and a maximum efficiency of 88.9%. As the output power of the circuit containing the resonant filters increased, the current peak value increased and the circuit became less efficient.

Frequency agile multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna design for 5G dynamic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks

AbstractIn this work, 2‐element slot‐based frequency reconfigurable (FR) multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna design antenna with a very wide‐sweep is proposed for dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) in 5G technologies. FR is achieved using varactor diode with frequency tuning range from 1655 to 2605 MHz. The design is a low profile with planar structure having a single element footprint of 19.5 × 20 mm2. The two slot antenna elements of the MIMO configuration are etched out from a ground (GND) plane of dimensions of 60 × 120 mm2. The proposed antenna is narrow‐band and hence it is suitable for RF front‐end in the 5G‐enabled DSS in cognitive radio (CR) applications.

Wear performance of surface treated drills in high speed drilling of AISI 304 stainless steel

In the present work, the effect of three surface-treated drills and one AlCrN (Alcrona) coated drill have been investigated at different levels of the cutting speed for drilling holes in AISI 304 SS. Three different high-speed steel (HSS) grades, including M2, M42, and M35, were utilized for the said purpose. Two types of drills, including M2 and M42 grades, were steam tempered (ST), which was performed at a temperature of 850°F to deposit a stable and corrosive resistance magnetite (Fe3O4) layer on the tool surface. One type of drill made from M35 HSS grade was ground (GR), while the other one was coated with ∼4μm thick AlCrN PVD coating. With respect to tool life, M2-ST drill outperformed all other evaluated counterparts with a maximum tool life of 48 holes at 11 m/min cutting speed, while at this cutting speed, the M42-ST tool drilled just 15 holes. The lesser volume fraction of primary carbides present in the microstructure of M2-ST drills was thought to be the reason for its better performance in terms of reduced tool wear/higher tool life. Catastrophic fracture was encountered in the majority of the tests conducted with M35-GR and M35-AlCrN drills. The inferior performance of the former tools was attributed to strain hardening/brittleness induced as a result of grinding, while non-uniformity of the coating along the cutting edge was thought to be the possible cause of the poor performance of the latter drills. Regarding hole quality, M2-ST drills outclassed all other equivalent tools with diametric error ranging from 7 μm to 25 μm and surface roughness variations within 1 μm to 2.60 μm.

A horizontally polarized end‐fire antenna with complete ground for 5G mmWave applications

AbstractA novel design of horizontally polarized end‐fire antenna array with a complete ground (GND) for the fifth‐generation (5G) millimeter wave (mmWave) applications is proposed in this article. The antenna employs four dielectric layers with the relative permittivity successively increasing from top to bottom. Utilizing the refraction of the radiated waves between different dielectric layers, the uptilting of the beam in the end‐fire direction caused by the complete GND has been solved. A pair of butterfly dipole is fed by a balun to produce horizontal polarization. The simulated result shows that the proposed antenna unit achieves a fractional impedance bandwidth of 19.6% (24.25‐29.5 GHz) with the gain varying from 4.3 to 6.51 dBi. Based on the antenna element, a 1 × 4 antenna array is proposed. The isolation of the array is 17.6 dB. Besides, the end‐fire gain is 7.51 to 10.2 dBi over the frequency band of 24.25 to 29.5 GHz. And the beam scanning range of the array covers from −54° to +54°. A prototype is fabricated and measured, which validates the simulated results. Both the simulation and experiment results prove that the proposed antenna is promising for 5G mmWave applications.

Innovative Theory of Low-Pass NGD via-Hole-Ground Circuit

The via ground (GND) structure constitutes one of the most useful elements for designing high performance printed circuit boards (PCBs). The electrical interconnections with vias become key regular solutions for the implementation of various electronic functions. However, so far, the vias are never being used for designing negative group delay (NGD) circuit. To answer this curious question, an original study on the design feasibility of low-pass NGD function with via ground is introduced in the present paper. After the topological description, the NGD analysis in function of the via parameters is established. The design equations allowing to synthesize the via in function of NGD function specifications are formulated. The developed NGD theory is verified with comparisons between calculations and simulations with a commercial tool. As expected, NGD value in order of hundred-picoseconds over hundred-megahertz cut-off frequencies is obtained with good agreement between the theoretical model and simulation. Furthermore, time domain analyses confirm that the via NGD structure enables to generate output signals in time-advance of arbitrary waveform input signals presenting limited bandwidth.

Differential Crosstalk Mitigation in the Pin Field Area of SerDes Channel With Trace Routing Guidance

Crosstalk noise on the printed circuit board is usually decreased by adding shielding ground (GND). In the trace routing area, the shielding vias are added to isolate the coupling between different traces. In the ball gate array (BGA) and pin field area, assigning more GND pins has demonstrated the effectiveness of crosstalk reduction between signals. However, such design decreases the signal to ground (S:G) ratio dramatically, herein, it is not suitable for applications that require high signal pin density. Unlike the treatment in the conventional methodology, in this paper, the differential crosstalk is mitigated by using the principle of symmetry on two adjacent differential signal pairs in the BGA and pin field regions. New full pin map patterns are proposed and compared with the conventional full pin map patterns. Without sacrificing the S:G ratio, the proposed maps prove the superiority in mitigating both differential far-end and near-end integrated crosstalk noise. To maintain the low crosstalk level in the entire link path, guidance of differential trace routing is provided and demonstrated in the details. All models in this paper satisfy SerDes channel designing and manufacturing requirements.