Ground Walnut Research Articles

Characterization of Walnut Oils (Juglans regia L.) from Asturias, Spain

AbstractA total of 15 walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples from 15 cultivars from different geographical areas (Villaviciosa, Colunga, Ribadesella, Llanes, Nava, Peñamellera and Sariego) from Asturias, Spain were studied. Samples of virgin walnut oil were obtained from dehusked ground walnuts by extraction at a pressure of 160 kg cm−2 and temperature below 40 °C for 3 min. The oil obtained by pressure was filtered for analysis. Fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol compositions as determined by capillary column gas chromatography (GC) and triacylglycerols composition as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are reported. The overall composition (percentages of husk, oil and moisture) was also determined. The higher percentages of fatty acids, as determined by capillary GC, corresponded to palmitic (6.11 ± 0.06–7.49 ± 0.04%), oleic (11.70 ± 1.10–18.90 ± 1.19%), linoleic (59.81 ± 1.03–64.77 ± 1.25%) and linolenic (11.11 ± 0.05–15.65 ± 1.09%). γ‐Tocopherol was the major component of the total tocopherols in the sample under study (289.01 ± 6.02–676.52 ± 5.98 mg kg−1 oil). β‐Sitosterol was the major sterol found (78.61 ± 1.45–86.50 ± 1.35%) followed by Δ5‐avenasterol (5.54 ± 0.92–13.81 ± 1.06%). The main triacylglycerides were LLL (24.67 ± 1.31–29.20 ± 1.22%), followed by LLLn (14.63 ± 1.01–17.06 ± 1.13%), OLL + PoLO (13.81 ± 1.01–16.14 ± 1.16%) and PLL + LnOO (11.83 ± 1.09–14.10 ± 1.10%).

Local time-averaged gas holdup in a fluidized bed with side air injection using X-ray computed tomography

Local time-averaged gas holdup in a 10.2 cm diameter fluidized bed is determined using X-ray computed tomography (CT) over a range of superficial gas velocities ( U g), side air injection flow rates ( Q side), and fluidized bed material. Without side air injection, only small variations in the local time-averaged gas holdup are observed for beds composed of glass beads, ground walnut shell, or ground corncob. With the introduction of side air injection, which simulates the immediate volatilization of biomass in a fluidized bed gasifier, a distinctive plume is observed along the reactor wall above the side injection port. The plume gradually expands toward the center of the bed as height increases; the expansion is found to increase with increasing Q side. As U g increases, fluidization becomes more uniform and the effect of the side air injection on the fluidization hydrodynamics is less pronounced. Additionally, increasing U g increases overall gas holdup and bed expansion. Of the three bed materials examined, ground corncob fluidization is the least affected by side air injection and shows the highest overall gas holdup while glass bead fluidization is much more affected by side air injection and has the lowest overall gas holdup. This study demonstrates the usefulness of X-ray CT in noninvasively visualizing detailed internal features of fluidized beds. These results will be used in future studies to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of fluidized beds.

Suppression of Implanted MDA-MB 231 Human Breast Cancer Growth in Nude Mice by Dietary Walnut

Walnuts contain components that may slow cancer growth including omega 3 fatty acids, phytosterols, polyphenols, carotenoids, and melatonin. A pilot study was performed to determine whether consumption of walnuts could affect growth of MDA-MB 231 human breast cancers implanted into nude mice. Tumor cells were injected into nude mice that were consuming an AIN-76A diet slightly modified to contain 10% corn oil. After the tumors reached 3 to 5 mm diameter, the diet of one group of mice was changed to include ground walnuts, equivalent to 56 g (2 oz) per day in humans. The tumor growth rate from Day 10, when tumor sizes began to diverge, until the end of the study of the group that consumed walnuts (2.9 ± 1.1 mm3/day; mean ± standard error of the mean) was significantly less (P > 0.05, t-test of the growth rates) than that of the group that did not consume walnuts (14.6 ± 1.3 mm 3 /day). The eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid fractions of the livers of the group that consumed walnuts were significantly higher than that of the group that did not consume walnuts. Tumor cell proliferation was decreased, but apoptosis was not altered due to walnut consumption. Further work is merited to investigate applications to cancer in humans.

Ovipositional preferences and larval performances of two populations of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella

AbstractOviposition decisions by female insects can determine the survival and fitness of their offspring. In this study, we assessed the larval performance and adult oviposition preferences of two populations of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), one a long‐term laboratory colony and another recently collected from the field. Development assays on a variety of foods were conducted on individual larvae in small shell vials, and data were collected for survival (percent), development time (days), and adult weight (mg). Larvae from both populations did not survive on ground walnut, pecan, coriander, and fennel. There were significant differences in larval survival on laboratory diet, chick pea, and soybean between the two populations. Development times were the longest on prunes and barley. Mean adult weights were the highest on chick pea, laboratory diet, and soybean for the laboratory moths whereas soybean and chick pea were very suitable for the field moths. Overall, field moths weighed significantly less than the laboratory moths. Adult ovipositional preferences were assessed in no‐choice and four‐choice oviposition bioassays in plastic boxes containing diets differing in quality. In a no‐choice situation, the numbers of eggs laid by laboratory moths on soybean, apricots, and wheat were not significantly different. Field moths laid significantly greater numbers of eggs on soybean, and those numbers were similar to those laid on barley. In four‐choice bioassays, laboratory moths oviposited in diets previously determined to be unsuitable for their progeny survival. Field moths were more selective and laid significantly greater numbers of eggs on soybean than in dishes containing barley, coriander, or an empty dish. Our studies clearly showed that laboratory colonization of Plodia interpunctella for long periods can alter the behavioral patterns of immatures and adults.

The use of peroxide value as a measure of quality for walnut flour stored at five different temperatures using three different types of packaging

Walnut flour, a by-product from the production of cold-pressed walnut oil, can contain up to 20% oil, which contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and is, therefore, potentially unstable. In this experiment, ground walnut flour was stored in three types of container, polypropylene plastic containers, multi-walled plastic-lined paper bags and manila (brown) paper bags. These containers were stored at mean temperatures of −24.6, 3.3, 10.4, 14.3 and 23.0 °C for 26 weeks. The moisture content and the peroxide value of the oil extracted from the flour were determined every four weeks for 26 weeks. The initial peroxide value of the freshly ground flour was 0.01 ± 0.008 meq O 2/kg oil. After 26 weeks of storage, all samples had an increased peroxide values when compared to the values for oil extracted from the freshly extracted walnut flour. After 26 weeks storage the mean peroxide levels of all treatments were below 1.0 meq O 2/kg oil, i.e., lower than that found in commercial samples of walnut oil. Overall, it is recommended that walnut flour should be stored below 23 °C with careful consideration given to the moisture content of the storage atmosphere and the type of package used to store the walnut flour.

Sex and Cognitive Dietary Restraint Influence Cholecystokinin Release and Satiety in Response to Preloads Varying in Fatty Acid Composition and Content

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preloads differing in fatty acid composition, content, and delivery form on acute behavioral, subjective, and biological outcomes of satiety. Four energy- and volume-matched preloads were tested in normal weight men and women (n = 12 and 13, respectively), using a random, crossover design. Preloads were semisolid shakes differing in fat source [walnut or safflower (SAFF)], delivery [ground walnuts (WNT) or walnut oil (WOL)] or content [39% fat energy (SAFF, WNT, WOL) or 4% low-fat control (LFC)]. Blood was collected and subjective satiety assessed at 0 (fasting), 15, 30, and 45 min after preload consumption. Lunch (test meal) was provided thereafter. Energy intake at lunch was not affected by preload; however, subjects selected more carbohydrate, fiber-rich foods at the test meal lunch after walnut preloads than after LFC or SAFF preloads. Compared with the LFC preload, appetite satisfaction was significantly greater after SAFF and WNT, but not after WOL. Women were hungrier after SAFF than after WOL, whereas men were less hungry after SAFF and LFC than after WOL or WNT. Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations reflected preload fat content and availability, particularly among men; CCK was higher after WOL and SAFF preloads than after LFC or WNT preloads. Plasma insulin was higher after LFC and SAFF preloads, corresponding to hunger suppression in men. Dietary restraint was associated with a blunted CCK response to preloads, whereas insulin was not affected by restraint. The results indicate that test meal energy intake after preloads containing approximately 40% walnut or safflower fat or 4% fat did not differ; however, walnut consumption may promote food patterns consistent with consuming diets higher in fiber.

Foamed Cement Application In Canada

Abstract With the development of cement slurries foamed with air or nitrogen, new methods of cementing wells are now available which will benefit operations in Canada*". Foamed cement has several physical properties which are very advantageous to some cementing operations. The most obvious advantage is its application as an economical, lightweight cement with relatively high strength. Formations which would normally break down when subjected to the hydrostatic pressures exerted by conventional lightweight slurries can now be cemented with foamed cement. The pseudoplastic properties of foamed cement slurries, combined with low density, make this cement ideal for curing lost circulation where conventional slurries containing lost circulation materials are ineffective. The air/nitrogen in the slurry provides compressibility, which will help maintain the hydrostatic pressure On the formation and improve zonal isolation by combatting annular gas channelling. Thermal cement slurries containing normal mix water ratios can also be foamed resulting in low density, set cements exhibiting good thermal stability along with greatly improved insulating qualities. This feature is attractive for cementing operations in Western Canada's thermal recovery projects. Foamed cementing operations can be conducted using conventional cementing equipment with the addition of an air or nitrogen source. This paper will review the physical properties of foamed cement and summarize the design and field operations of applications in Canadian operations. Introduction The use of compressed gases, notably nitrogen, to reduce hydrostatic pressure during primary cementing across severe lost circulation zones has been recognized for some time(1). Also, the use of low-density cement slurries has provided an alternate solution to slurry loss. In the past, these slurries fell into three classes. The first class includes slurries prepared by adding higher ratios of mix water and maintaining free water control (i.e. preventing cement separation) by incorporating clay-sized inorganic solids, or chemical extenders in the cement or mix water. The second class incorporates low-density solids notably organic material such as ground walnut hulls, coal, or gilsonite, into the slurries along with some additional mix water to achieve low density. The third class consists of slurries utilizing very fine glass or ceramic bubbles as the low-density solids(2,3). Both the first and second classes of slurries have been widely used and are still economical solutions to the cement requirements of most wells. Their use is limited however to cementing operations where slurry densities of greater than approximately 1450 kg/m3 are satisfactory as their compressive strength at lower densities are usually inadequate. The additives used in the second class of slurries also serve as bridging type lost circulation additives which are beneficial in cementing some wells. The third class of slurries has the advantage of higher strengths at lower densities, however, the collapse pressure of the additives (<50,000 kPa) and the relatively high cost has severely limited their use. Also, the need for dry blending the additive with the cement, causes complications in offshore applications. Not until recently(4,5) has the practicality of a fourth class of low-density slurry and cement been demonstrated.

Two-phase measurements of saltating turbulent boundary layer flow

Mean wind and particle speed measurements as functions of heigh were made for a saltating turbulent boundary layer flow. An exponential dependence of particle flux with height above the surface was found independent of windspeed and particle size. Particle-speed distributions as functions of height above the surface were measured for experiments conducted at two ambient pressures: atmospheric pressure and approximately 1% atmospheric pressure. The wind was shown to be a more efficient mover of particles at atmospheric pressure. High-speed motion pictures of saltating ground walnut shells (of diameter 500–1500 μm and density 1.1 g/cm 3) were taken in an environmental wind tunnel to simulate the planetary boundary layer. These experiments verify the existence and magnitude of particle spin rates proposed by White & Schulz (1977). There was remarkable agreement between numerical trajectory solutions, including the spin effect, and the filmed trajectories. An observation was made that not all particles spin exclusively in the vertical longitudinal plane (in the direction of flow). At low pressures (0.6 kPa) the effect of spin forces on the particle's trajectory was shown to have little influence and was verified by a theoretical force ration balance of spin to drag force.

Electroless Nickel Sand Consolidation: Laboratory Studies of Cementation and Calculated Effect on Well Productivity

Abstract The electroless consolidation of formation sand with the catalytic plating of nickel from aqueous solution provides a flexible alternative to "plastic" or resin sand consolidation in certain cases. A shut-in period (required for resin curing) is not needed, stronger bonding is achieved, and the consolidation is suitable for exposure to temperatures far beyond the range of plastic sand consolidations. The character of laboratory-consolidated cores is described, with emphasis on the permeability, porosity, and compressive strength attained. A model of the influence of nickel sand consolidations on well productivity is presented to show that very little productivity is presented to show that very little impairment is to be expected. Introduction Electroless nickel plating for sand consolidation was perfected in the latter half of the 1960's. A general description of the plating process and deposit properties is available in Ref. 1. Design procedures properties is available in Ref. 1. Design procedures for consolidation, along with a description of system chemistry, is provided in Ref. 2, a companion to this paper. The process involves injecting a catalyst that paper. The process involves injecting a catalyst that activates the sand and then injecting various aqueous solutions of nickel salts containing a chemical reducing agent. The metal layer deposits spontaneously on the sand grains, binding them into a consolidated mass. Although originally developed for higher-temperature applications up to about 550 degrees, far beyond the useful range of plastic sand-consolidation treatments, electroless nickel sand consolidations are available for the full range of reservoir temperatures. Nickel-consolidated sands exhibit compressive strengths much higher than organic cementing materials, with the strength highest near the wellbore, and require no curing time. Furthermore, since consolidation permeabilities depend strongly on nickel content, the placement tends to be self-regulating. Zones of initially higher permeability tend to be brought to the same level as permeability tend to be brought to the same level as the bulk of the formation to be treated; consequently, placement becomes more uniform. placement becomes more uniform.Electroless nickel plating has successfully consolidated a wide variety of materials, ranging from 700-micron ground walnut shells, to glass beads of all sizes, through fine, high-clay-content sands, as well as the typical Gulf Coast formation sands. Job design primarily depends on the specific surface area of the material to be plated and on the plating temperature. A variety of chemical systems plating temperature. A variety of chemical systems are available, depending on the application in question. Yet, even with significant uncertainty in the design parameters, successful consolidations can be expected. parameters, successful consolidations can be expected.Presented here are the results of core flow consolidations illustrating how the nickel content, porosity, permeability, and compressive strength is porosity, permeability, and compressive strength is likely to vary according to plating conditions. A model of the plating process that assumes uniform coatings around the sand grains leads to a simple permeability-porosity relationship that is in good permeability-porosity relationship that is in good agreement with experimental measurements, at least for porosity reductions of less than 50 percent. The influence of the consolidation on well productivity is examined, assuming a linear porosity profile, to show only minor "impairment." EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS The standard test material was Clemtex No. 5 sand, a clean, rounded, 80-120 mesh sand often used in formation simulation. Although results presented here are only for this material, other materials already cited exhibit the same general behavior. Design conditions were chosen to achieve 100-cc consolidations. The design specification involves choosing flow rate and solution composition for a given sand specific surface area and plating temperature. Design details are available in Ref 2. The sand was packed into steel pipe sections, with appropriate packed into steel pipe sections, with appropriate retaining screens, flow distributors and compression springs at each end. The packed pipe sections were then connected to the flow system, preceded by a constant-rate Whitey pump and followed by a backpressure regulator and gas-liquid separator. The pipe section was set into a constant temperature bath, and injected solutions were heated to the desired bath temperature before reaching the sand. The volume of plating solution was about 75 PV. SPEJ P. 203

Determination of Malonaldehyde as an Index of Rancidity in Nut Meats

Abstract Distillation of ground walnut meats from a slightly acidified concentrated NaCl solution gives a high per cent recovery of malonaldehyde which is associated with rancidity in nut meat products. Heating an aliquot of the distillate in an acetic acid solution of 2-thiobarbituric acid yields an intense red color with a maximum absorbance at about 532 nm. As little as 0.1 μg malonaldehyde/ml can be measured. Nuts judged to be slightly rancid by a taste panel showed the presence of approximately 40 μg malonaldehyde/g nul meat. Recoveries of malonaldehyde added to samples ranged from 92 to 97%. No malonaldehyde was detected in fresh nut meats.

EQUILIBRIUM PROFILES OF MODEL BEACHES

The investigation reported herein covers two aspects of equilibrium beach profiles, namely, (a) the criterion governing their type and (b) their reflection characteristics The problems are first analysed from dimensional considerations and then studied experimentally in laboratory wave flumes using different sizes of quartz, ground walnut shell and ground plastic as movable bed material. Empirical relations between pertinent parameters governing the beach process are given.

Movable Bed Model for River Structures Design

Laboratory tests using a movable bed hydraulic model were conducted to develop optimum design criteria for a new type river control structure called an L-head dike. The large size of the prototype, the Missouri River, made it necessary to distort the model, thus requiring careful consideration of the various scale factors. Rates of sediment transport strongly influence bed roughness, therefore it was important that the movable bed material be light to permit transport at low velocities. Ground walnut shells were found to satisy not only the sediment transport requirements but also simulated bank caving that occurs in the prototype. Verification tests as well as constant checks on scale factors were performed through the investigation period. The most surprising benefit was the ability of the engineer to observe sediment transport, dune patterns, bed waves, current boils, eddy currents, accretion buildup, and bank erosion.

High Strength Granular Sealing Material Increases Efficiency of Primary Cementing and Squeeze Cementing

Abstract The use of high strength granular materials in cement slurries has proved beneficial for cementing casing and squeeze cementing operations in Permian in Basin oil and gas wells. The addition of 1 to 4 lb of ground walnut shells to each sack of cement made possible successful high column cementing jobs in fields where high fill-ups normally cannot be obtained because of lost circulation. In squeeze cementing operations the number of cementing stages required for shutting off water was reduced by the addition of walnut shells to the last 50 per cent of the volume of cement slurry. Introduction The high hydrostatic head, created in the annulus when cementing casing, frequently is the cause of loss of slurry into weak formations or formations containing fractures or vugs. Common precautions taken to reduce this loss are reducing the density of the slurry adding effective sealing agents to the slurry, or both. One phase of this paper concerns the use of high strength granular sealing materials in cement slurry to seal openings into formations so that the slurry may be pumped to the desired level behind the casing. In squeeze cementing operations neat cement often fails to effect a complete seal because of the tendency of the slurry to enter only the weakest zones. This is indicated by the number of stages frequently required to stop the flow of water or gas. The intrusion of cement slurry into each perforation in a water or gas producing zone is probably necessary to eliminate flow completely, and a high final squeeze pressure may be a means of assuring entry of cement into each perforation or zone of weakness. The second phase of this paper concerns the use of high strength granular materials in cement slurries to obtain a high final squeeze pressure.