Grounded Theory Research Articles

Temperament: A Grounded Theory Study On The Formatıon Of Temperament

Every baby brings its own temperament with it into the world. Although it is widely accepted by scientists that genetic factors are effective in the formation of temperament, this study aims to examine the possible effects of the pregnancy process on the temperament characteristics of children in line with the experiences of mothers and the role and effects of the father in the pregnancy process and to present a theoretical model explaining this process. The research, which was conducted in the Grounded Theory design, was conducted with a total of 237 mothers consisting of 3 different study groups. The study concluded, important evidence was found that temperament cannot be caused only by biological factors and that the mother's well-being during pregnancy also affects the child's temperament. The study also found that a father supporting the mother during pregnancy (father involvement) was the strongest factor positively influencing the mother's well-being and thus the child's temperament. Based on the research findings, Theoretical Model 1 for temperament formation and Theoretical Model 2 for the father's role in the pregnancy process were presented.

Mapping Circular Economy in Portuguese SMEs

The transition from a linear to a circular economy is an increasingly popular solution to the dual problems of scarcity of virgin resources at the point of extraction and the exponential growth of waste at the point of disposal. The linear economy adheres to a model wherein natural resources are extracted, transformed into products, utilized, and ultimately discarded as waste. In contrast, the circular economy is designed to promote sustainability. This is achieved by reducing the use of raw materials, waste, reuse, recycling, and recovery of materials at the end of the useful life of products. The result is a closed and regenerative cycle that preserves natural resources and minimizes environmental impacts. The manner in which each country and company responds to this reality is markedly disparate. This research endeavors to ascertain the strategies employed by Portuguese SMEs in addressing this challenge. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain what has been published on this subject. However, the results of this review indicate that the existing literature does not fully address the intended topic. The articles identified in the literature review only partially address this issue, focus on other geographical regions, or in some cases, are dedicated to specific business sectors. In light of the dearth of research on this topic, we turned to the Portuguese context, employing the Grounded Theory methodology to conduct semi-structured interviews with 34 SMEs. Upon analysis of the results, it became evident that the circular economy is not yet a prerequisite for consumer choice. Portuguese legislation does not facilitate the implementation of the circular economy, consumers are not yet engaged with the issue itself, companies face challenges in communicating their practices, and there is a perceived lack of credibility by consumers. Additionally, the cost–benefit ratio is not always favorable for such practices.

Research on the Privacy Paradox Behavior in WeChat Moments Based on Grounded Theory

As an important content sharing platform in social life, WeChat Moments has gradually shown a cold phenomenon, reflecting the characteristics of users privacy paradox behavior in posting Moments. In this context, there is a gap between users attitudes toward privacy on social media and their actual behaviors. This study collected data on the privacy paradox behavior of 20 users through semi-structured interviews and used NVivo12 software based on the three-level coding framework of grounded theory to discuss the factors influencing privacy paradox behavior in WeChat Moments users and to construct a model of influencing factors for privacy paradox behavior. The study found that social factors, user factors, platform factors, and situational factors all have a significant impact on the privacy paradox behavior of Moments users. The platform still needs to optimize user privacy protection functions and enhance users awareness of personal information protection.

Multi-level Hierarchical Structure Analysis of Influencing Factors of Coal Mine Managers' Blame Avoidance Behavior

BackgroundIn the Chinese coal industry, widespread blame avoidance behavior (BAB) greatly impacts coal mine accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to stop the BAB of coal mine managers and raise the management level of coal mine enterprises for the safe development of Chinese coal industry. MethodsBased on the semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys (20 middle-level managers in coal mines), this paper used the Grounded Theory and Nvivo Software qualitative research methodology to open, spindle, and selectively encode the interview data. Then, an index system of factors influencing BAB of coal mine managers was constructed. The influence degree, affected degree, centrality degree, cause degree of each influencing factor were calculated and the hierarchical model of influencing factors of BAB of coal mine managers was established by the DEMATEL-ISM method which is a decision support tool used to evaluate and analyze the interdependencies between influencing factors. ResultsIndex system of factors influencing BAB of coal mine managers included four levels and 12 influencing factors: individual, organizational, institutional environmental, and situational factors. The hierarchical model identified eight causal factors and four consequential factors, of which safety management (15.355), work attitude (14.380), and work group performance (14.281) in the top three of the centrality rankings are the key factors affecting the avoidance behavior of coal mine managers; A 3-level multilevel structure was constructed to reflect the interactions among the factors influencing the BAB of coal mine managers in terms of direct, indirect, and root causes, and corresponding improvement measures were proposed. ConclusionThis study offers a theoretical complement and practical guidance for stopping BAB of coal mine managers.

Incorporating Parents' Lived Experiences Into the Pediatric Audiology Course: A Qualitative Analysis of Student Reflections.

This study explores the underutilized pedagogical approach of incorporating lived experiences of parents with children possessing diverse hearing profiles and their family characteristics into the audiology curriculum for students. The aim was to investigate the impact of integrating such experiences into the classroom as an andragogical learning experience through the qualitative analysis of written student reflections. Twelve (N = 12) third-year female audiology students enrolled in a pediatric auditory (re)habilitation course attended a parent panel presentation during their regularly scheduled face-to-face class. Five parents of children with diverse hearing differences and diverse technology, communication, and educational choices participated on the panel as guest speakers via the Zoom platform. Students completed written reflections based on Rolfe's reflective framework. Written reflections were downloaded from Canvas and de-identified prior to uploading to NVivo software for coding, utilizing an inductive grounded theory coding strategy coupled with content analysis. This study underscores the effectiveness of written reflections as an effective andragogical learning model. Through reflective practice, students gained a deeper understanding of their experiences, values, and learning journeys, enhancing their competency in pediatric audiology and auditory (re)habilitation. Students articulated previous knowledge and learning experiences, utilized newfound insights from exposure to the parent panel of shared lived experiences, and connected this knowledge with future clinical applications. Key findings underscore the effectiveness of reflective practice as an andragogical learning model, facilitating the integration of prior experiences with new knowledge. Moreover, it aids the transition of the professional journey from the familiar to the unfamiliar, demonstrating the impact of combining real-world lived experiences to reinforce and highlight classroom topics. Additionally, reflective practice enhances professional efficacy by valuing patient/parent perspectives regarding clinical care and aligning with evidence-based principles.

Measuring treatment impacts on symptoms in adults with hypoparathyroidism: findings from the PaTHway trial

BackgroundHypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disease frequently associated with serious physical and cognitive symptoms. This study’s purpose was to understand the impacts of the phase 3 PaTHway clinical trial treatment, TransCon PTH, on patients’ overall, physical, and cognitive hypoparathyroidism signs/symptoms and what patients consider meaningful improvement.MethodsIndividual telephone exit interviews were conducted with patients who recently completed the PaTHway trial blinded period. Using a semi-structured interview guide, interviews focused on trial treatment impact on hypoparathyroidism symptoms following the symptom list in the Hypoparathyroidism Patient Experience Scale-Symptom (HPES-Symptom). Meaningful changes in hypoparathyroidism symptoms were assessed with the Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS) and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) measures. Interviewees were probed on the meaningfulness of reported changes in symptoms from prior to starting trial treatment to the past 2 weeks/current time. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded for emerging concepts and themes/subthemes covered in the interview guide based on an adapted grounded theory approach.ResultsNineteen adults with hypoparathyroidism participated in interviews in the United States (n = 13, 68.4%) and Canada (n = 6, 31.6%). Marked improvements in physical and cognitive symptoms were described among trial treatment group respondents. The majority of participants who reported experiencing hypoparathyroidism physical symptoms pre-trial indicated symptom improvement with treatment, including muscle twitching (100%, n = 15), low energy (92.9%, n = 13), feeling tired (92.3%, n = 12), muscle weakness (92.9%, n = 13), tingling without numbness (84.6%, n = 11), trouble sleeping (92.3%, n = 12), muscle cramping (92.3%, n = 12), tingling with numbness (92.3%, n = 12), muscle spasms (100%, n = 12), and pain (90.9%, n = 10). Most participants who reported experiencing cognitive symptoms pre-trial reported symptom improvement with treatment, including difficulty finding the right words (86.7%, n = 13), difficulty concentrating (93.3%, n = 14), trouble remembering (92.9%, n = 13), trouble thinking clearly (85.7%, n = 12), and difficulty understanding information (83.3%, n = 10). Those in the placebo group reported limited or no improvement. The vast majority of participants affirmed that the improvements they experienced in symptom frequency on the PGIS/PGIC and HPES–Symptom were meaningful.ConclusionsFindings indicate that TransCon PTH treatment improved participants’ physical and cognitive hypoparathyroidism symptoms in meaningful ways, while reducing the daily burden associated with conventional therapy.Trial registrationNCT04701203 Registered: 06 January 2021. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04701203?term=NCT04701203&rank=1.

Exploring COVID-19 Vaccine Decision Making: Insights from 'One-Shot Wonders' and 'Booster Enthusiasts'.

Within the USA, the uptake of the updated COVID-19 vaccines is suboptimal despite health authority recommendations. This study used qualitative methods to examine factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine decision making and the effects of anxiety and depression on these decisions within the CHASING COVID Cohort (C3). Between October and December 2023, we conducted 25 interviews with participants from 16 different US states, 14 of whom endorsed recent symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Using grounded theory methodology for coding and thematic analysis, we categorized participants into "One-Shot Wonders" and "Booster Enthusiasts". Our findings indicate that the US COVID-19 vaccination environment has shifted from active promotion to a notable absence of COVID-19 discussions, leading to reduced worry about infection and severe illness, diminished perception of the benefits of the vaccine on personal and community levels, and fewer cues to action. Initially influential factors like family, personal experiences, and physician recommendations lost impact over time. Although the relationship between symptoms of depression and anxiety and vaccination was not prominent, one case highlighted a direct relationship. The study emphasizes the importance of timely and accurate public health messaging adaptable to individuals' needs and misconceptions, highlighting the need for dynamic communication strategies in future initiatives with rapidly changing landscapes.

Unveiling the assessment process behind an integrated flood risk management plan

In the context of the European Floods Directive, flood risk assessment is a critical component for the definition of an integrated management plan that operates within a multidimensional landscape shaped by intricate interactions. This study explores this complex interplay using a comprehensive framework, aimed at enlightening the non-linear pathways that flood risk assessments can traverse. It adopts the Gioia Methodology within the Grounded Theory approaches, enabling a nuanced exploration of flood risk assessment dynamics. Utilizing data from an Italian case study in the Po River District, this study unveils the flood risk assessment process framework by identifying 13 first-order codes, 6 s-order themes and 3 aggregate dimensions. It introduces a qualitative self-assessment tool to facilitate integration across dimensions and enhance Directive alignment, offering valuable insights for future flood risk assessment implementations.

People First, Mission Always: A Tension‐Centered Approach to Conducting Safe, Effective Logistics

ABSTRACTLogistics organizations' cultures inherently produce tension between safety and operational requirements. Perhaps counterintuitively, such tension is important for organizations to achieve safe practice and effective operational outcomes. In this study, we evaluate how logistics managers and workers create, identify, and manage various tensions between operational requirements and personnel health and safety during an extended period of uncertainty. Using a grounded theory (GT) approach, this research draws on multiple data sources from six global U.S. Air Force logistics organizations during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A six‐stage GT empirical analysis process revealed a tension‐centered approach to safe, effective logistics, presented as a substantive (middle‐range) theory with an accompanying process model. Data demonstrate operations‐ and people‐focused cultural elements are activated based on respective requirements, thus inducing tension between potentially competing, yet interrelated, areas. In high‐performing organizations, logistics managers and workers address tensions via a balanced focus to alleviate conflicts and conduct safe, effective logistics. This research responds to calls for organizational culture research using qualitative methods while offering implications for theory and practice. Specifically, logistics leaders can use the process model to prepare personnel to safely and effectively handle dynamic operational logistics in the face of unforeseen crises or changes.

Motivating small and medium-sized listed companies for better Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting in Hong Kong

PurposeIt is a challenge for Small-Cap companies, i.e., Small and Medium-sized listed companies in Hong Kong (“SMEs”) in Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting as they may lack knowledge, skills and motivation. This paper investigates a spectrum of the drivers and barriers that these SMEs faced for better ESG reporting.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, 22 persons responsible for ESG reporting in their SMEs were interviewed. The results were analysed by using grounded theory with the assistance of concept mapping.FindingsRegulations and management support are the first two critical drivers, whereas lack of management support and lack of expertise are the first two significant barriers. To overcome the obstacles, various stakeholders including regulators, bankers, investors, customers, competitors, NGOs and employees have their roles to play. Stakeholder theory is most relevant in explaining the results as stakeholders can exert effective pulling forces by creating tangible benefits for SMEs, resulting in more substantial management support.Originality/valueThis is amongst the first comprehensive investigation on the motivational factors in SMEs’ ESG reporting. Policy makers should not only focus on the effort to upgrade the reporting standards but also contemplate more effective ways to balance the short-term and the long-term benefits of ESG reporting by mobilising various stakeholders to exert more influences.

Interaction Processes between Health Professionals and Moroccan Immigrant Women in Reproductive Healthcare: The Disagreement in the Encounter-A Qualitative Study.

Spain is a multicultural society and has been defined by several authors as an immigrant-receiving country. Moroccan women of childbearing age constitute 28.20% of Moroccan immigrants. describe the interaction processes that occur between health professionals and Moroccan immigrant women in reproductive healthcare. Qualitative descriptive study based on Grounded Theory. Thirty immigrant women from Morocco and thirty-five health professionals participated in the study. Specific dimensions of analysis were defined and used to design the interview guide and focus groups. In the healthcare encounter, the construction of an effective communicative space between the people involved in it is essential; however, the language barrier and the interpersonal relationships characterized by silence in the encounter make a meaningful healthcare relationship difficult for those who participate in it. There are communication and relationship problems that alter healthcare and the professional-patient relationship which require the use of translation programs, the incorporation of intercultural meters, and the development of cultural competence in health professionals.

Changes in roles and feelings among "Kaigoyobou leaders" responsible for community prevention activities over 10 years

Objectives Community residents experience changes over time, including those in the care prevention system, governmental expectations, and their motivations. To support community-based prevention activities, it is necessary to clarify these changes. This study used a qualitative research method to examine changes in roles and feelings among "Kaigoyobou leaders" who had been involved in community-based care prevention activities for 10 years.Methods The study participants were nine leaders (six men and three women) who had been active in community-based care prevention for approximately 10 years. Through one-hour semi-structured interviews, we explored their current activities, reasons for taking the leader training course, changes in the content of their activities since completing the course, changes in their roles in activities and feelings about the activities, and what they recognized as important in their activities. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. From the transcripts, we extracted "concepts" related to changes among the leaders and generated "categories" to summarize the concepts.Results The analysis identified 28 concepts summarized into 12 categories. The categories included: "belief in the activities" (e.g., "focusing on preventive effects"), "learning through trial and error" (e.g., "learning continuously"), "developing the activities" (e.g., "expanding the activities"), "commitment to the community" (e.g., "valuing connections with people involved in the activities"), "increasing required roles" (e.g., "taking consultations from juniors"), "relationship with the government" (e.g., "responding to requests from the government"), "benefits from the activities" (e.g., "receiving a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction from the activities"), "burden due to the activities" (e.g., "a shortage of group members"), "aging of stakeholders" (e.g., "increasing age of the participants"), "preparing for continuity" (e.g., "new people wishing to participate"), "considering ending activities" (e.g., "reducing activities due to increasing age of the leaders themselves"), and "impact of the coronavirus."Conclusion Leaders' strong belief in their activities and their ability to adapt based on successful experiences were crucial. They responded effectively to environmental changes, including evolving government relationships. Fostering leadership belief, highlighting the benefits of activities, and supporting collaborative responses to environmental changes are essential for ongoing success.

The Use of a Multimedia-Enabled, Serialized Worked-Example Artifact in an Online Environment for Secondary Education

High school students in rural and semi-rural areas are disadvantaged because their schools struggle to attract and retain instructors who are qualified to teach career and technology courses that ready students for the knowledge economy. The effects of the pandemic moved much knowledge-economy work online by adopting study-from-home (SFH) models; however, educational institutions have been slow to validate corresponding study-from-home instructional models. In response, the current study developed study-from-home instruction using a multimedia-enabled, serialized worked-example artifact to teach financial accounting and modeling for high school students. The study featured grounded theories that inform the design of SFH instruction and online facilitation for a yearlong study. The instruction aimed to promote the far transfer of domain-specific, career-development knowledge regarding financial accounting and modeling. To do so, authors conducted a quasi-experiment with 50 students from five public high schools in rural and semi-rural East Texas. The result shows that socially situated SFH instruction whose design follows the principles of cognitive load theory, situated learning, and cognitive apprenticeship promoted mastery-of-learning outcomes over the course of an academic year. Our findings indicate a promising new direction in the design of remote instruction that delivers complex content to small-screen mobile devices for high school students.

Pedagogical Outdoor Project in Nature Sloyd

This study investigated the pedagogical value of a nature sloyd project. The assign­ment was to create the interior of and add decoration to one of the domed caves in a snow hotel dedicated to newlyweds. The theoreti­cal understanding that led to solve the design assignment was derived from experience-based teaching. The students were interviewed during the process, and three months later, the interviews emphasised the students’ experiences, cooperation, and learning and under­standing of significant subjects in the process. The Nordic context added value to the project. To support the interview data, the researcher’s memos and photos of the process were included in the analysis. The collected data were analysed in accordance with the constructing grounded theory method. The results show that feedback from supervisors and outsiders is important for maintaining motivation for a demanding outdoor project. They also show that the students were absorbed in the joy that various parts of the work process brought them, and it was new to them that ice can be processed with almost all types of tools found in a workshop for woodworking. Collaboration in lifting and constructing large structures using snow and ice made it possible for students to think in terms of a holistic design methodology. In such a way that the students reflected on didactic issues that may face them in their future profession as teachers. The results contribute to the understanding of the educational possibilities of pedagogical nature sloyd. Keywords: pedagogical value, sloyd, design art and crafts, nature sloyd

Teaching Social Justice After the Dobbs Decision

ABSTRACT On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision, overturning 50 years of protected abortion rights in the United States. The decision directly impacts the way social work educators address current social issues that relate to bodily autonomy and social justice. This paper used mixed methodology to collect quantitative and qualitative survey data from MSW students to explore how they perceive the overturning of Roe v. Wade, how the topic was covered in their social work courses, and receive recommendations on how it should be taught. Constructivist Grounded Theory and Thematic Analysis were used to code for reoccurring and emergent themes. Findings indicate that students believe the Dobbs decision was not discussed enough in social work courses, that students believe reproductive justice discussions should be grounded in NASW values, and that students view the Dobbs decision negatively. Student suggestions for teaching reproductive justice are to focus on educational information, try to avoid politics, and set a civil classroom tone. The aim of this research study is to elevate the voices of students as educators grapple with navigating how the Dobbs decision impacts micro- and macro-level curriculum.

Participation profiles in Chilean ECE professional associations and unions: assemblages of agency and professional field orientation

ABSTRACT This article explains how early childhood education (ECE) teachers in Chile participate in ECE teachers’ Professional Associations and Unions (ECEPAUs), building professionalism amid a constraining context composed of an entirely feminized workforce, and educational policies influenced by neoliberalism. Following the Constructivist-Grounded Theory (CGT) abductive approach, this is a single holistic case study with a sample of ECE teachers participating in ECEPAUs. Data collection drew on individual in-depth interviews and discussion groups; the analysis was developed through Constant Comparison coding. Findings show an assemblage of four ECE teachers’ participation profiles in ECEPAUs; each one is shaped by the crossing of two axes: “Agency” and “ECE field.” These profiles are termed Communalist, Representativist, Field-centered, and Child-centered. To conclude, we discuss how these profiles, despite having some trappings of the definitions of professionalism usually described in the literature, do not have a one-to-one correspondence with the latter. This implies that these four profiles show that ECE teachers’ participation in ECEPAUs is not tied to the monolithic approach toward professionalism imposed by standardization and accountability. Optimistically, this loose-connectedness of teachers’ participation among ECEPAUs assembles an alternative ecosystem to navigate the constraining context but also may reflect the fragility of professionalism in the ECE field caused by fragmentation.

Architectures of Encounter: A Grounded Theory Study of Authentic Communication and Self-Discovery in Everyday Life

This study presents a qualitative investigation into the phenomena of the Encounter in everyday life. It uses a person-centered approach with the grounded theory as the methodological framework. The analysis of in-depth interviews established a conceptual framework that delineates the manifestation of the Encounter in everyday contexts. The meaning of Encounter is rooted in the organismic valuing process. It involves authentic communication with others to access one’s true Self. We distinguished between two types of Encounters: fundamental and episodic. We identified three levels of knowing of the Encounter, which depend on the degree of implicit awareness about the Self: mindful, bodily, and organismic. We revealed that people experience cycles of discovery and exploration of the Self. The transition toward Encounter occurs gradually and comprises four stages: latent Self, appearing Self, manifested Self, and transpersonal Self. These findings were organized into the Continuum of Self-Encounter Model. Finally, we determined aspects encouraging and impeding individuals from experiencing the Еncounter. The experience of Encounter establishes a field in which reality, the Self, and the Other are co-constructed in a shared existential domain. The findings underscore the paramount significance of this phenomenon in human existence, which parallels the essence of Rogerian organismic values.

Finding Occupational Coherence After a Stroke: A Grounded Theory

Abstract Date Presented 03/23/24 This poster describes how individuals find occupational coherence after a stroke. This study utilized a grounded theory approach. Findings can aid OTs in helping individuals find continuity in life after experiencing a stroke. Primary Author and Speaker: Margaret Hambrose Contributing Authors: Barbara Nadeau

A Model of Self-Advocacy Decision-Making for Undergraduates With Learning Disabilities & Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Date Presented 03/21/24 Using grounded theory, this study presents a nonacademic accommodation self-advocacy decision-making model that occurred within the social contexts of college students with learning disability/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (LD/ADHD). Applications to OT self-advocacy interventions are highlighted. Primary Author and Speaker: Sharon Medina Additional Authors and Speakers: Katherine DeNunzio, Anushka Pandya, Consuelo Kreider

The Governance, Policy, Process, and Capacity of Health Workforce Regulation and Accreditation: Qualitative Policy Analysis and Evidence from Palestine.

The significant health development achieved in Palestine last decades has been lost, in Gaza particularly. This requires fundamental health system reform and rebuilding, including health workforces. Strengthening health workforces involves essential elements: leadership, finance, policy, education, partnership, and management. The current unprecedented catastrophe in Gaza and overall instability in Palestine show the utmost necessity for rethinking and reforming all pillars of the already collapsed health system, including the workforce. Health Workforce Accreditation and Regulation (HWAR) standardizes healthcare evaluations, representing a critical research area in Palestine due to limited existing knowledge. This study aims to enhance understanding of the HWAR in Palestine, and identify gaps and weaknesses, thereby enhancing the HWAR's development and optimization. This qualitative study used an inductive approach to explore the landscape of HWAR. Data were collected from October to November 2019, when 22 semi-structured in-depth interviews - were conducted with experts, academics, leaders, and policymakers purposely selected from government, academia, and non-governmental organization sectors. Data analysis, namely, thematic and ground theory, was performed using Excel and MS programs. The study revealed an absence of transparent governance and ineffective communication within HWAR systems. National policies and guidelines are problematic, with HWAR mechanisms fractured and needing reform. Licensing for healthcare workers hinges on local education, while monitoring and evaluation of HWAR are deficient. Some institutions adhere to HWAR standards, yet widespread updates and applications are necessary. Coordination among educational, accreditation, and practice sectors is non-systematic. Adequate human resources exist, but we need to improve HWAR management. Operational and political challenges limit HWAR, leading to a focus on immediate responses over sustainable system integration. Boosting HWAR is critical for Palestine, especially after the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis that led to the dysfunction of the entire health system facilities. A collaborative strategy across sectors is needed to improve governance and outcomes. It is essential to foster strategic dialogue among academia, regulatory entities, and healthcare providers to enhance the HWAR system. Further study on HWAR's effectiveness is recommended.