Ground Tanks Research Articles

SUBSTANTIATION OF USE OF BUTANE FOR GASIFICATION OF OBJECTS

Statement of the problem. The variable composition of liquefied petroleum gas has a significant impact on the operation of autonomous gas supply systems. The presence of the butane fraction under conditions of sub-zero temperatures leads to the cessation of the generation of the vapor phase in the tank, moisture condensation and the formation of ice and hydrate plugs.Results. The features of the use of technical butane in gas supply systems are considered. The composition of the gas-air mixture is recommended, taking into account the restrictions on deviations in the Wobbe number, ensuring the completeness of combustion of the mixture in gas-using installations of the consumer. The level of filling underground tanks with technical butane is justified, taking into account the coefficient of volume expansion of gas in the presence of extreme operating temperatures.Conclusions. The composition of butane-based gas-air mixtures for gas supply to consumers was determined that meets the condition for the interchangeability of combustible gases and provides lower dew point temperatures; the level of filling of ground and underground tanks with technical butane is justified.

Assessment of designing multi-fuel filling stations

The lack of design standards for fire-prevention distances between the ground tanks of reduced hydrocarbon gases (RHG) as part of multi-fuel filling stations to facilities not related to it and on the territory (MFS) between the buildings, structures and technological equipment is the urgent problem in the design and operation of these facilities. The article evaluates the parameters of hazardous factors of possible technogenic emergencies on the technological equipment of RHG sites for workers, fuel consumers and people who are in the residential area near multi-fuel filling stations (MFS) according to the existing method. The most dangerous design basis accidents, in which the largest amount of flammable gas and gasoline is released into the environment at the MFS territory, are considered. Technical solutions have been developed to eliminate the formation of a flammable environment at the facility, as well as measures to prevent the formation of ignition sources in a combustible environment.

‏Features of agricultural and irrigation activity at the Nabatean

The Nabataeans appeared in Jordan around the fourth century B.C., they were able to establish a kingdom and expand their political influence during the second century B.C. and thus covered most of the lands of the Levant. The Nabataeans interest in agriculture with its vegetable and animal branches, and made great efforts to enrich it by devising appropriate irrigation methods for the topography of the region, so they established water channels, they dug ground tanks and built types of dams in order to secure the irrigation of their farms and the irrigation of their animals. King Al-Nabat Al-Harith IV (9 BC-AD 4) had a great influence on the prosperity of agricultural resources - after the Nabataeans lost their commercial resources - who began planning and developing the agricultural reality, which enabled them to achieve self-sufficiency in the crops of wheat and barley as well as beans and corn, especially in the northern and northeastern regions of the Kingdom where abundant rains fall, as the Nabataeans did not neglect the lands with rocky soil - where they worked hard to overcome the harsh environment in order to deliver water through the channels to the dry lands to water palm trees, olives and grapes, as well as preserving cattle sheds by providing drinking water for cows, sheep and goats.

Environmental aspects of petroleum storage in above ground tank

Oil pollution is a severing global environmental problem causing a number of adverse negative impacts on human health air ecosystem and eventually the natural income that is why soil, water, air pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons have become the focus of increasing public and research concern petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the air environment are caused by human activities when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Sources of air pollution include gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) fractions of petroleum are readily evolved to air during refinery and choosing the wrong storage tanks also leak to the soil change the chemical composition of spilled toxicity and biological impacts of the oil and add great difficulties to the identification of the residual spilled oil in the impacted environment and economic cost of air pollution in illness, health care costs, lost productivity so coordination between humans to conserves natural resources for future generation.

Optimal design of cylindrical tanks with hard shell cover

The article considers parametric optimization of cylindrical fuel tanks with hard coating shells. In the designing and constructing of industrial tanks for the preservation of oil and chemical products in the region where seismic loading occurs, it is very important to analyze all combinations of loads that affect to the structures, and it is important to choice the optimal solusion of such conctraction. As a rule, such reservoirs are divided: underground and ground. Ground tanks are divided into: tanks with a floating lid, and with a lid that is rigidly fixed. Tanks are considered only shell structures, without additional stiffening ribs.To solve the problems of parametric optimization, we consider the mathematical method of gradient descent, which was proposed by Rosen. The purpose of the method is to find the optimal solution for the structure using the input data through iterations design variables, and constraints that are superimposed on the response of the construction. The gradient descent method involves without preliminary selection of the structural cross-section of the construction and its modeling, which, taking into account the incoming data, leads to methods of connecting the structure to the hard disk of the earth or other structures, as well as to objective reasons.Two versions of the calculated spatial models of fuel tanks were constructed using the finite element method. External static and dynamic loads in the form of seismic were set, since the construction of reservoirs is considered in seismically active regions of Ukraine. Using the new technique, design variables were set in the form of a shell thickness of 1 to 100 mm and Mises stress limits of 260 MPa and displacements along the X, Y, Z, 15 mm axes. The objective function is the mass of the fuel tank. Tank options differ in the geometry of the lid. For the first option - conical, for the second option - segmented. All geometric parameters, the number and type of finite elements, fixing conditions and types of loading are the same. The optimization cycles for calculating in two variants are 20. The objective function was built on the optimization cycles. The diagrams showed that the weight of the melted tank with a conical cover is 155.2 tons, for a fuel tank with a segment cover 187.5 tons. Thus, the fuel tank with a conical cover weighs 32.3 tons less than with a segment cover, and the maximum stresses by Mises and displacement along the axes X, Y, Z, is inacceptable limits. We can conclude that a fuel tank with a conical cover of rigid fastening is a better option.

DETECTION OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION IN COLLECTED RAINWATER IN GROUND RESERVOIRS BESIDE MAIN ROADS (ASBAYYA- GHARIAN- MAZDAH)

This study is conducted to investigate the extent to which water was contaminated with colon bacteria in ground tanks that extend along the Asbayya-Gharian and Gharyan- Mazdah roads. 20 samples were collected from the collected water pools in the ground reservoirs along the road and also 20 samples of water collected in ground reservoirs along the (Greian-Mazdah) between March and August. The samples were taken by sterilized glass bottles. The sterilized bottle was sealed in water, then, opened inside the tank to enter the water directly and prevent the possibility of external contamination. The samples were placed in the refrigerated case to prevent undergoing bacterial growth. The samples were taken to the laboratory for further investigation and defined for positive/negative samples containing colon bacteria. Statistical analysis of the study found that 20% of the water samples taken from the tanks along the Asbayya- Gharian road were not suitable for drinking, and 37% of the water samples from the Western Mountain Road area were not suitable for drinking. Because it contains a high percentage of colon bacteria.

유도탄 조우 시나리오를 고려한 W-대역 밀리미터파 탐색기의 지상 표적 식별을 위한 1차원 산란점 추출에 관한 연구

In this paper, we introduce a method of selection for the optimal transmission polarization of a W-band seeker through the extraction of the one-dimensional scattering center of a ground tank target. We calculated the surface scattering and edge scattering using the shooting and bouncing ray tracing method of the CST A-solver. Based on 4-channel RCS data, using the one-dimensional RELAX algorithm, which is a kind of spectral estimation technique, scattering centers of ground targets were extracted. According to the changes in the polarization state and look angle, we compared and analyzed the scattering center results. Through simulation, we verified that the scattering center results can be applied when feature vectors are used for target recognition.

In-Depth Investigation of Statistical and Physicochemical Properties on the Field Study of the Intermittent Filling of Large Water Tanks

Large-demand customers, generally high-density dwellings and buildings, have dedicated ground or elevated water tanks to consistently supply drinking water to residents. Online field measurement for Nonsan-2 district meter area demonstrated that intermittent replenishment from large-demand customers could disrupt the normal operation of a water distribution system by taking large quantities of water in short times when filling the tanks from distribution mains. Based on the previous results of field measurement for hydraulic and water quality parameters, statistical analysis is performed for measured data in terms of autocorrelation, power spectral density, and cross-correlation. The statistical results show that the intermittent filling interval of 6.7 h and diurnal demand pattern of 23.3 h are detected through autocorrelation analyses, the similarities of the flow-pressure and the turbidity-particle count data are confirmed as a function of frequency through power spectral density analyses, and a strong cross-correlation is observed in the flow-pressure and turbidity-particle count analyses. In addition, physicochemical results show that the intermittent refill of storage tank from large-demand customers induces abnormal flow and pressure fluctuations and results in transient-induced turbid flow mainly composed of fine particles ranging within 2–4 μm and constituting Fe, Si, and Al.

Stability Analysis of Cylindrical Tanks under Static and Earthquake Loading

Large thin walled cylindrical above ground tanks have become more susceptible to failure by buckling during earthquakes. In this study, three different geometries of tanks with H/D (height to diameter) ratios of 2.0, 0.56, 1.0, and D/t (depth to thickness) ratios of 960.0, 1,706.67 and 640.0 respectively were analyzed for stability when subjected to the El Centro earthquake at the base. The Budiansky and Roth procedure was used to find the buckling loads when the tanks were empty and when they were filled with liquid up to 90% of their depth. Also, nonlinear time history analysis using ANSYS finite element computer program was performed. Analysis results show that the dynamic buckling occurs for empty tanks at very high PGA (peak ground accelerations) which are unrealistic even for major earthquakes. Furthermore, when the tanks filled with water up to 90% of its height, analysis results show that when the H/D ratio reduced by two times (i.e., from 2 to 1), the PGA for the buckling increased by six times (increase from 0.25g to 1.5g). Hence, H/D ratio plays an important role in the earthquake stability design of over ground steel tanks.

Nitrogen Sources and Cycling in the Ecosystem and its Role in Air, Water and Soil Pollution: A Critical Review

The natural cycle of nitrogen involves several biological and non-biological process including: mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, microbial and plant uptake of nitrogen, ammonia volatilization, leaching of nitrite and nitrate and ammonia fixation. Nitrogen exists naturally in the environment and is constantly being converted from organic to an inorganic form and vice versa. Production of commercial fertilizer adds up to the natural source of nitrogen. The main source of nitrogen include: atmospheric precipitation, geological sources, agricultural land, livestock and poultry operations and urban waste. Agricultural emissions show a strong increase due to the application of fertilizer to agricultural soils, grazing of animals and spreading of animal manure. Emissions from agricultural practices and animal manure wastes are the major source of nitrogen pollution in surface and underground water. Soil erosion and runoff from fertilized land as well as domestic and industrial wastes contribute to the enrichment of lakes and streams with nutrients. Nitrates concentration exceeding certain limits in drinking water is toxic to animals and humans, especially infants. Nuisance of algal bloom and fish kills in lakes and rivers occurs due to eutrophication. Obnoxious colours and smells are developed as a result of organic matter decay and are destroying the natural beauty of the environment. The water born contaminants affect human health from both recreational use of contaminated surface water and from ingestion of contaminated drinking water derived from surface or ground water sources. The methods for abatement of nitrogen pollution must follow multi pathways. First, the source and amount of pollution must be detected and defined. Second, the possible ways to treat animal and domestic wastes should be carefully investigated. Third, better agricultural practices should be developed that include: proper storage and application of slurry and solid manure, rapid incorporation of slurry and solid manure into the soil, use of band spreading machineries such as trailing house and trailing shoe and sub-surface applicators, use of specifically made round covers fitted to above ground tanks and slurry lagoons, applying fertilizers during periods of greatest crop demand at or near the plant roots in smaller amounts with frequent applications, using multiple cropping systems such as using crop rotations or intercropping to increase the efficiency of nitrogen uses and changing current livestock production techniques.

Acoustic Emission for Tank Bottom Monitoring

Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is an effective tool for prioritising more conventional non-destructive inspections of above ground tanks, either process or storage vessels. Results obtained from AE monitoring may be assessed against an existing data bank permitting plant management to prioritise maintenance to tanks with high active corrosion rates or leaks. AE results may be used to extend inspection periods of tanks without leaks or active corrosion.This paper briefly covers the theory of AE leak detection and corrosion monitoring including some background research into the difference between AE from corrosion and leaks. It looks at the equipment used and provides a summary of tank test results conducted by ATTAR and other overseas organisations as well as reviewing AE tank inspection economics.

Heat Accumulation to Underground Heat Storage Facilities / Akumulace Tepla Do Podzemního Zásobníku Tepla

Abstract At present, the research team of the Department of Building Environments and HVAC is intensely engaged in long-term heat storage in ground tanks for long-term, strategic, development options. This research area is primarily addressed in Germany and Canada, where ground heat storages are always applied to large buildings that act as both the main source and consumer of heat. The aim of this research is to create alternative heat ground storage options for a complex of 3 houses using easily recyclable materials.

Modelling the effects of water-point closure and fencing removal: A GIS approach

Artificial water-points in the form of troughs or ground tanks are used to augment natural water supplies within rangelands in many parts of the world. Access to such water-points leads to the development of a distinct ecological sub-system, the piosphere, where trampling and grazing impact modify the vegetation. This study aims to consolidate existing information in a GIS based model to investigate grazing patterns within the landscape. The model focuses on the closure of water-points and removal of fences on Nanya Station, New South Wales, Australia. We found that the manipulation of water-points and fences in one management intervention may change grazing activity in a way different to that which would be experienced if each had been modified separately. Such effects are further modified by the spatial distribution of the water-points and the underlying vegetation.

Charmed, I'm Sure

Charmed, I'm Sure

SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF LIQUID STORAGE TANKS

earthquake excitations. Above and below ground tank, uses have been considered. A linear threedimensional finite element analysis has been used to predict the natural frequencies. Analysis parameters are the ratio of height to length of the tank, the type of soil, level of water in the tank, and also the wall thickness. The results for top displacement and axial force components for a full tankabove ground case have values greater than those in half- full (31%) and empty tank cases (75%). At the opposite of that, the underground tank demonstrates that top displacement and axial force components for an empty tank case have values greater than those in half- full (19%) and full tank cases (40%). The base shear for above ground tank case has values greater than those in underground tank cases (19% to 37%). The shear base for soil type 2 is greater than those in soil type 1(17% to 28%).

Finite Element Analysis on Instantaneous Deformation and Consolidation Deformation of Saturated Soft Clay Foundation

Deformation analysis of foundation is an important research field in geotechnical engineering, especially analysis on instantaneous deformation and consolidation deformation of saturated soft clay foundations. In this paper, a computation model of instantaneous deformation and consolidation deformation was built on the basis of Biot Consolidation Theory and consideration of mechanism of instantaneous deformation and consolidation deformation and consideration of interrelation of both deformations. A method was proposed to determine initial pore water pressure in soil. Nonlinearity of soil deformation under drainage conditions was considered by combining Duncan-Zhang model with compaction curve of soil, and failure soil elements were processed by Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria. By numerical simulation, a nonlinear axi-symmetric FEM program was complied to solve foundation deformation and applied in calculation of soft ground tank settlement. Results show that the method presented in this paper is efficient and suitable to analyze instantaneous deformation and consolidation deformation.

Seismic response of base isolated liquid storage ground tanks

In this paper, the seismic responses of base-isolated broad and slender cylindrical liquid storage ground tanks are investigated. Three types of isolation systems are considered. The seismic responses are compared with the corresponding responses of non-isolated tanks. Moreover, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tank aspect ratio, isolation period, and friction coefficient of the FPS system on key responses of the tank. It was found that, base isolation is quite effective in reducing the earthquake response of ground liquid storage tanks. Generally speaking, 50–90% reductions in both base shear and impulsive displacement responses were observed. The convective displacement was observed to be 20–70% higher than that associated with fixed base tanks leading to an essential need of increasing the clear height above the liquid surface. Base isolation was found to be more effective for slender tanks in comparison with broad tanks.

Solar Flash Desalination Under Hydrostatically Sustained Vacuum

A new desalination scheme has been proposed. The system consists of a saline water tank, a concentrated brine tank, and a fresh water tank placed on ground level plus an evaporator and a condenser located several meters above the ground. The evaporator-condenser assembly, or flash chamber, is initially filled with saline water that later drops by gravity, creating a vacuum above the water surface in the unit without a vacuum pump. The vacuum is maintained by the internal hydrostatic pressure balanced by the atmospheric pressure. The ground tanks are open to the atmosphere, while the flash chamber is insulated and sealed to retain both heat and vacuum. A theoretical simulation of the proposed model was carried out using a detailed model built by employing the fundamental physical and thermodynamic relationships to describe the process and was complimented by reliable empirical correlations to estimate the physical properties of the involved species and the operational parameters of the proposed system. The simulation results show that running the system at higher flash temperatures with a fixed flash chamber size will result in faster vacuum erosion leading to less overall evaporation.

Water Supply in Medieval Middle Eastern Cities: The Case of Cairo

In spite of its location on the Nile bank, medieval Cairo suffered from serious problems of water supply because of its topography and the Nile regime that necessitated water storing. Direct canalization was not adopted to channel the Nile to inhabited quarters, either on the riverside or inland because of the dangers entailed in an uncontrolled water race during the Nile inundation. The Nile water was safely conveyed inland in canals, dammed by dikes at their mouths on the Nile before the inundation, and opened when the water level reached sixteen arms. Aqueducts and conduits carried the water from the canals to inland open reservoirs, or artificial lakes, around all of which grew residential quarters. The lake waters were transferred to cisterns and above ground tanks that were used as closed water reservoirs before distribution in the residential quarters of Cairo. Scattered in central sites within the quarters, there were the big wells and basins that received water from outside the quarter for distribution to the wells located near the houses, baths and mosque courtyards. The quarters' wells and tanks usually had a common water source and the houses' wells were interconnected by a labyrinth of underground conduits. Residences of the elite and bourgeoisie were equipped with water facilities as befitted their status. The upper middle class often rented qā‘as, exclusive residential units located on the ground floor, equipped with water systems. The lower socio-economic classes, which constituted the majority of the population, lived in standard units in residential complexes that were not equipped with running water but only with water jars. The general public regularly visited public baths for both personal hygiene and leisure, consumed commercially prepared food in the market and sent their clothes for laundering and pressing in the market.

Acoustic Emission for Tank Bottom Monitoring

Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is an effective tool for prioritising more conventional non-destructive inspections of above ground tanks, either process or storage vessels. Results obtained from AE monitoring may be assessed against an existing data bank permitting plant management to prioritise maintenance to tanks with high active corrosion rates or leaks. AE results may be used to extend inspection periods of tanks without leaks or active corrosion. This paper covers the theory of AE leak detection and corrosion monitoring including some background research into the difference between AE from corrosion and leaks. It looks at the equipment used and provides a summary of tank test results conducted by ATTAR and other overseas organisations as well as reviewing AE tank inspection economics.