Ground Ivy Research Articles

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК РОЗХІДНИКА ЗВИЧАЙНОГО (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)

<p><strong>THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPOUNDS PHENOL ORIGIN GROUND IVY (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)</strong></p><p><strong>M. S. Garnyk</strong></p><p>NationalPyrogovMemorialMedicalUniversity, Vinnytsia</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> compounds of phenol origin have been quantified in ground ivy herb, they are hydroxycinnamic acids (4.20-6.47 %), flavonoids (0.77-1.35 %), oxidized phenols (7.75-8.51 %). Flavonoid groups (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin), coumarines (scopoletin, umbelliferone) hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric) have been identified by the method of HPLC and their content has been identified.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: ground ivy, compounds of phenol origin, spectrophotometry, permanganatometry, high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Introduction.</strong> The ability to synthesize and accumulate huge amount of phenolic compounds is a characteristic feature of the representatives of the plant world. Natural phenols exhibit high biological activity. They take part in various physiological processes: respiration, photosynthesis, growth, development and reproduction of plants; some polyphenols protect plants from pathogens and fungal diseases.</p><p>Medicinal products based on phenolic compounds are widely used as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, choleretic, diuretic, hypotensive, tonic, astringent and purgative means. Most of the phenolic compounds of plant origin have low toxicity and do not exhibit side effects.</p><p>Previous studies found that grass of ground ivy contains a number of phenolic compounds namely: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins. Therefore the purpose of the study was to determine the quantitative content of phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method and individual substances by high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> The determination of phenolic compounds recalculated to gallic acid has been performed by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 270 nm, the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids recalculated to chlorogenic acid – at a wavelength of 327 nm, the amount of flavonoids recalculated to rutin – at a wavelength of 410 nm; total oxidized amount of phenols has been determined by permanganatometrical titration. To separate the total amount of phenolic compounds into individual components high performance liquid chromatography was used.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion.</strong> The content of phenolic compounds in grass of ground ivy was 3.15-3.41% in the sample number 1 (raw materials harvested in Ternopil region) and 2.98-3.29 % in the sample number 2 (materials harvested in Vinnytsia region), the total content of oxidized phenols is 8.34-8.51 % and 7.75-8.14 %, the amount of flavonoids – 0.87-1.35% and 0.77-1.04 %, the amount hydroxycinnamic acids – 4.20-6.47 % and 4.84-6.36 % respectively for the objects number 1 and number 2.</p><p>Individual quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the grass of ground ivy was identified by the method of HPLC. Flavonoids (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin) were identified in the studied objects, as well as coumarins (skopoletyn, umbelliferone), hydroxycinnamic acid (rosmary, chlorogenic, coffeic, p-coumaric), and their quantitative content was determined.</p><p>Among flavonoid compounds of ground ivy the greatest number falls to rutin – 0.40 and 0.23 % respectively in objects number 1 and 2. As for hydroxycinnamic acid the highest content of rosmarinic acid is observed in the sample number 2 – 1.13 %. The content of chlorogenic acid was also significant and made 0.84 % (№ 1) and 0.81 % (№ 2) in studied objects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> 1. Quantitative content of phenolic compounds: total amount of oxidative phenols, total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids, total amount of flavonoids were detected in the studied samples of ground ivy.</p><p>2. Quantitative content of flavonoids (rutin – 0.23-0.40 %, hyperozide – 0.17-0.34 %, luteolin – 0.05-0.1% isoquercіtrіn – 0.02-0.03 %, apigenin – 0.06 %), hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic – 0.81-0.84 %, rosmarinic – 0.2-1.13%, coffeic – 0.06 %, p-coumaric – traces) and coumarins (skopoletyn – 0.11-0.12 %, umbelliferonе – 0.02 %) was identified and defined by the method of HPLC.</p>

Chemical composition of the essential oils from Glechoma hederacea plants grown under controlled environmental conditions in Lithuania

Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts of Glechoma hederacea L. plants, which were transferred from five different natural habitats in Lithuania to the field collection, is reported. Sixty-two compounds were identified by GC (FID, RI) and GC/MS, which made up 70.8–92.0% of total oil content. Among first three principal constituents were determined germacrene D (5.5–15.5%), sabinene (6.3–12.3%), 1,8-cineole (5.1–41.6%), β-caryophyllene together with its oxide (7.3–19.3%,) and γ-elemene (9.6%). Content of the oils was less than 0.05% (v/w, on a dry weight basis).Data obtained clearly demonstrated the presence of chemical polymorphism within the population of G. hederacea in Lithuania and indicated remarkable differences in oil composition between cultivated and naturally grown plants at the same region. Also, it should be pointed, that some diterpenes, such as phytol and isophytol found in significant amounts in wild-growing ground ivy, were absent in the essential oils of the cultivated plants.

Mowing Before or After an Herbicide Application Does Not Influence Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea ) Control

Many turfgrass extension bulletins and herbicide labels recommend prolonging or suspending mowing practices 1 day or more before and/or after herbicide applications to increase efficacy. However, the effect of mowing timing on herbicide efficacy has not been sufficiently explored. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicide selection and mowing timing relative to herbicide application on the control of ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.). The three mowing treatments included mowing 30 min before herbicide application, mowing 30 min after herbicide application, and not mowing for at least 7 days prior to and at least 3 days after herbicide application. Aminocyclopyrachlor resulted in the greatest reduction of ground ivy cover in 2011 and 2012. Like aminocyclopyrachlor, 2,4-D ester and metsulfuron reduced ground ivy cover both years, while triclopyr reduced ground ivy cover as well as aminocyclopyrachlor in 2012. Although 2,4-D + mecoprop (MCPP) + dicamba was not among the best performing herbicides, it reduced ground ivy cover compared with the untreated check in both years. There were no mowing or mowing-by-herbicide interactions on any of the rating dates. Thus, this research suggests that the timing of lawn mowing relative to herbicide application has little measurable impact on herbicide efficacy on ground ivy.

Phytochemical Attributes of Four Conventionally Extracted Medicinal Plants and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Their Extracts on Human Laryngeal Carcinoma (HEp2) Cells

The bioactive composition and cytotoxic and antioxidative/prooxidative effects of four medicinal plants: yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha L.), ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.), and olive (Olea europea L.) on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEp2) were investigated. Water extracts of these plants obtained by infusion, maceration, and decoction were characterized for their polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. Based on the extraction efficiency of polyphenols, the final extracts were obtained whose polyphenolic profile, polysaccharides, mineral content, and cytoprotective activities were determined. The overall highest content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity was determined in hawthorn, followed by yarrow and ground ivy, and the lowest in olive leaves extract. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic acids, as the most abundant bioactive compounds, followed by flavonoids, flavons, and flavonols. All examined medicinal plants reduced the cell viability and reactive oxygen species formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ground ivy and yarrow containing a high content of phenolic acids and polysaccharides were more efficient to decrease the cell survival when compared to olive leaf and hawthorn. Experiments confirmed the importance of polyphenolic composition rather than content of investigated plants and revealed a relationship between the polyphenolic and polysaccharide contents and antioxidant/prooxidant characters of medicinal plants.

Sulfentrazone and Carfentrazone Accelerate Broadleaf Weed Control with Metsulfuron

Ground ivy and khakiweed are troublesome broadleaf weeds of warm-season turfgrass. Field studies were conducted in Tennessee (TN) and Texas (TX) from 2008 to 2010 to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron and carfentrazone plus metsulfuron tank mixtures compared with metsulfuron alone for control of ground ivy and khakiweed. In TN, sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron and carfentrazone plus metsulfuron provided accelerated control of ground ivy compared with metsulfuron alone. Over a 2-yr period, ground ivy control with metsulfuron at 10, 21, and 42 g ai ha−1ranged from 0 to 5% 7 d after treatment (DAT) and 12 to 60% 14 DAT. Ground ivy control with mixtures of sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron ranged from 40 to 72% 7 DAT and 87 to 100% 14 DAT. Similarly, carfentrazone plus metsulfuron controlled ground ivy 5 to 32% 7 DAT and 23 to 93% 14 DAT. In TX, carfentrazone plus metsulfuron and sulfentrazone plus metsulfuron controlled khakiweed greater than metsulfuron alone 7 and 14 DAT as well. Few differences in ground ivy and khakiweed control were detected 56 DAT because metsulfuron applied alone at 21 g ai ha−1controlled both weeds > 77%, similar to each mixture. These data indicate that when applied in mixtures, sulfentrazone and carfentrazone accelerate ground ivy and khakiweed control with metsulfuron but do not affect long-term efficacy.

Encapsulation of polyphenolic antioxidants from medicinal plant extracts in alginate–chitosan system enhanced with ascorbic acid by electrostatic extrusion

In this study the encapsulation of raspberry leaf, hawthorn, ground ivy, yarrow, nettle and olive leaf extracts was performed by electrostatic extrusion in alginate–chitosan microbeads, with ascorbic acid being used for the dissolution of chitosan. The original and encapsulated plant extracts were characterized for their polyphenol content and composition, mineral content and antioxidant capacity. Raspberry leaf encapsulating microbeads exhibited the highest total phenol content and antioxidant capacity, followed by hawthorn, while olive leaf microbeads contained the lowest total phenol content. High encapsulation efficiency was obtained for all extract encapsulating microbeads (80–89%). Nettle extract-containing microparticles were characterized with the largest particle size and irregular shape, due to a high content of microelements (copper, strontium, and zinc), which affected the geling process of alginate. Although the antioxidant stability of hydrogel microcapsules was deteriorated during refrigerated storage, which might be attributed to the instability of ascorbic acid, the obtained microbeads deliver significant biological activity and antioxidant potential which may increase the daily intake of antioxidants when implemented in a food product.

From famine plants to tasty and fragrant spices: Three Lamiaceae of general dietary relevance in traditional cuisine of Trás-os-Montes (Portugal)

The chemical composition and nutritional value of three Lamiaceae often used as spices in Portuguese traditional cuisine: Ground ivy ( Glechoma hederaceae L.), oregano ( Origanum vulgare subsp. virens (Hoffmanns. & Link) Ietswaart) and mastic thyme ( Thymus mastichina L.) were determined. Chemical composition evaluation included moisture, total fat content, crude protein, ash, carbohydrates, and nutritional value determination. The macronutrient profile revealed that these spices are rich sources of carbohydrates and that an edible portion of 100 g assures, on average, 161 Kcal. The composition in individual sugars was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a refraction index detector (HPLC/RID), being this methodology completely validated. All the compounds were separated in a period of time of 15 min; the method used proved to be sensitive, reproducible and accurate. Fructose, glucose, sucrose and raffinose were the most abundant sugars. The analysis of fatty acid composition, performed by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC/FID), allowed the quantification of twenty two fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, α-linolenic and linoleic acids, were predominant.

Increasing the Efficacy and Extending the Effective Application Period of a Granular Turf Bioherbicide by Covering with Jute Fabric

Progress in bioherbicide development has been hindered by the strict moisture and temperature requirements of the living active ingredient. Application of a jute fabric to areas treated with aSclerotinia minorgranular bioherbicide improved broadleaf weed control and broadened the effective application period to include the warm summer season. When turfgrass plots treated with the bioherbicide were covered with burlap fabric for 3 d, broadleaf weed (dandelion, white clover, broadleaf plantain, buckhorn plantain, ground ivy, and prostrate knotweed) control was greatly enhanced. The cover was made of natural jute fibers that retained water but had sufficient transparency to allow 33% light penetration for continued growth of the grass. Virulence of the bioherbicide was maintained under elevated temperatures that would otherwise reduce efficacy. The bioherbicide was ineffective in the summer unless covered, but dandelion density, broadleaf weed ground cover, and dandelion survival were all reduced by the bioherbicide when plots were covered, even if applications were made in July. The efficacy of the bioherbicide was also enhanced under favorable conditions, and covering permitted reduced application rates without loss of efficacy. When applied at a rate of 20 g/m2and covered,S. minorgranules exerted significantly greater biocontrol of dandelion than 40 g/m2without covering. Covering for up to 5 d did not cause any adverse effects on the turfgrass. This approach may overcome one obstacle to the commercialization of theSclerotinia minorbioherbicide, permitting its deployment under challenging environmental conditions.

Lamiaceae often used in Portuguese folk medicine as a source of powerful antioxidants: Vitamins and phenolics

Three Lamiaceae often used in Portuguese folk medicine: Ground ivy ( Glechoma hederaceae L.), oregano ( Origanum vulgare subsp. virens (Hoffmanns. & Link) Ietswaart) and mastic thyme ( Thymus mastichina L.), revealed to be good sources of powerful antioxidants such as vitamins (ascorbic acid and tocopherols) and phenolics. The HPLC methodology developed for tocopherols analysis proved to be, after validation assays, sensitive and accurate. Ground ivy showed the highest levels of vitamins: ascorbic acid (168 ± 2 μg/g dry weight) and tocopherols (3692 ± 57 μg/g dry weight). The phenolics extraction was optimized using mastic tyme, and different conditions (water and ethanol:water 50% v/v, 30 min at 25 °C and boiling temperature; ethanol and methanol, 24 h at 25 °C). The best methodology (25 °C, 50 ml of methanol, 24 h) was further applied to the other Lamiaceae. Oregano proved to have the highest radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity. Particularly, the very low EC 50 value (0.01 mg/ml) obtained for TBARS inhibition in brain homogenates is very promising, considering that brain is highly sensitive to oxidative damage. Significantly negative linear correlations were observed between phenolics, including flavonoids, and antioxidant activity EC 50 values of the three Lamiaceae.

The Essential Oil of Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea L) Growing Wild In Eastern Lithuania

The essential oil of overground parts of wild Glechoma hederacea L. collected at full flowering in seven localities of Eastern Lithuania were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. More than half of the oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (56.5–67.9%). The most predominant compound was germacrene D (14.1–20.7%). The other main constituents were γ-elemene (9.0–16.0%), β-elemene (8.7–12.9%), phytols (2.8–15.6%), (Z)-β-ocimene (2.2–8.5%), 1,8-cineole (92.2–5.4%), β-ylangene (2.7–4.1%) and germacrene B (2.2–3.9%). Forty-three identified compounds made up 89.1–96.2%.

Herbicide Selection and Application Timing in the Fall Affects Control of Ground Ivy

Specific timing of fall applications of broadleaf weed herbicides is not refined to maximize control of ground ivy. The objective of our three-year study was to determine how application timing in fall affects control of ground ivy with five different herbicide treatments. Herbicides were applied on 1 and 15 September, 1 and 15 October, and 1 and 15 November of 2003, 2004, and 2005. When rated in December following application, applications of all herbicides were most effective if applied prior to 1 November. However, November applications of all herbicides resulted in control similar to earlier applications when rated the following June. Triclopyr was the most effective and consistent in controlling ground ivy, with 27 of 36 applications reducing cover to ≤ 1% compared to > 50% in untreated plots. Long-term control from triclopyr was not affected significantly by application date. Adding isoxaben to triclopyr improved long-term control over triclopyr alone in five of six November applications. Fluroxypyr provided ≤ 10% cover by June in 15 of the 18 applications and applications on 1 September through 1 November were most effective. Poorest control resulted from 2,4-D+MCPP+dicamba. Adding carfentrazone to 2,4-D+MCPP+dicamba dramatically improved short-term control of ground ivy from November applications, but had little long-term benefit on any application date.

Carbohydrate specificity of an insecticidal lectin isolated from the leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) towards mammalian glycoconjugates

Preliminary studies indicated that the potent insecticidal lectin, Gleheda, from the leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) preferentially agglutinates human erythrocytes carrying the Tn (GalNAcalpha1-Ser/Thr) antigen. However, no details have been reported yet with respect to the fine specificity of the lectin. To corroborate the molecular basis of the insecticidal activity and physiological function of Gleheda, it is necessary to identify the recognition factors that are involved in the Gleheda-glycotope interaction. In the present study, the requirement of high-density multivalent carbohydrate structural units for Gleheda binding and a fine-affinity profile were evaluated using ELLSA (enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay) with our extended glycan/ligand collections, a glycan array and molecular modelling. From the results, we concluded that a high-density of exposed multivalent Tn-containing glycoproteins (natural armadillo and asialo ovine salivary glycoproteins) were the most potent factors for Gleheda binding. They were, on a nanogram basis, 6.5x10(5), 1.5x10(4) and 3.1x10(3) times more active than univalent Gal (galactose), GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) and Tn respectively. Among mono- and oligo-saccharides examined, simple clustered Tn (molecular mass <3000 Da) from ovine salivary glycoprotein was the best, being 37.5 and 1.7x10(3) times better than GalNAc and Gal respectively. GalNAc glycosides were significantly more active than Gal glycosides, indicating that the N-acetamido group at C-2 plays an important role in Gleheda binding. The results of glycan array support the conclusions drawn with respect to the specificity of Gleheda based on the ELLSA assays. These findings combined with the results of the molecular modelling and docking indicate the occurrence of a primary GalNAcalpha1-binding site in the Gleheda monomer. However, the extraordinary binding feature of Gleheda for glycoproteins demonstrates the importance of affinity enhancement by high-density multivalent glycotopes in the ligand-lectin interactions in biological processes.

2,4-D Rate Response, Absorption, and Translocation of Two Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) Populations

Ground ivy is a stoloniferous, perennial weed that persists in lawn turf. With the widespread use of 2,4-D on turf sites, the development of 2,4-D–tolerant ground ivy is a possibility. Ground ivy populations showed a highly variable response to foliar 2,4-D application. Ground ivy from Nebraska (NE) was tolerant to 2,4-D, whereas Ohio (OH) ground ivy was susceptible. The 2,4-D–susceptible OH population absorbed 37% more foliar-applied14C–2,4-D than the 2,4-D–tolerant NE population. Although OH and NE populations total translocation of applied14C was similar and averaged 5%, the OH population translocated 42% more toward the apical meristem of the primary stolon than the NE population, primarily because of the OH population's higher14C–2,4-D absorption. The variation in response to 2,4-D found between these two populations occurred after exposure of roots to 2,4-D, but the effect was less pronounced. These results suggest that the difference in foliar uptake may partially contribute to differences in response to 2,4-D between these two populations. Likewise, differences in acropetal translocation may contribute to the differential sensitivity of 2,4-D–tolerant and –susceptible ground ivy populations.

Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) Populations Respond Differently to 2,4-D or Triclopyr

Ground ivy is an invasive, perennial, broadleaf weed common in turf sites. A recent survey of lawn care professionals suggests ground ivy populations respond differently to herbicides. Our study was conducted to determine the variation in response among and within ground ivy populations to 2,4-D or triclopyr application. Ground ivy populations were sampled from nine sites in the United States and Canada. Leaf width, petiole length, and internode length varied by population by as much as 31, 36, and 45%, respectively. In a greenhouse study, applying 4.5 kg/ha 2,4-D or 0.9 kg/ha triclopyr to all populations resulted in a phytotoxic response that varied according to population by as much as 47% for 2,4-D and 31% for triclopyr. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA analysis identified 52 genotypes in the nine populations, and these genotypes varied in response to 2,4-D application in some populations. Difficulty in control of ground ivy with 2,4-D or triclopyr may be because of the presence of ecotypes and biotypes.

Cultural and Chemical Control of Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea)

Ground ivy is a common broadleaf weed that disrupts turf uniformity and is difficult to control. The objective of this field research was to evaluate cultural and chemical control of ground ivy. Increasing annual nitrogen fertilizer applications from 0 to 196 and 293 kg·ha-1 reduced ground ivy cover by 24% and 32%, respectively. At 26 weeks after treatment, 1.1 kg·ha-1 isoxaben applied in May limited ground ivy spread by 34% compared to the control. Triclopyr, 2,4-D, or fluroxypyr applied at the highest-labeled rate in October provided superior ground ivy control by the following May. Combining an annual fertility program of 196 kg·ha-1 nitrogen and an application of 1.1 kg·ha-1 isoxaben with or after an application of 2,4-D, fluroxypyr, or triclopyr in the fall can maximize ground ivy control. Chemical names used: N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide (isoxaben); [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid (triclopyr); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); [(4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-pyridyl)oxy]acetic acid (fluroxypyr).

The Tn antigen-specific lectin from ground ivy is an insecticidal protein with an unusual physiology.

Leaves of ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) contain a lectin (called Gleheda) that is structurally and evolutionary related to the classical legume lectins. Screening of a population of wild plants revealed that Gleheda accounts for more than one-third of the total leaf protein in some clones, whereas it cannot be detected in other clones growing in the same environment. Gleheda is predominantly expressed in the leaves where it accumulates during early leaf maturation. The lectin is not uniformly distributed over the leaves but exhibits a unique localization pattern characterized by an almost exclusive confinement to a single layer of palisade parenchyma cells. Insect feeding trials demonstrated that Gleheda is a potent insecticidal protein for larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Because Gleheda is not cytotoxic, it is suggested that the insecticidal activity is linked to the carbohydrate-binding specificity of the lectin, which as could be demonstrated by agglutination assays with different types of polyagglutinable human erythrocytes is specifically directed against the Tn antigen structure (N-acetylgalactosamine O-linked to serine or threonine residues of proteins).

Leaves of the Lamiaceae species Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) contain a lectin that is structurally and evolutionary related to the legume lectins.

A novel lectin has been isolated and cloned from leaves of Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy), a typical representative of the plant family Lamiaceae. Biochemical analyses indicated that the G. hederacea agglutinin (Gleheda) is a tetrameric protein consisting of four subunits pairwise linked through an interchain disulphide bridge and exhibits a preferential specificity towards N-acetylgalactosamine. Cloning of the corresponding gene and molecular modeling of the deduced sequence demonstrated that Gleheda shares high sequence similarity with the legume lectins and exhibits the same overall fold and three-dimensional structure as the classical legume lectins. The identification of a soluble and active legume lectin ortholog in G. hederacea not only indicates that the yet unclassified Lamiaceae lectins belong to the same lectin family as the legume lectins, but also sheds a new light on the specificity, physiological role and evolution of the classical legume lectins.

Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) Control in a Kentucky Bluegrass Turfgrass with Borax

Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea L.) control and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) tolerance to Twenty Mule Team Borax, Super Trimec, and Sharpshooter applications. Ground ivy control improved with time in 1991 whereas the inverse was true in 1992. Liquid borax at 610 g/100m2 and Super Trimec at 560 ml/100m2 controlled ground ivy consistently (≥85%) during 1991 and 1992. Ground ivy control with dry borax was not as good as liquid borax when each application was applied at 305 g/100m2. Unacceptable ground ivy control occurred with Sharpshooter. All treatments caused turfgrass injury in 1991. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), injury increased to 30 and 40% for the 305 and 610 g/100 m2 (10 and 20 oz/1000 ft2) liquid borax treatments, respectively. No turfgrass injury however was observed the following spring. In 1992, only Sharpshooter caused injury 2 WAT. Weather differences after the applications contributed to the variability in ground ivy control and turfgrass injury between years. These results indicate that boron can be used to selectively control ground ivy in a Kentucky bluegrass turf with a 610 g/100 m2 (20 oz/1000 ft2) liquid borax application with only temporary turfgrass injury.

Ground Ivy

Ivy flowers beside me peepUpward through the ether blue,Seeing stars which ever keepHidden close from human view.

Isolation and characterization of 9-hydroxy-10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid, a novel regulator of platelet adenylate cyclase from Glechoma hederacea L. Labiatae.

We have identified and characterized a fatty acid, (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) as a regulator of adenylate cyclase activity of human platelet membranes. This fatty acid was isolated from a methanolic extract of the plant Glechoma hederacea L. Labiatae (commonly known as 'lierre terrestre', 'ground ivy' or 'creeping Charlie'; it was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. This compound increased basal adenylate cyclase activity in platelet membranes about threefold and had an EC50 of 10-20 microM. This increase in adenylate cyclase activity occurred without a temporal lag, was reversible, and represented an increase in Vmax without a substantial change in Km for ATP, Mg2+ or Mn2+. In addition, 9-HODE additively or synergistically increased platelet adenylate cyclase activity in response to guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate and forskolin, but the fatty acid failed to alter inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity mediated by epinephrine (alpha 2-adrenergic receptor). Studies of the interaction of 9-HODE with activation of platelet adenylate cyclase activity mediated by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) indicated that this fatty acid produced a parallel shift in the concentration/response curve of PGE1 and PGD2 without altering maximal response, which was substantially greater than that observed with 9-HODE alone. From these results, we conclude that 9-HODE appears to be a partial agonist at PGE1 and PGD2 receptors on human platelets. We believe that this is a novel example of a plant-derived fatty acid which acts on cells to regulate adenylate cyclase via prostaglandin receptors.