Ground Floor Research Articles

Explosion disaster at a pharmaceutical facility in Visakhapatnam, India

An industrial accident at a red category Escientia Advanced Sciences Pharmaceutical Company at Anakapalli district on 21st August claimed 17 lives due to blast injuries and 36 others sustained various degrees of thermal injuries. A Methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE) heavy solvent leak while transiting from the second floor to the storage tank on the ground floor resulted in a vapour cloud around the power panel located there and ignited. The fire then spread through the ducts of the air handling unit to four other modules in the production block. Thick smoke and flames engulfed the facility, hampering rescue operations. 14 fire tenders and 50 fire personnel fought the blaze for an hour before arresting the blaze and preventing it from reaching the higher floors. Skylift, boom lifts and cranes were deployed by firefighters to break the plate glass windows and extricate 13 trapped workers. Around 380 employees work two shifts at the plant and most of them escaped because they were on lunch break when the explosion started the conflagration. The injured were treated at the NTR and private hospital at Anakapalli and the evacuated to tertiary hospital in the city and the Government Medical College at Visakhapatnam. No trauma or burns centre are available at the special economic zone housing the pharma city where 120 industrial accidents and equivalent number of deaths have been reported over the past five years. A detailed enquiry has been ordered into the incident by the State Government.

Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dental unit waterline: a case study in Milan (Italy)

Abstract P.aeruginosa (Pa) is one of the most serious cause of healthcare-associated bacteremia, well-known for its antibiotic resistance (AR). Pa has often been found in dental unit water representing a great risk in public health. Aims are to evaluate the presence of Pa in dental unit (DU) water and its phenotypic and genotypic properties. Pa isolates derive from a monitoring of DU water in an Italian hospital (Milan). Samples were collected on Monday and on Friday, before the beginning and after the end of activities. Resistant PA strains were characterized by phenotypic method using E-test for 6 different classes of antibiotics, and by genotypic method with Whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Resistance genes were annotated with ResFinder v. 4.5 and Sequence Type (ST) was determined using the PA MLST database. 70/272 strains were identified as Pa and 21 of them were AR to one or more antibiotics. They were detected in 10/44 (22.7%) DUs and 2/4 (50%) control sinks (1-2000UFC/100mL). WGS was obtained for 18 strains. 17 belonged to serogroup O11 and ST667 was prevalent (8/18) followed by ST395 (4/18). At the ground floor ST395 was the most prevalent, followed by ST667 and 260, while, at the first floor, ST309 and 667 were in the two controls and ST667, 3245 and 260 in the other DUs. Resistant genes blaPAO, aph(3’)-IIb, catB7 conferring resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides and amphenicol, respectively, were observed in all isolates. Only ST3245 strain did not show resistance to Fosfomycin. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses present some discrepancies with the presence of AR genes and no antibiotic resistance detection (4/18) or resistance to other different classes of antibiotics (6/18). The MLST analyses showed a high diversity, with the presence of strains sharing different antibiotic resistance mechanisms in DU water. Detection and analyses by WGS can help to track dissemination of genetic resistance determinants and potential emergence of high-risk clones. Key messages • Phenotypic and genotypic analyses in DU water are needed to evaluate risk for human health, in addition to routine microbial monitoring. • WGS can help to track dissemination of genetic resistance determinants and potential emergence of high-risk clones.

Governor’s houses: unique Gothenburg workers’ housing

ABSTRACT ‘Governor's houses' were built between 1875 and 1945 as workers’ housing in Gothenburg. Typically, they comprised a ground floor made of brick and two storeys built in wood. They were narrow houses with staircases lit by daylight and the apartments were illuminated from both sides. Though they were cheap to build and popular homes for half of the city's population in the late 1930s, this type of housing was not reproduced anywhere else. The initiative came from a Workers’ Building Association and was supported by Gothenburg town architect Victor Gegerfelt. Around 1900, governor's houses were mainly built by speculative builders, often with poor quality, resulting in low reputation. From 1910 architects started to design them and large builders like the municipal housing companies and cooperative HSB got involved. The same basic typology followed changing ideals in exterior design and town planning from the 1910s to the 1930s. In the 1960s and 1970s, almost half of the stock of governor’s houses was demolished, mainly the older and more central ones. The conclusion raises the counterfactual question of why those houses were not built elsewhere and what would be needed to reintroduce this type of housing.

Experimental assessment of isolation performance of a building above metro lines: a case study with dual isolation levels

This paper presents an assessment of the acoustic performance of a five-story residential building constructed directly above a metro line in Prague. The building has been isolated at two levels: first, on top of the distribution beams above the metro tunnel and secondly, at the ground floor. The assessment of the building's performance has been conducted by a direct measurement of ground borne noise radiated inside the rooms and evaluating the vibration transmission loss through the isolation system. The transmission loss assessment was carried out using two different test setups. Firstly, during train pass-byes, ground borne vibrations were simultaneously measured at various locations above and below the vibration cut. Secondly, at the same measurement points, the vibration levels were measured using hammer impacts. Finally, the transmissibility obtained from both test setups was compared and discussed. Additionally, ground borne noise levels were measured inside rooms on different floors above the vibration cut. To identify noise events exclusively associated with train pass-byes, data obtained from synchronized vibration measurements at the center of a room inside an apartment were used. Finally, the measured noise levels were compared with the limit values of noise exposure recommended by the Czech standards.

Effect of prevalent irregular configuration of infills on the seismic collapse of Indian RC buildings

Rapid urbanization and land scarcity obligated the urban population for multi-use of Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings to meet both residential and commercial purposes together. Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) infills are often placed irregularly in plan and or elevation of the buildings in some floor(s), particularly in the ground floor to suit the need of occupational requirements accompanied by the inherent irregularities due to openings for doors and windows to meet functional requirements for residence. Seismic performance of infilled frame highly depends upon degree of infill-frame interaction, and it is of utmost importance to classify infilled frame buildings in various Model Building Types (MBTs) based on the type of irregular placement of infills in addition to the parameters affecting seismic performance. Based on field pilot surveys carried out in Indian cities, URM infilled buildings have been classified into 14 different MBTs. Seismic performance of the prevalent categories of MBTs have been evaluated through Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). It has been observed that irregular placement of infills increases the seismic collapse risk significantly, and reduces collapse capacity to approximately 50% as compared to ideal uniformly infilled building. Global collapse occurred due to failure of structural members in the vicinity of irregularity created due to infills.

Novel rod-sprung-mass model to investigate characteristics of building structural vibration induced by railways

Railway-induced vibrations in building structures require predictions to assess the serviceability. Fundamental properties such as the predominant modes of railway-induced vibrations are critical in structural design and mitigation approaches. However, the existing numerical models are customised to specific buildings. This renders these models unsuitable for broader mechanistic investigations. To address this, this study proposes a rod-sprung-mass (RSM) model to investigate the dynamic behaviour of structures under vertical ground excitations induced by railways. The columns were modelled as axial vibration rods, with each floor suspended on the rod as a sprung mass. The model was validated using a three-story steel frame structure and a five-story concrete structure. Subsequently, the dynamic characteristics of the structures and railway-induced responses were discussed. The structural vertical modes are attributed to the interaction between the columns and slabs, and the structural natural frequencies are outside the frequency range of the individual components. Parametric studies revealed that lower-order structural modes are generally predominant. Under such circumstances, the floor response tends to first decrease and subsequently increase with the floor height. As a result, low-rise buildings exhibit the maximum amplitude on the top floor, whereas the maximum amplitude is on the ground floor for high-rise buildings. Meanwhile, when structural high-order modes become predominant owing to a high-frequency input, the responses of the middle floors intensify, and the peak responses can be altered to the middle floors. This study emphasises the necessity of considering vertical global modes, whereas existing studies have focused mainly on mode shapes on particular floors. The RSM model is an efficient tool for structural design and vibration control.

Evaluation of Earthquake Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Fuzzy Logic Method

Reinforced concrete building is a type of building whose structural system consists of reinforced concrete columns, beams, wall wall, slabs and foundations. Due to the strong earthquakes in our country, it has been observed that reinforced concrete buildings have been severely damaged or collapsed from past to present. The evaluation of buildings after earthquakes and their performances are quite important for the safety of life and property. In the literature, different methods have been developed for post-earthquake evaluation of buildings, either low-cost and fast or slow and high-cost and tool-demanding. In this study, in order to overcome the gap in the literature, the evaluation of earthquake performance of buildings with fuzzy logic method is discussed. In this context, the performance of the building was evaluated by taking into account the concrete compressive strength, number of floors, ground floor area, area of column and shear walls, ground floor area and architectural parameters. The data of 18, 28 and 146 buildings affected by the earthquakes in Afyon, Bingöl and Van provinces in 2002, 2003 and 2011, respectively, were used in the study. Out of the total 192 building data, 94 buildings were processed as data and fuzzy logic rules were applied. The remaining 98 buildings were tested with this method. The buildings considered are light, moderate and severely damaged or collapsed. Matlab program was used in the study. The method and result used in the study are in the class of fast and second stage methods in the literature, which are reliable but do not reflect the final result. With the method revealed in the study, the damage status of reinforced concrete buildings can be determined quickly and reliably. In this context, the buildings were evaluated as no damage/slight, moderate and severely damaged or collapsed. According to the results, the correct estimation rate of the damage status of 98 buildings was found to be 88%. It is seen that the fuzzy logic method can predict building performances at a quite high rate. Compared to the existing second stage assessment methods in the literature, this result is more conservative.

Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air samples from Hanoi urban areas, Vietnam, and its implications for inhalation exposure.

Sixteen PAHs in ambient air samples collected from residential and roadside areas in the Hanoi metropolitan were investigated. Total PAH concentrations in the ambient air samples ranged from 45.0 to 451ng/m3. Among PAHs, phenanthrene was found at the most abundant and highest levels. The distributions of PAHs in the ambient air collected in the dry season were on average 26% higher than in the wet season. The PAH concentrations in the air samples collected from the traffic areas were significantly higher (about 2.7 times) than those in the residential areas, indicating that these chemicals originated from motor vehicles. According to vertical, the PAH concentrations found in the ambient air samples collected from the ground floor were significantly higher than on the upper level, however, there was not much difference when going higher (from 24m (8th floor) to 111m (37th floor)). The human exposure doses were estimated for two age groups (adults and children) based on the measured PAH concentrations, the inhalation rates, and body weights. The estimated exposure doses to PAHs through inhalation for adults/children were 1.13/2.86 (ng/kg-bw/d) (residential areas) and 3.24/8.18 (ng/kg-bw/d) (traffic areas), respectively. The average lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs was 3.0 × 10-4 at the traffic areas and 1.4 × 10-4 at the residential areas. These estimated exposure doses were above the acceptable level of the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (1*10-6).

Evaluation of indoor daylighting performance changes in a historical khan building in Istanbul

The daylighting feature of historical buildings can be accepted as an intangible heritage since it contributes to the unique atmosphere of the buildings. However, with the change of the built environment and the change of the historical building itself, the level of daylight intake of historical buildings changes. This study contributes to the field by revealing the daylighting performance changes of a historical khan building which has a unique architectural characteristics. The changes in the daylighting levels of Buyuk Yeni Khan, one of the largest historical khans in Istanbul, are examined through its modifications. Using 3D Lidar scanning technology, the current state of the khan is scanned. The daylight intake and glare analyzes of the khan for its current and original states are made through simulations, and the values found are compared. DA, cDA, UDI, sDA and DGP metrics are used in the simulations. As a result, due to the changes such as enlargements along the arcades, additional overhangs and the change of window ratios of the facades of the rooms on the ground floor, the rooms of the khan have different daylighting values compared to its original state.

Methodology and Monitoring of the Strengthening and Upgrading of a Four-Story Building with an Open Ground Floor in a Seismic Region

Many buildings around the world fail to meet current earthquake resistance requirements and have significant potential to be a risk to human life and property. Therefore, a seismic upgrade of such buildings is quite necessary. Over the past decades, hundreds of buildings have been strengthened and upgraded to improve their seismic resistance, and thousands more are planned for years to come. In Israel, this was followed by National Outline Plan No. 38, which provides a basis for retrofitting and adding new areas to existing buildings. It should be noted that adding new floors to existing buildings increases seismic forces. Moreover, structure material properties change over a building’s lifetime, which should be also considered for strengthening. The proposed research investigates and validates the existing practice for strengthening and upgrading buildings in seismic regions and suggests ways of improving their efficiency. Experiments and numerical analysis were performed on a real existing residential building that requires strengthening and upgrading. A corresponding methodology was proposed for monitoring the strengthening and upgrading processes, including selecting measurement devices and their real use. Using sensors with the highest sensitivity enabled measurements of micro-vibrations and investigations of the recorded signal to obtain the building’s natural vibration frequencies. Experimental measurements allowed us to distinguish different frequencies of the building at all strengthening and upgrading stages. The measured dynamic parameters of the building allowed a more accurate calculation of seismic forces for all of these stages and consequently made the design more effective. Therefore, we recommended monitoring buildings in each stage of seismic strengthening and upgrading.

Towards a Retailess City? A Comparative Analysis of the Retail Desertification between a Global and a Local Commercial Strips in Barcelona

The relationships between the circuits of the urban economy and retail desertification are analysed based on two retail strips in Barcelona: Passeig de Gràcia, a central hub with global reach, and the Sants-Creu Coberta strip, which responds to the demand for consumption on a local, everyday scale. The hypothesis is that the relationships between these circuits and retail desertification behave differently depending on their relative position in the city with respect to consumption flows. This is tested with a one-to-one analysis of the uses of ground floor premises in both strips for 2016 and 2021, using data from the Commercial Censuses of the Barcelona City Council and Barcelona Provincial Council, respectively. Each ground floor premises is classified as superior, lower or vacant, which allows the process to be mapped from 2016 to 2021 for each of the premises. The article provides, first and foremost, an original systematisation of the behaviour, relationships, and observed forms between the circuits and desertification, and secondly, it demonstrates the differential behaviour of these relationships and forms through case studies, indicating that retail desertification is the main cause of economic and landscape change.

Pollutant cross-transmission in courtyard buildings: Wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) evaluation

Courtyards, a historical architectural feature surrounded by buildings, are common in urban housing and residential complexes. These spaces, often open-air and with rooms facing them, are crucial for daylight and natural ventilation. While courtyards are essential for introducing fresh airflow into adjacent indoor areas, the effectiveness of natural ventilation may be compromised due to potentially poor air circulation from limited openings. This raises a significant concern: could the design of courtyards inadvertently facilitate pollutant cross-transmission? Despite a wealth of research focused on airflow within courtyards, the indoor spaces in proximity to these courtyards have often been neglected in previous works, particularly concerning the exchange of pollutants between the indoor and courtyard environment. This research investigates the dynamics of indoor-outdoor pollutant cross-transmission in courtyard buildings, assessing factors like external wind flow patterns and internal pollutant sources. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to measure internal pressure and CO2 concentration and to validate a computational model of the courtyard with 12 rooms. The validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models were used to simulate the dispersion of pollutants from internal rooms under different wind conditions. The results showed that the k-epsilon Realizable model accurately simulated internal surface pressure distribution and pollutant dispersion in the courtyard building. It was observed that when pollutants were released from the downwind east-facing ground floor room, CO2 concentrations in adjacent side rooms on the same floor were significantly higher, increasing from the baseline of 400 ppm and reaching up to 3211 ppm in the north-facing room at a wind speed of 4.51 m/s and wind direction of 0°. Conversely, when pollutants originated from north- and south-facing side rooms, pollutants were minimally dispersed to adjacent rooms. Furthermore, at a wind direction of 45°, pollutants from wind-exposed rooms predominantly dispersed to downwind rooms, with peak concentrations exceeding 2400 ppm in downwind rooms. These findings demonstrate that pollutant dispersion is highly dependent on wind direction and the location of the pollutant source. The study concludes that while courtyards enhance indoor environmental quality through natural ventilation, their design must be carefully considered to prevent unintended pollutant cross-transmission, particularly under varying wind conditions and pollutant source locations.

CFD simulation of the wind flow under lift-up buildings using a porous approach

Modeling the urban climate using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is essential for assessing urban thermal comfort and developing heat wave mitigation solutions. One mitigation strategy may rely on the enhancement of urban ventilation and the use of porous urban environments, as the lift-up, or on pilotis, buildings. Lift-up buildings have their ground floor in whole or in part supported by columns and shear walls, allowing wind flow through the building at pedestrian level. CFD modeling of these intricate geometries is computationally challenging for large urban neighborhoods. Simplifications, such as removing columns to obtain an acceptable computational cost, lead to erroneous results in the global flow pattern. To balance accuracy and computational cost, the impact of complex ground floor geometry on wind flow is modeled using a porosity sink term in the Navier-Stokes equations based on the Darcy-Forchheimer law. The improved CFD modeling of a simple lift-up building is validated with wind tunnel measurements. Simulations of wind flow around a realistic lift-up building for different wind directions determine the Forchheimer coefficients required for the porosity approach. Comparison of reference and numerical porosity results demonstrates a very good agreement in mean velocity patterns. The study demonstrates that oversimplifications, such as removing all columns, leads to an unacceptable overestimation of the wind velocity at pedestrian level. The paper highlights the benefits of the numerical porosity approach and its necessity for accurate urban-scale simulations.

Research on disturbance influence of goaf residual deformation on simply supported beam bridge

In order to analyze the stability of the bridge above the goaf, the disturbance influence of goaf residual deformation on the bridge is studied. Firstly, an equivalent numerical simulation method of goaf residual deformation evolution process is studied by quantitative analysis the sensitivity of residual subsidence to the rock parameters using the OAT (one-variable-at-a-time). Then, the collaborative deformation of ground, pile, and bridge floor is studied under the condition of a simply-supported beam bridge above the goaf center. Finally, the mechanism of collaborative deformation of ground, pile, and bridge floor is revealed. The results show that the goaf residual deformation process can be obtained by weakening the elastic modulus of fractured rock in the caving zone. At the final residual deformation stage, the subsidence ratio of ground to pile is about 10, and the subsidence ratio of pile to bridge floor is about 2, while the ground horizontal movement ratio of ground to pile is about 7, and the bridge floor horizontal movement can be ignored. The bridge floor is always in the positive curvature influence zone, and the pile has an inhibitory effect on the curvature deformation of the bridge floor. The compression deformation occurs between the piles locations, while the tensile deformation occurs at the pile location. The evolution of negative frictional resistance derived from goaf residual deformation is the main reason for the change in the collaborative deformation law among the ground, pile and bridge floor. This research can provide scientific support and theoretical basis for the design, construction, and protection of the bridge above the goaf center, and can also provide reference for the stability evaluation of bridge above goaf under other conditions.

Combinatorial machine learning approaches for high-rise building cost prediction and their interpretability analysis

ABSTRACT This study focuses on addressing housing gaps in populous southern countries by emphasizing the importance of accurate early cost estimation in construction projects. It compares individual cost prediction models (Decision Tree, BP Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine) with combined prediction models (BP-DT and BP-SVM) for high-rise building cost prediction. The study employs interpretative analysis methods such as the Shapley additive explanation method, partial dependence plots, and individual conditional expectation plots to explore feature interplay and improve model transparency. Results show that the BP-SVM combination algorithm significantly reduces Mean Absolute Error (MAE) compared to other models. Key factors influencing cost estimation include “Estimated project duration” and “Ground floor area”, while others like “Below-ground floors” have minimal impact. The study highlights the interaction of various feature groups on prediction outcomes. Through feature interaction analysis, it is found that the Estimated project duration and Building architecture can have some negative correlation interaction. Estimated project duration and Interior decoration may have to cancel effects Overall, it contributes to construction management by aiding investors in better-assessing project profitability, thereby enhancing investment decision efficiency and quality.

The Degree of Capillary Absorption Reduction as a Parameter to Classify the Effectiveness of Secondary Horizontal Waterproofing

The dampness of the ground floors in buildings is generally a consequence of capillary rise of groundwater caused by the absence, damage or technical deterioration of the horizontal waterproofing of the masonry. Capillary absorption and damp transport are determined by the wetting properties of water relative to the material, as well as the structure and distribution of pores in the material. Chemical (injection) methods of secondary horizontal waterproofing are based on the technology of introducing injection liquid into the masonry section, which forms a lock which relies on the mechanism of capillary lumen constriction, hydrophilization, capillary sealing or a combined effect. A vital outcome of secondary horizontal waterproofing in a wall using the injection method is not only limited absorption but also its changed dynamics. The research paper describes the procedure leading to determining a criterion that allows to classify injection agents in terms of their impact on inhibiting capillary transport of damp in construction partitions.

Perancangan Sistem Penyaliran Tambang Pada PIT XYZ PT Karya Bhumi Lestari Jobsite PT Kartika Selabumi Mining Desa Kedang Ipil Kota Bangun II Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Water is one of the things that is very influential in the mining process, mining water is water that is at the location and/or comes from the process of mining activities, both mining and processing, including runoff water in the mining area. Surface runoff water is rainwater that overflows into mining areas and is not a result of mining activities. The open pit mining method will cause the formation of a large basin so that it has the potential to become a water storage area, both from surface runoff and groundwater. During extreme weather conditions with high rainfall, water from surface runoff can inundate the ground floor and cause the mining front to become muddy, which can hamper mining activities. Handling waterlogging in mining forts requires good pumping performance, as well as re-planning the mine drainage system for the mine progress area. So that mining activities run smoothly and the mining front is free from puddles of water after rain, the drainage system must be well designed. Based on research that has been carried out, the total area of ​​the Catchment Area is 52.14 Ha with a runoff discharge of 82,567.79 m³/month. The planned discharge using the MF-290 Pump with RPM 1600 is, 290.00 m³/hour or 123,540.00 m³/month. After comparing the MF-290, MF-385 and DND-200 pumps, the MF-290 pump was selected for use. This is because the fuel consumption of the MF-290 is smaller so it saves costs and it is also deemed sufficient to use the MF-290 pump. Pump Ratio on the MF-290 pump April 6.71. May 3.93, June 6.44, July 6.36 and August 8.83, which means the pump is safe to use because the ratio is >1.

Indoor Radon Measurement in Buildings of A.O.R.N Cardarelli, the Largest Hospital of National Relevance in Southern Italy

: Indoor radon concentrations constitute a major source of exposure to ionizing radiation for humans. It has been estimated that radon contributes about 10% of deaths from lung cancer in the USA and Europe. In Italy, current legislation establishes that the concentration of radon must be monitored in all workplaces located in a basement and on the ground floor. In this study, the indoor radon concentration of 20 multi-floor buildings on the Cardarelli Hospital was measured during two consecutive semesters. The survey was carried out with CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). Radon concentrations were found to range from 4 Bq/m3 to 424 Bq/m3, with a median of 24 Bq/m3. The dependence of the radon concentrations on the measurement floor and the room-to-room spatial variation was also analyzed.

Perspectives of sacred buildings adaptation on the example of large churches of the Czestochowa Archdiocese

The largest church buildings were erected in Poland during the communist when there were many difficulties in obtaining planning permission for churches. When a building permit was finally granted, extremely large buildings were often built, “just in case” as it were. Today, these buildings are usually too large for their users. The problem of large churches, of which there are a great many in Poland, will be discussed with particular reference to the Archdiocese of Czestochowa, where there are 8 churches with a usable ground floor area of nearly 1000 m2 or more: six in Czestochowa, one in Zawiercie and one in Radomsko. Five of them have two levels. After redrawing the boundaries and a subsequent reduction in the parish area, the number of parishioners is too low to cover the cost of their maintenance (heating, lighting, ongoing maintenance) and repairs. This is a serious problem for the administrators of these facilities. Finding a way out of this situation is a major challenge. It is necessary to look for opportunities to use these huge spaces for other purposes, which do not conflict with a parish church’s fundamental role. Already existing solutions in some churches and potential opportunities to develop some of the premises for other needs of local communities are presented in the paper

Influence of soil structure interaction on G + 11 storied RC frame against unconfined surface blast loads

All Nuclear power plants consist of several structures of varying importance that have to be designed for dynamic loading like earthquakes and impacts that they might be exposed to. Research on the influence of dynamic loading from blast events is still crucial to address to guarantee the general safety and integrity of nuclear plants. Conventional structural design approaches typically ignore the Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) effect. However, studies show that the SSI effect is significant in structures exposed to dynamic loads such as wind and seismic loads. The present study is focused on evaluating the Soil-Structure Interaction effects on G + 11 storied reinforced concrete framed structure exposed to unconfined surface blast loads. The SSI effect for three flexible soil bases (i.e., Loose, Medium, and Dense) is evaluated by performing a Fast Non-linear (Time History) Analysis on a Two-Dimensional Finite Element Model developed in (Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building System) ETABS software. Unconfined surface blast load of three different charge weights (i.e., 500 kg TNT, 1500 kg TNT, and 2500 kg TNT) at a standoff distance of 10 m are applied on the structure. Blast wave parameters are evaluated based on technical manual TM-5–1300. The blast response of the structure with and without the SSI effect is studied. It is concluded from this study that, there is a significant variation in dynamic response parameters of the structure with flexible soil bases compared to rigid or fixed base. For all magnitudes of surface blasts and soil base conditions, the ground floor is the most vulnerable floor against collapse. The study recommends measures to mitigate the damage due to unconfined surface blasts on multi-storey reinforced concrete structures.