Ground Bar Research Articles

Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

The question of the spray volume for applying agrochemicals to plants has and still demands studies to continuously search for guiding parameters for technicians due to the several variables involving application technology. This experiment aimed to determine the best spray volume for applying pesticides with a boom sprayer to soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. The experiment had a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments and five replications. In soybean (crop year 2011/12), the treatments were the control (no pesticide application) and spray volume applications of 50, 100, 150, and 200 L ha-1. For wheat (crop year 2012), the treatments were the control and spray volumes of 75, 100, 125, and 150 L ha-1. The variables analyzed were the yield components. The study concluded the need for applying foliar fertilizers and performing the chemical control of diseases and pests in soybean and wheat crops. The spray volumes of 50 L ha-1 for soybeans and 75 L ha-1 for wheat were satisfactory for spraying agrochemicals with a ground bar sprayer on plants.

An electromagnetic simulation assisted small signal modeling method for InP double-heterojunction bipolar transistors

We present a convenient and practical electromagnetic (EM) assisted small-signal model extraction method for InP double-heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs). Parasitic parameters of pad and electrode fingers are extracted by means of 3D EM simulation. The simulations with a new excitation scheme are closer to the actual on-wafer measurement conditions. Appropriate simulation settings are calibrated by comparing measurement and simulation of OPEN and SHORT structures. A simpler π-type topology is proposed for the intrinsic model, in which the base-collector resistance Rμ , output resistance R ce are deleted, and a capacitance C ce is introduced to characterize the capacitive parasitic caused by the collector finger and emitter ground bar. The intrinsic parameters are all extracted by exact equations that are derived from rigorous mathematics. The method is characterized by its ease of implementation and the explicit physical meaning of extraction procedure. Experimental validations are performed at four biases for three InGaAs/InP HBT devices with 0.8 × 7 μm, 0.8 × 10 μm and 0.8 × 15 μm emitter, and quite good fitting results are obtained in the range of 0.1–50 GHz.

Efficiency of soybean crop fungicide spray applications at timed intervals based on a calendar schedule versus agrometeorological data

The soybean crop is a source of great economic and social importance in Brazil, being an extremely profitable agricultural product. However, such profitability can be limited by a variety of factors, including plant disease. The more efficient the crop treatment applications, the greater the reduction in incidence of disease, resulting in higher and better-quality yield, as well as increased profitability. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the better of two methods for determining optimal fungicide application timing as it relates to soybean (Glycine max) crops utilizing a ground bar sprayer. The experiment examined fungicide spraying efficiency based on a calendar schedule as compared to application as indicated by the AgroDetecta® program which monitors agrometeorological data. The study design involved randomized blocks with three treatments and twelve replicates. The treatments consisted of a control (without application of fungicides), application of fungicides on a calendar-based schedule (sprayed every 15 days after the phenological stage V5), and application of fungicides as indicated by the program AgroDetecta® (based on agrometeorological data). The experiment was carried out at Mutuca Farm (Arapoti-PR, Brazil) during crop year 2013-14. The planting of BMX Apollo® RR variety soybean seeds occurred on November 20, 2013 and December 12, 2013. The variables evaluated were disease incidence and severity, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), plant height, total and viable internodes, final population, pods per plant, grains per pod, and 1000-grain mass and yield. In the November sowing, the decisions regarding when to spray fungicides according to the calendar and agrometeorological data were similar, resulting in four sprays. Three applications of fungicides based on the calendar, and four sprays recommended by the AgroDetecta® program, were performed for the December sowing. It was concluded that the application of fungicide to the soybean crop utilizing ground bar sprayer technology produced similar results for the analyzed variables regardless if the application decision was based on following the calendar or on agrometeorological data.

Differential Dual-Band Filter Using Ground Bar-Loaded Dielectric Strip Resonators

In this letter, a new differential dielectric strip resonator (DSR) filter with dual passbands is proposed. By loading a pair of ground bars underneath the traditional half- wavelength ( $\lambda /2$ ) DSR with high permittivity (supported by a low-permittivity substrate with the bottom ground plane), the TM10 and TM30 modes can be controlled to be in a close spacing. Meanwhile, both of them can be differentially excited for the design of the differential dual-band bandpass filter (BPF). The external quality factors and coupling coefficients for both bands can be independently controlled through proper layout; meanwhile, the common-mode (CM) suppression in the two differential-mode (DM) passbands is more than 25 dB. Finally, a differential DSR BPF with dual-band response operating at 8.13 and 11.13 GHz is given to verify the proposed idea.

3D simulation model of warp-knitted patterned velvet fabric

Purpose Realistic geometric description is essential for simulating physical properties of warp-knitted velvet fabrics, which are widely used for home-textiles and garments. The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to the description of patterned piles and propose a customized simulation model to realize highly real-time simulation of warp-knitted velvet fabrics in three dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Based on knitting technology and structure features, a mathematical model to qualify forming possibility of piles is conducted by assessing underlaps of pattern bars and pile ground bars. When the pile areas and ground areas are classified, a three-dimensional (3D) space coordinate is built, of which the z-axis is divided into equal spaces to form certain multi-layer textured slices. Color and transparency of piles on each textured slice can be computed and generated by mapping to 3D geometrical grid layers with particular mapping relationship. Moreover, piles’ deflection and spatial collision are also taken into account to make sure high uniformity with real fabrics. Findings According to the models built, a simulator special for warp-knitted patterned velvet fabrics is programed via Visual C++ and the models are proven practical and easily implemented by comparing simulated effect of one sample with real fabric. Research limitations/implications Because of present limited research, 3D simulation of patterned velvet fabrics knitted on double-needle bar Raschel machine as well as 3D shadow effect will be studied in the further research. Practical implications The paper includes implications for designing patterned velvet products and shows convenience to instantly see finished effect without sampling on machine. Originality/value This paper fulfills a featured simulation method for warp-knitted patterned velvet fabrics in 3D dimensions for the first time.

Topology optimization of planar linkage mechanisms

SUMMARY In spite of increasing interest in gradient-based topology optimization of linkage mechanisms, it is still difficult to solve practical, realistic problems. Besides the apparent difficulty resulting from high nonlinearity, the optimization problem faces other major difficulties: difficulty to satisfy the discrete DOF condition with continuous design variables and lack of intrinsic mechanisms to generate distinct black-and-white layouts. To deal with the DOF issue, we propose a new formulation, which maximizes a single objective function, the energy transmittance efficiency. It is shown that the efficiency function maximization handles DOF redundancy and deficiency simultaneously. To obtain distinct linkage layouts, a common practice is to introduce an artificial mass constraint and/or to remove unnecessary links during optimization. However, we do not use any artificial mass constraint but post-process the optimized result to obtain the final layout by a special post-processing algorithm. In this study, the linkage design model consists of nonlinear ground bars and zero-length springs. The springs are used to fix bar-connecting nodes to the ground, generating pinned joints. After verifying the effectiveness of the proposed approach for four-bar linkage synthesis, we synthesize an automobile steering mechanism satisfying the Ackermann condition. The steering mechanism problem is solved here for the first time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Influence of Geometrical and Nongeometrical Features on the Use of the Lexical Concepts NEAR and FAR in English and Finnish

This paper investigates the impact of geometrical and nongeometrical features on the use of the lexical concepts NEAR and FAR in English and Finnish. Participants' acceptability ratings for these concepts demonstrate that a bar in between a Figure and a Ground acts as a scale-setting object but not as a distance enhancing barrier, shows that the influence of the geometrical feature Figure–Ground distance exceeds the influence of several nongeometrical features, but most of all reveals that language specific lexical properties associated with NEAR and FAR predict language dependent effects for functional relatedness in interaction with Figure–Ground distance and bar presence.

The optimization of on-wafer shield-based test fixture layout

The effect of layout design on shield-based test fixture parasitic components is studied in this paper. As a result, guidelines for shield-based test fixture layout design are given. The novel test fixture layout details studied in this paper are a slotted ground plane with different slot orientation, the use of ground-bar extensions in a ground-shielded test fixture, and the upgrade of a ground-shielded test fixture to a fully shielded structure with a common ground. It was found that a slotted ground plane does not increase the ground lead impedance significantly. Thus, successful ground-shielded test fixture processing can be ensured by obeying process stress release design rules. Furthermore, the additional ground bar extensions had a negligible effect on reducing the ground-shielded test fixture ground lead impedance. However, upgrading the ground-shielded test fixture structure to fully shielded reduced the ground lead impedance. Therefore, fully shielded test fixtures are proposed for use with two-port cascade-based deembedding methods, which commonly are incapable of taking into account ground lead parasitic components.

EIS study of passivation of austenitic and duplex stainless steels reinforcements in simulated pore solutions

Abstract Stainless steel reinforcements have proved to be one of the most effective methods to guarantee the passivity of reinforced concrete structures exposed to highly chloride-contaminated atmospheres. In the present work, the corrosion behaviour of two traditional austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and 316L types), and one duplex type (2205) are compared with that of a low-nickel, much more economic, austenitic type (204Cu). Ribbed and ground bars of these four materials are studied in non-carbonated and carbonated, saturated Ca(OH)2 solutions with different chloride contents, using electrochemical techniques. The low-frequency time constant represents the charge transfer resistance (Rt) in parallel with the double layer capacitance. The Rt value of the passive reinforcements seems to be related with the quality of the passive layer. Rt values increase with the immersion time in the testing solutions and decrease with the chloride content. Moreover, Rt tends to increase when the ribs of the bars are removed.

地盤との連成挙動に基づくスパイラルバーの軸方向抵抗力算定法に関する研究

Steel wire, which gives a pre-stress to ground and steel bar such as a rock bolt, are generally used in order to support rock. In this study, we introduce a new type support instead of the former one, like a rock bolt and cable bolt. We call spiral bar the bar that give torsion to the steel plate. It is easy to use the spiral bar like rock bolt, since it has high pullout resistance from ground. If axial force acts on the spiral bar, inner force will arise in borehole because of the spiral shape when grouting or a filling material fixes it. The behavior in the case that the spiral bar receives external axial force was investigated experimentally. And the 3-D numerical analysis was then performed by the finite difference method. A simple equation to estimate axial resistance of arbitrary sized spiral bar with self-enhancement function is proposed. The result of estimation is agreement with one of the experiments and numerical analysis.

Passband widening of transversely coupled resonator filters using the fundamental symmetric and antisymmetric modes.

This paper describes a method for widening the passband of transversely coupled resonator filters (TCF) using only the fundamental symmetric and antisymmetric modes. The coupling of modes analysis in the transverse direction is applied to the TCF design to investigate the passband width. As a result, it is found that the passband width can be increased by making the surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity difference between the interdigital transducer (IDT) region and the resonator gap region smaller. It is proposed that a grating structure be applied to the common ground bar, instead of the uniform metal, to reduce the SAW velocity difference. Using the grating-type common ground bar, filters are fabricated on ST-quartz substrate. The passband of a single filter with a center frequency of 248 MHz is widened up to 410 kHz without any increase of the insertion loss. The effect of the impedance mismatch at the junction of two cascaded devices is investigated. It is shown that the filter performance is improved by reduction of the small parasitic capacitance existing at the cascade point. Experimentally, the capacitance formed between the bus bar of the IDT and the bottom surface of the ceramic package is reduced. The insertion loss is reduced by 0.6 dB, and 3-dB passband is widened by 8 kHz for a filter with a center frequency of 248 MHz. On the basis of these two improvements, cascaded TCFs are fabricated. For a filter with a center frequency of 248 MHz, an insertion loss of 5.5 dB and a 3-dB passband width of 270 kHz are obtained.

Design considerations for integrated inductors in conventional CMOS technologies

The skin and proximity effects, substrate dependencies and other factors which modify integrated inductor characteristics in silicon technologies were examined using quasi-static electromagnetic simulations and characterization studies. Results were used to understand the impact of constraints and opportunities for implementing inductors in silicon technologies. It was shown that wider metal lines are more affected by the skin effect and, at frequencies greater than ∼4 GHz, the effectiveness of improving quality factors ( Q) by widening metal lines is degraded. An inductor composed of three metal layers shunted over an entire length of the inductor trace and another with three metal layers shunted only at their ends were characterized. Inductances of the structures were the same, while the resistance was surprisingly lower for the latter structure. It was demonstrated that parasitic metal-to-substrate capacitances of inductors can be reduced by using an underlying biased n-well. Two-dimensional simulations show that frequency dependencies of inductance for inductors fabricated on p-substrates (20 Ω cm) and those fabricated on p on p + (0.01 Ω cm) substrates are small and are the same. These observations were explained in terms of magnetic field strength, conductivities and eddy currents. It was also shown that ground-signal characterization of inductors can result in errors due to mutual inductance between the inductor and adjacent ground bar.

River mouth processes in a fjord-delta, British Columbia, Canada

The Bella Coola delta is a high-energy coarse-grained fjord-delta situated in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. River mouth processes are directly related to the large tidal range (3.9 m mean, 5.9 m large) which changes the location and nature of distributary mouths producing distinct high-tide and low-tide outlets. Frictional forces dominate at high tide as the effluent disperses through five dynamic zones producing a radial bar. A friction model applies to this outlet. During low tide, frictional, inertial and buoyant forces and an internal hydraulic jump control the development of six dynamic zones and a lunate-middle ground bar. A buoyant plane jet model qualitatively best approximates low-tide outlet dynamics.

Modern Mahakam Delta, Indonesia: Sand Distribution and Geometry in Mixed Tide and Fluvial Delta: ABSTRACT

A core study was made of a mixed, tide and fluvial, low-wave delta formed in the humid tropics. Little subsurface data were previously available for this type of delta, in which morphology and sediment distribution reflect both fluvial and tidal characteristics. The delta plain is a tidal marsh, with bioturbated organic clays, incised by separate networks of distributary and tidal channels. In contrast to the mud-filled meandering tidal channels, distributaries are linear and filled with sand accumulating as lateral accretion bars. Distributaries form narrow ribbons of channel-fill sands of variable thickness (5 to 11 m), eroded or superimposed onto underlying delta front clays and sands. Facies and vertical sequences are fluvial, erosive based and fining-up in the upper delta plain, and tidal and coarsening-up in the lower delta plain. The lack of fluvial levees and splays reflects the tidal influence in the distributaries. On the delta front, sand occurs as numerous bars, forming a spectrum of distinct types which reflect the local river-tide ratio. Major distributaries form thick (7 m) localized arcuate mouth bars, while off smaller distributaries, triangular middle ground bars occur, forming more sheet-like, thinner sand bodies. In areas of low river input, tidal ridges predominate. The bars are separated by organic clay, but lateral coalescence and stacking can locally increase sand continuity. Sequences are coarsening-up, and facies show tidal and marine characteristics. A general seaward bar thickening exists owing to the more distal position of the thicker arcuate bars; this results in a vertical bar thinning-up progradational sequence. Seaward of the delta front bars, prodelta sediments composed of massive clays form the base of a 50-m thick regressive sequence composed of multiple bar deposits, followed and incised by sandy distributary fills. Sedimentation rates range between 0.2 and 1.3 cm per year-1. End_of_Article - Last_Page 889------------

SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AT INDIAN PORTS

India has a large coastline being bounded on three sides by water* On the vest side, the coastline faces the Arabian Sea. Similarly the coastline on the east side is bounded by the Bay of Bengal* The Indian ocean separates the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal at the southern-most end of the coastline (Fig* 1] Since the last IS years, there have been proposals from time to time to establish new harbours or Improve existing harbours or save vast lengths of coastal strips from erosion by wave action In evaluating the merits and de-merits of the sites, a study of the coastal sediment movement is Important since what may be beneficial to a harbour may be harmful for preservation of a coastal strip* Defective planning may cause the loss of the entire shoreline and or the complete blocking of the harbour areas* Improper use of protective structures such as seawalls. breakwatersf groins, jetties etc* will not only be unscientific and uneconomical but accelerate the changes along the shoreline rather than stop them.
 The frequent or long-term changes In shoreline, beach, offshore zone, inshore zone, under ground bars, spits, lagoons, tombolas and similar characteristics of the coastline have significant meanings regarding the sediment motion at the coastline* Hith respect to sediment available for motion, the shor< may be a source, a drain, ovemourlshed, undernourished, sufficiently nourished (Per Bruun, 1955), or a physiographic unit (Mason, 1950). With each type, coastal works will be dlfferent for shoreline improvement and for harbour maintenance. Erosion and accretion by natural processes extend upto offshore zones while with man-made structures, erosion will always start in th< inshore and foreshore zones of the shallow water area. This distinguishing feature in the changes of a shoreline will be a good and reliable preliminary check to determine the type of erosion* Having classified a shoreline according to its sediment nourishment and as a source or a drain, the type of coastal rotection may be selected tentatively. The selected works may then he studied by model techniques. If the premilinary analysis was complete and accurate, the tentatively selected type of coastal work will be found to be most satisfactory thereby saving unnecessary waste of time and money from testing various types of works by model analysis* This method of analysis will be found to be extremely useful in many countries where investigations of the coastlines are far from adequate* Analysis of the changes at existing coastal structures along the coastline and the interpretations of the results as outlined above will be the most satisfactory method* The coastline of India may also be Interpreted similarly in relation to erosion, accretion, and transportation of sediment from the data available from existing structures, harbours and coastal strips, and divided into arbitrary overnourished, sufficiently nourished and undernourished strips and classified as sources or drains as far as possible so that various suitable types of coastal protective structures may be suggested* Indian coastline as a preliminary step may be divided into the West coast facing the Arabian Sea and the East coast facing the Bay of Bengal since the characteristic features of both the coastlines are entirely of different nature with respect to the wind forces, erosion, accretion, and littoral drift along them.