Atmospheric aerosols affect the carbon uptake of land ecosystems by altering the radiation and other environmental factors. Satellite observations have proved promising accuracies in monitoring the vegetation carbon uptake, but it remains unclear whether satellite Vegetation Indices (VIs) capture the effects of aerosols on carbon uptake or not. In this study, we employed field eddy covariance measurements to examine the capacity of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), kernel Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (kNDVI), and Near Infrared Reflectance of terrestrial vegetation (NIRv) in reflecting the effects of aerosol pollution on Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). Results showed that all four satellite VIs can generally capture the variations of GPP induced by different aerosol loadings. Further analysis indicated that the mean VIs in different AOD bins is closely correlated with the mean GPP for all surface types, except Evergreen Broadleaf Forest (EBF). We also found that the differences of satellite VIs between different AOD bins were not only influenced by the changes of diffuse radiation, but also affected by the temperature and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) changes accompanied with aerosol loadings. The results indicated that both EVI and NIRv from satellite have the potential for monitoring the responses of vegetation productivity to aerosol loadings directly.