Gross Anatomy Research Articles

Kalp Kapak Komissürlerinin ve Annuluslarının Sistematik Adlandırılması

Background: Several nomenclatures have been defined for easier understanding of cardiovascular anatomical structures. The “Erin commissure and annulus nomenclature” we have developed, aims to name the commissures and annulus of the valves in a certain order.
 Methods: We renamed the commissures and parts of annulus in a clockwise fashion. We named the commissure, closest to the first surgeon as C1 in all heart valves. Latter commissures are named as C2 and C3 in clockwise fashion. In our naming system, the commissures in aortic, pulmonary and tricuspid valves are named as C1, C2 and C3 and the commissures in mitral valve are named as C1 and C2. We divide the annulus into zones. Each zone is the part of the annulus between two commisures. Zones are named clockwise with reference to C1 commissure as the starting point. These zones are defined as Z1, Z2 and Z3 in aortic, pulmonary and tricuspid valves and Z1 and Z2 in mitral valve.
 Results: All of the heart valvular commisures and parts of the annulus even the congenital valves are named.
 Conclusion: The new nomenclature will facilitate learning of topographic anatomy in surgical training.It will provide technical convenience in communication during valve surgery.

Description of a common stauromedusa on the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada, Haliclystus sanjuanensis new species (Cnidaria: Staurozoa).

Haliclystus "sanjuanensis" nomen nudum is the most common staurozoan on the west coast of the United States and Canada. This species was described in the M.S. Thesis by Gellermann (1926) and although that name has been in use nearly continuously since that time, no published description exists. Furthermore, the most popular operative name for this species has varied between several related species names over time, resulting in confusion. Herein, we provide a detailed description and synonymy of Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp., whose distribution is verified from Unalaska Island in the Aleutians (53.4° N, 166.8° W) in the northwest, to Santa Barbara County, California, just north of Point Conception (34.5° N, 120.5° W), in the south. Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp. is compared with the twelve other described species of Haliclystus and illustrations of both macroscopic and microscopic anatomy are provided. Haliclystus sanjuanensis n. sp. is unique among species of Haliclystus in the arrangement of the bright-white nematocyst spots in its calyx and the pattern of dark stripes running the length of the stalk and up the outside of the calyx.

Virtual Dissection: an Educational Technology to Enrich Medical Students'Learning Environment in Gastrointestinal Anatomy Course.

Virtual dissection provides a digital experience of medical images to visualize anatomy on touchscreen tables. This study aimed to integrate the virtual dissection table (VDT) into the gastrointestinal anatomy course and assess medical students' intended learning outcomes and satisfaction with this educational technology. This quasi-experimental study enrolled second-year undergraduate medical students who studied anatomical sciences in the autumn semester of 2021-2022 at a single medical school. In the intervention and control groups, the participants were randomized to study anatomy by VDT or topographical anatomy textbooks. The knowledge tests evaluated the students' learning outcomes of gastrointestinal anatomy, and following the course, students completed a satisfaction survey. The findings indicated that a significant gain occurred, and instructional intervention during which the learning environment was enriched with virtual dissection could enhance the students' learning (F = 13.33, df = 2, P < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.20) and satisfaction (T = 6.10, df = 54, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.63, CI95% = 1.02-2.23). This study demonstrates the potential for virtual dissection to augment anatomical science education. Further research is required to consider the contributing features and apply this educational technology to enhance students' anatomy learning. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-023-01867-z.

Rectus capitis lateralis muscle revisited: a histological study using human fetuses.

Rectus capitis lateralis muscle (RCLM) is located at the border between the ventral and dorsal muscle groups, but the nerve topographical anatomy around the muscle is obscure. We observed the RCLM in histological sections of 12 midterm and 10 near-term fetal heads (9-18 and 26-40weeks of gestational age). At midterm, the RCLM wrapped around the inferiorly protruding inferolateral corner of the cartilaginous occipital bone. The muscle was adjacent to, or even continued to, the intertransversarius muscle between the atlas and axis. At near-term, the jugular process of the occipital bone, that is, the RCLM upper insertion, was either cartilaginous or bony, depending on age. The process formed a collar supporting the internal jugular vein from the inferior side. Moreover, the muscle is tightly attached to or inserted into the venous wall itself. The cartilaginous jugular process was adjacent to Reichert's cartilage, and the uppermost muscle fibers passed through a narrow space between these cartilages. The RCLM appeared to accelerate the jugular process elongation, resulting in complete union of the occipital and temporal bones. The ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve passed between the RCLM and rectus capitis anterior muscle to reach the longus capitis muscle. No nerve passed between the RCLM and the obliquus capitis superior muscle (a muscle at the suboccipital triangle). The dorsoventral position of the RCLM seemed to correspond to the scalenus posterior muscle in a laminar arrangement of the cervical axial musculature.

Ultrasound-guided procedures for the management of chronic thoracic back pain: a technical review.

Pain arising from the thoracic region has been reported to be potentially as debilitating as cervical or lumbar back pain, and may stem from a vast number of spinal sources, including zygapophysial, costovertebral and costotransverse joints, intervertebral discs, ligaments, fascia, muscles, and nerve roots. Over the last two decades, the use of ultrasound in interventional spinal procedures has been rapidly evolving, due to the ultrasound capabilities of visualizing soft tissues, including muscle layers, pleura, nerves, and blood vessels, allowing for real-time needle tracking, while also reducing radiation exposure to both patient and physician, when compared to traditional fluoroscopy guidance. However, its limitations still preclude it from being the imaging modality of choice for some thoracic spinal procedures, notably epidural (interlaminar and transforaminal approaches) and intradiscal injections. In this technical review, we provide an overview of five thoracic spinal injections that are amenable to ultrasound guidance. We start by discussing their clinical utility, followed by the relevant topographic anatomy, and then provide an illustrated technical description of each of the procedures discussed: (1) erector spinae plane block; (2) intra-articular thoracic zygapophyseal (facet) joint injection; (3) thoracic medial branch block; (4) costotransverse joint injection; and (5) costovertebral joint injection.

Transient receptor potential channel 3 in human liver and gallbladder – An investigation in body donors

Since the discovery of TRP proteins in 1969, during studies of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, interest around them and the subfamily of TRPC channels has remained high. TRPC3 was able to be detected in a number of organs in rodents, such as rats and mice, and also in various human tissues. For the most part, these investigations were carried out using gene expression of TRPC3. Further work has already confirmed the relevance of TRPC3 in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, and carcinogenic entities, such as ovarian carcinoma. An association with TRPC3 has also been demonstrated for diseases that affect the liver. In order to confirm the expression of TRPC3 in the human liver, this study uses samples taken from eight (n = 8) fixated human body donors and analyzed with immunohistochemistry. In accordance with the macroscopic anatomy of the organs, six samples (n = 6) of liver tissue and three (n = 3) of gallbladder tissue were obtained. TRPC3 was clearly detected in all liver and gallbladder samples examined. Thus, it is not unlikely that TRPC3 plays a role in the extensive metabolic processes of the liver and could also serve as a target for pharmacological interventions in an imbalance of calcium homeostasis.

Topographical anatomy and clinical implications of the metatarsal diaphyseal nutrient foramina across South African populations.

Metatarsal fractures often occur around the diaphyseal nutrient foramina (NF) which vary in topography depending on population affinity. Topographical and morphometrical knowledge of the NF is crucial in understanding fracture development and fracture site healing patterns. The current study aimed to describe the topography and the morphometry of the metatarsal diaphyseal NF in South African Africans (SAA), South Africans of European descent (SAED) and South Africans of Mixed Ancestry (SAMA). The study examined 4284 dry cadaveric metatarsals from both sexes and sides of these populations for NF topography and morphometry, including the presence, number, location, position, size and direction of the NF on the metatarsal bones. The NF was present in 99.4% of the metatarsals. Most (84.5%) metatarsals examined had a single NF. Most (97.4%) NF were located in the middle third of the metatarsal bones. The median foramina index (FI) of the second metatarsal exhibited population affinity and significant differences were found both on the left second metatarsal (P = 0.043), and the right second metatarsal (P = 0.046). The position of NF was predominantly lateral on the first (92.4%), second (64.9%) and third (59.1%) metatarsals, whilst the position was predominantly medial on the fifth (65.1%) metatarsals. The NF positions on the fourth metatarsals showed the greatest population variability. The first metatarsals had primarily dominant-sized and distally directed NF whilst the second through fifth had primarily secondary-sized and proximally directed NF. The topographical anatomy of the metatarsal diaphyseal NF appears similar across the South African populations. Metatarsal bones are highly vascularized bones presenting with multiple nutrient foramina.

Safety considerations for treating the parotid and submandibular glands with neuromodulators for facial slimming.

Neuromodulators have predominantly been used for the treatment of upper facial lines, but their use has expanded to include lower face and neck treatments. However, the injection sites for these treatments are based on skin surface landmarks, which may pose risks to nearby structures and result in undesired outcomes. To investigate the spatial relationship between the FDA-approved skin surface landmarks for neuromodulator injections in the parotid and submandibular glands and the topographical anatomy of critical facial structures such as the facial artery, facial vein, external carotid artery, and retromandibular vein. A cross-sectional retrospective analysis was conducted on contrast-enhanced cranial CT scans. The scans were analyzed for the morphology and location of the parotid and submandibular glands. Measurements were taken for gland volume, craniocaudal extent, anterior-posterior extent, and distances between the skin surface and gland capsule or nearby structures such as arteries. The study sample consisted of 53 subjects, including 7 males and 46 females, with a mean age of 36.91 years and a mean BMI of 23.28 kg/m2 . The mean volume of the parotid gland was 31.9 ± 3.0 cc in males and 28.5 ± 3.6 cc in females with p < 0.001, while the mean volume of the submandibular gland was 18.2 ± 2.0 cc in males and 14.5 ± 3.4 cc in females with p < 0.001. The mean distances between skin surface and the gland capsule were 5.98 ± 2.2 and 8.84 ± 4.0 mm for the parotid and submandibular gland, respectively. This distance increased with higher age and higher BMI values in a statistically significant manner with p < 0.001. The distances between FDA-approved skin surface landmarks and the parotid and submandibular glands varied significantly depending on gender, age, and BMI. Optimal injection depth and location for neuromodulator treatments cannot be generalized based on these landmarks alone, emphasizing the need for real-time ultrasound imaging guidance.

Topographic anatomy of the submental artery and its clinical implications for reconstructive surgery.

Knowledge about the anatomy of the submental artery (SA) is of immense importance when performing plastic and reconstructive procedures. A retrospective study was performed to analyze the topographic anatomy of the SA. The measurements were performed on 80 consecutive patients who underwent head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA). The SA was present in 131 out of 137 hemifaces (95.6%). The vessel originated from the facial artery in all cases (100.0%). Moreover, the SA was found to have 0-4 branches. However, most commonly, the said artery had no branches of considerable size (51.1%). Due to the high variability of the course of the said artery, the authors of the present study created a novel classification system presenting the most prevalent courses of the SA in the submental region. The current study utilized 131 hemifaces of 80 (CTA) to create a heat map of the SA, illustrating its precise origin and course in the submental region. The findings of this study could assist surgeons in developing a mental map of the arterial anatomy of the submental region, potentially improving the efficiency of localizing the SA and reducing the risk of complications during plastic and reconstructive procedures.

Gross Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps).

We dissected carcasses of eight mature females, both parous and non-parous specimens, to study the macroscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system in the sugar glider. The genital system includes double organs, namely the right and left ones, which are completely separated. It includes two ovaries, two oviducts, two uteri and a vaginal complex. The uteri are fusiform-shaped and lack horns. The vaginal complex includes two lateral vaginae and a median vagina, also called the 'birth canal'. The cranial end of both lateral vaginae partially fuses, forming an expansion named the vaginal sinus, which is divided into two parts by a longitudinal septum, one for each vagina, where the ipsilateral uterine cervix opens. The caudal end of the lateral vaginae opens into a medial and impar duct: the urogenital sinus that serves as a common passage for the reproductive and urinary systems. In non-pregnant females, only the lateral vaginae are present. In pregnant and recently parous females, a short median vagina extends from the caudal wall of the vaginal sinus to the cranial end of the urogenital sinus. In the ventral wall of this sinus, next to its caudal opening, there is a forked clitoris.

Topographic and morphometric anatomy of the proximal part of the dorsal scapular nerve.

The dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) entrapment neuropathy has recently been recognized as a common cause of circumscapular pain and cases of winged scapula. Course of the nerve is important because the middle scalene muscle is frequently accessed for surgical treatments. Studies in the literature have not focused on the morphometric relationship of the DSN with the scalene muscles and its relationship with the long thoracic nerve (LTN). The neck regions of 13 adult cadavers were dissected bilaterally. The relationship of DSN with scalene muscles and LTN was evaluated. Cervical spinal nerves involved in the formation of the DSN were identified. Three types of DSN were observed based on the cervical spinal nerves from which it originates, five types of DSN from its relationship with the scalene muscles, and two types of DSN from its relationship with the LTN. The distance from where the nerve pierces the scalene muscle to the mastoid process was found to be greater in DSNs originating from C4 and C5 (93.85 ± 4.11 mm, p = 0.033). In DSNs not connected with LTN, the distance from where the nerve pierces the scalene muscle to the superior trunk/C5 (12.74 ± 7.73 mm, p = 0.008) and the length of the nerve within the scalene muscle (14.94 ± 5.5 mm, p = 0.029) were found to be statistically significantly greater. The topographic and morphometric anatomy of the proximal part of the DSN is important, especially for scalene muscles-focused surgical treatments and interscalene nerve blocks. We believe our results may guide clinical approaches and surgery.

Визуальные технологии в формировании профессиональных компетенций студентов медвуза. Анатомический музей кафедры топографической анатомии и оперативной хирургии ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова

The article is devoted to the collection and methods of making preparations of the anatomical museum of the Department of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery named after Academician Yu. M. Lopukhin, Institute of Anatomy and Morphology named after Academician Yu. M. Lopukhin, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education Russian National Research Medical University named after. N.I. Pirogov Ministry of Health of Russia founded in 1989. The museum's fund consists of natural preparations made by employees and students of the department at different periods of time since 1906, when the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy under the leadership of Professor F. A. Rein was founded at the Faculty of Medicine of the Moscow Higher Women's Courses. Among the exhibits of the anatomical museum of the department there are preparations with visual topography of various areas of the body in normal conditions and in the presence of various diseases, with examples of variant anatomy, congenital malformations and visualization of changes in the normal topographic-anatomical relationships of organs and structures after surgical operations. The museum's preparations are traditionally used by the department's teachers in the educational process of mastering topographic anatomy and operative surgery by students in the specialty programs "General Medicine", "Pediatrics", "Dentistry", "Fundamental Medicine". The positive experience of conducting training cycles for residents in the specialties “Ultrasound Diagnostics” and “Forensic Medicine” using museum preparations is described in order to improve topographic and anatomical knowledge for making and substantiating a diagnosis, detailing the features of the course of pathological processes and solving assigned professional tasks. The anatomical museum of the department has not only educational significance, but also instills in every student a sense of pride and patriotism, strengthens the inextricable connection between all generations of teachers and students of the university.

Undergraduate medical student perceptions and learning outcomes related to anatomy training using Thiel- and ethanol-glycerin-embalmed tissues.

Anatomical dissection is known to serve as an integral tool in teaching gross anatomy, including postgraduate training. A variety of embalming techniques exist, resulting in different haptic and optical tissue properties. This study aimed to objectify learning outcomes and medical student perceptions related to the use of two widely used embalming techniques, namely Thiel and ethanol-glycerin embalming. Between 2020 and 2022, first- and second-year medical students enrolled in the course on topographic anatomy participated in this study. Objective structured practical examinations were carried out for the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and extremity regions following regional dissection just before the oral examinations began. Six to ten numbered tags were marked in prosections of each region in Thiel- and ethanol-glycerin-embalmed specimens. Following the examinations, the students were surveyed regarding the suitability of the two embalming techniques with respect to preservation, colorfastness, tissue pliability, and the suitability in preparing for their anatomy examinations. Consistently higher scores were achieved for the thoracic and abdominal regions in ethanol-glycerin-embalmed specimens when compared to Thiel. No benefit was found for Thiel-embalmed upper or lower extremities. Tissues embalmed with ethanol-glycerin were rated higher for preservation and suitability to achieve the learning objectives, tissue pliability was rated higher for Thiel-embalmed tissues. Ethanol-glycerin embalming appears to offer certain advantages for undergraduate students in recognizing visceral structures, which may align with students' ideas on tissue suitability for their learning. Consequently, the benefits reported for Thiel embalming for postgraduate study unlikely reflect its suitability for novices.

Comparative morphofunctional analysis of axial skeleton excluding the skull of primates based on the anatomical, radiographic, and tomographic description of the black-striped capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus Spix, 1823).

Comparative anatomy the basis for studies of evolution, and radiographic and tomographic aspects, as auxiliary methods in the investigation of anatomical particularities, reinforce evolutionary research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) by means of anatomical dissection and radiographic and tomographic images. To this purpose, four cadavers were used in the anatomical analysis and five living animals for the imaging exams. The bones were described and compared with data from other primates species found in literature. Student's t-test for independent samples was performed. The vertebral column of the comprises seven cervical, 13 or 14 thoracic, five or six lumbar, two or three sacral, and 23 or 24 caudal vertebrae. The atlas is characterized by three foramina on the wing. The seventh cervical vertebra had a transverse foramen in one specimen. The anticlinal vertebra is always the penultimate thoracic one, the ninth pair of ribs is always the last sternal pair, and the last two are buoyant. The sternal was composed of five or six sternebrae. The lumbar vertebrae showed a bifurcated spinous process. Three different sacral morphologies were observed. The structures identified macroscopically could be well determined through radiographic and tomographic images. S. libidinosus presented anatomical characteristics more similar to those of man and of platirrinos monkeys. The knowledge obtained by macroscopic anatomy and tomographic and radiological exams contributes significantly to comparative evolutionary studies.

Nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle: An anatomical study and surgical application to smile reconstruction.

Smile reconstruction using the branches that supply the zygomaticus major muscle as a motor source is an established procedure in facial reanimation surgery for facial paralysis. However, the anatomy of the nerve to the muscle remains unclear. Therefore, we herein examined the topographical anatomy of the nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle to obtain more detailed information on donor nerve anatomy. Preserved cadaver dissection was performed under a microscope on 13 hemifaces of 8 specimens. The branches that innervate the zygomaticus major muscle and their peripheral routes medial to the muscle were traced and examined. A median of four (ranges 2-4) branches innervated the zygomaticus major muscle. The proximal two branches (near the muscle origin) arose from the zygomatic branch, the second of which was the major branch. The distal branches (near the oral commissure) arose from the buccal branch or zygomaticobuccal plexus. The vertical distance from the caudal margin of the zygomatic arch to the major branch intersecting point was 19 ± 4.0 mm, while the horizontal distance parallel to the Frankfort plane was 29 ± 5.2 mm. The proximal two branches innervating the zygomaticus major muscle were detected in the majority of specimens. The anatomical findings obtained herein on the nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle will allow for more reliable donor selection in facial reanimation surgery.

Louis Farabeuf (1841-1910): Anatomist and inventor of surgical procedures and instruments.

Louis Hubert Farabeuf (1841-1910) was a reformer of clinical, surgical, and topographic human anatomy studies during the second half of the 19th century. Over 30 years as a professor of Anatomy, Farabeuf wrote outstanding anatomical textbooks. As the head of Anatomic Studies in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, he succeeded in leading a profound restructuring of the way anatomy and surgery were taught. As a result of his work and research, several anatomical terms, clinical signs, and surgical instruments were named after him. For his outstanding career in anatomy, he was elected to the Academy of Medicine in 1897.

Topographical anatomy of the left ventricular summit: implications for invasive procedures.

Recent clinical reports have emphasized the clinical significance of the left ventricular summit (LVS), a specific triangular epicardial area, as the source of ventricular arrhythmias where radiofrequency ablation is of great difficulty. The macroscopic morphology of the LVS has been assessed in 80 autopsied and 48 angio-computed tomography (CT) human hearts. According to Yamada's equation, the size was calculated based on the distance to the first, most prominent septal perforator. The size of the LVS varies from 33.69 to 792.2 mm2, is highly variable, and does not correlate with body mass index, sex, or age in general. The mean size of the LVS was 287.38 ± 144.95 mm2 in autopsied and angio-CT (p = 0.44). LVS is mostly disproportionately bisected by cardiac coronary veins to superior-inaccessible and inferior-accessible areas. The superior aspect dominates over the inferior in both groups (p = 0.04). The relation between superior and inferior groups determines three possible arrangements: the most common type is superior domination (50.2%), then inferior domination (26.6%), and finally, equal distribution (17.2%). In 10.9%, the inferior aspect is absent. Only 16.4% of the LVS were empty, without additional trespassing coronary arteries. The difference in size and content of the LVS is significant, with no correlation to any variable. The size depends on the anatomy of the most prominent septal perforator artery. The superior, inaccessible aspect dominates, and the LVS is seldom free from additional coronary vessels, thus making this region hazardous for electrophysiological procedures.

Gluteal Fold: Cadaveric Dissection of the Superficial Fascial System in the Buttock and Anatomy-Based Gluteal Liposculpture.

The anatomy and formation mechanism of the gluteal fold (GF) remain unclear. Given that understanding the anatomy of the superficial fascial system (SFS) may facilitate the improvement of liposuction techniques, this study aimed to clarify and define the anatomical components of the GF. A total of 20 fresh female buttocks and thighs were dissected sagittally to observe the changes of the SFS along the GF and were dissected horizontally to observe the SFS on the upper, middle, and lower levels of the buttock. Through these dissections, 2 patterns of the SFS in the GF region were identified. The retinaculum cutis (RC)-dominant SFS, named the fascial condensation zone, features an extremely dense and tough RC, originating from the bony structures (eg, the ischium) and radially anchored by the dermis. The fat-dominant SFS features a classic double-layered SFS structure. The RC-dominant SFS is mainly distributed at the medial GF, thus forming the depressed fold. It gradually disappears along the GF and the SFS becomes fat-dominant, making the fold increasingly less visible. At the lateral buttock, the SFS of the buttock and thigh reach an identical status in terms of morphologic features, showing a smooth curve between the buttock and the thigh instead of a fold. Thus, based on these findings, different liposuction methods were formulated to manage GF contouring. The SFS of the GF region shows a regional variation pattern. Topographic anatomy of the SFS in the GF region helps us understand GF contour deformities and provide an anatomical basis for surgical correction.

Ուսումնական նյութի դասավանդման առանձնահատկությունները «Օպերատիվ վիրաբուժություն եվ տեղագրական անատոմիա» առարկայի շրջանակներում

Surgery, as a medical specialty, is one of the most psychologically difficult professions. Teaching surgery as a subject in higher medical institutions is of key importance in educating certain qualities in a future surgeon. Therefore, the methodology for teaching surgery in higher medical education institutions has undergone significant changes in the last decade due to both the revolutionary progress in higher education and the development of healthcare. During training, it is necessary to pay attention to such components as surgical technical skills (including surgical practical skills, simulations, surgical techniques, etc.) and non-technical skills (cognitive, neuropsychological, socialization, etc.). This article presents a successful experience in teaching students theoretical and practical skills in the scientific-experimental group of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of YSMU, involving them in educational and educational-experimental work. Teaching practical skills of future surgeons at the department is carried out both in the classroom and in additional extra-curricular classes within the framework of the scientific group, based on the “student-to-student” teaching method. For acquiring more theoretical knowledge, scientific reports are presented both in the classroom and in extracurricular scientific groups. Surveys conducted among students participating in scientific group work showed high efficiency of scientific group work. About 82.5% of the respondents said that participation in a scientific group contributed to their decision to choose surgery as a specialty, and also contributed to the development of clinical thinking of students, gave them theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of surgery, motivation for learning, and most importantly, it created a surgical environment, where students share experience and knowledge with each other and make new friends in an atmosphere of healthy competition.

Perception of health programme students on the use of an augmented reality tool in anatomical practices

Introduction. Augmented reality in the medical field has continuously grown, supporting theoretical and practical components. This technology presents a safe environment for experimentation for health science students. Objective. This research analyses theacceptance of health science students with the augmented reality tool HOLOMARKERS. It allows the user to place virtual pins on human biological material to achieve labelling of tissues, muscles, and organs, avoiding direct contact with the sample. Methodology. A technology acceptance model analyses the influence of HOLOMARKERS on student acceptance. Each core of the model has four Likert-scale questions. The sample size surveyed is 17 health science students. Four cores structure a technology acceptance model: theoretical background, acceptance of use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of use; analyses of the acceptance of HOLOMARKERS by students. Results. Perceived usefulness of the tool and the students’ previous theoretical background influence the acceptance of tool. Conclusion. The students surveyed highlighted the usefulness of HOLOMARKERS for developing practices in the macroscopic anatomy laboratory with human biological material.