After an administration of endocannabinoid-like compound N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) at a dose of 0.1 and 5 mg/kg, the anxiety level of rats in the elevated plus maze and learning ability of the latter in the radial maze were investigated. It has been revealed that NSE can change both innate and acquired rat behavior. It has been also found that the administration of NSE decreased anxious behavior in general, although the number and duration of grooming processes were not affected. At a dose of 5 mg/kg, NSE decreases anxious behavior and the locomotor activity in rats. An introduction of NSE at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg for 7 days results in higher anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus maze and the growth of learning ability in the radial maze compared to the effect at a dose of 5 mg/kg. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, NSE significantly (P < 0.05) reduces the total number of errors in the radial maze compared to the control on the first day of conditioning with food reinforcement. The latent period of taking the 3rd reinforcement in animals of that group was lower on the 1st, 5th (P < 0.05), and the 6th (P < 0.01) days. However, no significant differences in the behavior of rats treated with NSE in both doses were detected throughout the period of experiment. Thus, NSE evokes changes in the rat behavior and contributes to the improvement of cognitive function without negative effects, specific to cannabinoid drugs.