Griffithii Hook Research Articles

The Family Compositae in Assam and North East Frontier Agency

The paper presents the distribution and relative abundance of 167 taxa belonging to 47 genera of the Compositae in Assam and North East Frontier Agency. The family is best represented in the tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen and again, in subtropical pine and mixed forests; it is much less abundant in temperate altitudes, very rarely extending up to sub-alpine zone in NEFA. Of the species enumerated, the number of species found common to other countries are indicated against each: Burma (45), Malaya (16), Java (25), China (25), Japan (24), Ceylon (21), Philippines (7), Africa (17), Australia (5), Europe (5) and America (5).Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn., Eupatorium trapezoideum Kunth, Erigeron annuus Pers. and Petasites albus Gaertn. appear to be new records of species for India. On the other hand, these species viz. Ainsliaea angustifolia Hook. f. & Thom., Brachycome assamica Clarke, Cnicus griffithii Hook. f., Inula kalapani Clarke etc. appear to be endemic to Assam and NEFA.

Seed dormancy, viability and germination of Illicium griffithii: A threatened medicinal plant of northeast India

Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms. is a threatened medicinal plant of North East India with low natural population. Field observation showed that the seeds remain dormant for 4–5 months and even after germination it fails to convert into saplings due to biotic interference. In the present study, various physical and chemical tests were conducted to overcome dormancy. The study revealed that the seeds of I. griffithii exhibited simple morpho-physiological dormancy reducing the germination percentage. Chemical scarification with 95 % H2SO4 for 5 min helped to overcome mechanical restriction of the endosperm and seed coat and resulted in high germination (80.5 %). Pre-treatment of the seeds with cold stratification for 60 days or application of gibberellic acid (GA3: 2000 mgl−1) effectively broke seed dormancy. Seeds stored at 5 °C (in moist sand) exhibited a minimum viability of 40 %, but all seeds stored dry at room temperatures and moist at 25 °C died. This study on seed germination would be helpful for mass multiplication of the species for reintroduction programmes including ex situ conservation that would aid in improving the subsistence economy of the local indigenous communities.

Phytodiversity Estimation of High-altitude Pastureland Above Yonphula, Kanglung Gewog, Trashigang Dzongkhag

High altitude pasturelands (Tsamdro) are important grazing grounds of livestock in Bhutan. Pasturelands are degrading due to overgrazing and shrub encroachment along with climate change. The lack of floristic knowledge of such pastureland would mean permanent loss of phytodiversity if not studied timely. This floristic study was conducted for two seasons using quadrat method of vegetation analyses. Phytodiversity was determined using different biodiversity indices. A total of 83 species in 60 genera belonging to 35 families were recorded from the pastureland including two endemic species, Halenia elliptica D. Don and Viola bhutanica H. Hara. Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Gentianaceae are species rich families. Species indicated a high richness with 2.17, dominance index was 0.92 for species like Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth) Benth, Swertia spp., Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex. Hook.f.) Lacaita, Potentilla sp., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia griffithii Hook. f., and Plantago erosa Wall. The diversity value was 2.97, indicating low diversity with even distribution (0.91). Similarity index of 0.70 indicated fairly similar floristic composition in autumn and spring seasons. This study provides basic information on floristic composition and phytodiversity of pastureland, which can be incorporated for pastureland management and conservation.

PROFILING SCREENING OF 55 SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUPHORBIA L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ELLAGIC ACID

Methanol extracts from the leaves of 55 species, belonging to 4 subgenera and 16 subsection of genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) have been screened for presence of ellagic acid (EA). EA was quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in fresh plant material Euphorbia sp. growing in Russia and Kyrgyzstan in the wild and in indoor and outdoor collections of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint-Petersburg). EA was detected in the extracts of 17 species of tree subgenera. In subgenus Althymalus Neck. Ex Rchb. EA was detected in E. hamata (Haw.) Sweet (section Anthacanthae Lem.), in subgenus Chamaesyce Raf. – E. maculata L. (section Anisophyllum Roep.); in subgenus Esula Pers. This compound was found in representatives of sections Esula (Pers.) Dumort. (E. virgata Waldst. Et Kit.), Helioscopia Dumort. (E. alpina Ledeb., E. aristata Schmalh., E. condylocarpa M. Bieb., E. lucorum Rupr. ex Maxim., E. palustris L., E. procera M. Bieb., E. semivillosa (Prokh.) Kryl., E. squamosa Willd., E. stricta L.), Holophyllum (Prokh.) Prokh. (E. griffithii Hook. f., E. komaroviana Prokh., E. rupestris Ledeb.), Paralias Dumort. (E. taurinensis All.) and Pithyusa (Raf.) Lázaro (E. glareosa Pall. Ex M. Bieb.). In 38 EA was not detected, including all studies species of subgenus Euphorbia. For 10 species (E. alpina, E. glareosa, E. griffithii, E. hamata, E. lucorum, E. procera, E. rupestris, E. semivillosa, E. stricta and E. taurinensis) EA was detected for the first time. Highest EA amount was found in leaves of E. hamata (4100 ppm) and E. squamosa (4300 ppm).

Major chemical constituents from Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms of North East India and their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities.

Illicium griffithii Hook. f. & Thoms is an endemic medicinal plant of North East India found in the Eastern Himalayan region of biodiversity mega centre. Herein, chemical investigation of I. griffithii, afforded five compounds and their structures were determined through extensive use of NMR, HRMS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The complete proton-proton, proton-carbon coupling network of compound 1 was determined using 1H-1H COSY, HSQC and NOESY NMR experiments. All the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity by MTT assay and antimicrobial activity by Agar well diffusion method. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity activity against Lung cancer (A549) and pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa2) cell lines with IC50 values of 15.01 ± 2.69 μg/mL and 47.77 ± 2.38 μg/mL, respectively. Further, the compound 1 exhibited good antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC 7.50 ± 0.28 μg/mL and 7.50 ± 0.86 μg/mL, respectively. The other isolated compounds along with the extracts of I. griffithii also displayed moderate anticancer and antimicrobial activities against respective strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of isolation of compounds from bark, wood, and leaf along with cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities of I. griffithii from the North Eastern region of India and could be a potential herbal medicine in near future.

Seasonal water use strategy of canopy tree species and possible implication for their coexistence in a subtropical secondary forest

AbstractWe investigated the seasonal water use patterns of five canopy tree species, Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana Hance, Quercus griffithii Hook, Quercus acutissima Carruth, and Pinus massoniana, in a subtropical secondary forest in Guangxi province, which were pervasively planted in South China. The hypothesis is that the trees can make different temporal use of environmental resources that change seasonally and consequently contribute to their coexistence. Sap flow technique was used to measure the daily and seasonal transpiration during the period from June 2016 to May 2017. The sap flow—derived daily transpiration (EL), leaf water potential (ΔΨ), hydraulic conductance (K), as well as the responses of EL to driving factor—water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was determined in dry and wet seasons. Measured data of stem sap flow showed that L. formosana, Q. griffithii, and P. massoniana transpired more water than S. superba and Q. acutissima during the whole monitoring period, whereas daily EL of P. massoniana rapidly decreased under dry season. We attributed the different water use patterns to the significant difference in ΔΨ, K, and wood density among the five species. Moreover, linear relationships between the daily transpiration and VPD might suggest diverse water use strategies. For the species of S. superba, Q. acutissima, and P. massoniana, less water consumption and relatively flat change of transpiration with VPD were observed, suggesting a relatively tighter stomatal control. The slope values for L. formosana and Q. griffithii, which were much higher even under dry season, might own a weak stomatal control. These different functional and hydraulic traits, together with the associated water use strategies, might facilitate the coexistence of these five canopy tree species, which would assist in predicting the impact of future environmental changes on plant biodiversity and ecosystem services in the investigated region.

Identification and screening of cardiac glycosides in Streptocaulon griffithii using an integrated data mining strategy based on high resolution mass spectrometry

The present study was designed to develop a practical strategy to tackle the problem of lacking standard compounds and limited references for identifying structure-related compounds in Streptocaulon griffithii Hook. f., especially those in trace concentrations, with a focus on antitumor activity. The cardiac glycosides (CGs)-enriched part was determined using in vitro bioactive assays in three cancer cell lines and then isolated using macroporous resins. The MS and MS/MS data were acquired using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-time of flight (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) system. To acquire data of trace compound in the extract, a multiple segment program was applied to modify the HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method. A mass defect filter (MDF) approach was employed to make a primary MS data filtration. Utilizing a MATLAB program, the redundant peaks obtained by imprecise MDF template calculated with limited references were excluded by fragment ion classification, which was based on the ion occurrence number in the MDF-filtered total ion chromatograms (TIC). Additionally, the complete cleavage pathways of CG aglycones were proposed to assist the structural identification of 29 common fragment ions (CFIs, ion occurrence number ≥ 5) and diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs, ion occurrence number < 5). As a result, 30 CGs were filtered out from the MDF results, among which 23 were identified. This newly developed strategy may provide a rapid and effective tool for identifying structure-related compounds in herbal medicines.

Floral Biology and Embryological Studies are Important for Conservation of Threatened Plants Having Reproductive Bottlenecks:A Case Study of &lt;i&gt;Illicium griffithii&lt;/i&gt; Hook. f. &amp; Thomson

Information on reproductive biology of threatened plant species could be useful for conservation, particularly when the species fails to perpetuate in nature due to regeneration failure. In flowering plants, the domain of reproductive biology includes structural details of reproductive units such as flower or inflorescence, formation of viable gametes, pollination dynamics, role of pollinators, pollen–pistil interactions as determined through compatibility, breeding system and mating strategies, fertilization and embryogeny, seed development, dispersal and germination. The importance of reproductive biology in species conservation has been demonstrated through a case study of Illicium griffithii Hook f. & Thomson, a threatened plant species from Arunachal Pradesh. I. griffithii (Illiciaceae) is a member of the ANITA clade and a representative taxon of the three most basal angiosperms. The flowers of I. griffithii are obligate xenogamous, and hence compatible pollen grains only germinate on the stigmatic papillae. Esterase and phosphatase enzymatic activities are absent in most stigmatic surfaces. Therefore, stigmatic receptivity is absent in many carpels. The ovules are anatropous and bitegmic with a four-celled/four-nucleate structure of embryo sac at maturity. Antipodals and filiform apparatus are absent. Presence of mucilage cells in the embryo sac facilitates the entry of pollen tubes into it. Embryolike organization of the endosperm is present, with one pole globular having smaller cells and the other pole roughly filamentous with larger cells resembling that of a suspensor. Extragynoecial compitum is not observed in I. griffithii . The flowers are brooding sites for the midges and the young ovules are eaten by larvae of the midges. Only 10% of the flowers mature into 13-seeded fruits and the carpels of the remaining 90% of the flowers have seeds ranging from 1 to 5. The seedling survival rate is only 7%. In addition to the above-mentioned reproductive bottlenecks, the species is also being over-harvested. It is now categorized as endangered. The findings of the present study on reproductive biology of I. griffithii should help in improving its conservation status.

Unusual 28, 29-nor-9, 19 cycloartane triterpenoids from Chinese medical plant Streptocaulon griffithii Hook

Phytochemical investigation of the root of Streptocaulon griffithii Hook (Asclepiadaceae) led to the isolation of three unusual novel triterpenoids, 28, 29-nor-3β, 4β-dihydroxyl-9, 19-cycloartan-26-acid (1), 28, 29-nor-3β, 4β-dihydroxyl-9, 19-cycloartan- 26-acid methylester (2), a 30-nor-lupeol derivative 30-nor-3β-acetoxy-lupan-20-one (3) and five known compounds 4–8. Their structures were established on the basis of physical and spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), ESI mass spectrometry, and by comparison with the NMR data published in the literature. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against a panel of cultured tumor cell lines (Hela, PC3, SMMC7721, CNE) were evaluated. The new compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate activities with IC50 values of 11.76∼26.52μg/mL, respectively. The result showed that triterpenoids are typical compounds of Streptocaulon genus, which could be useful as characteristic markers in chemotaxonomic research and might helpful for explaining the use of S. griffithii in traditional medicine.

Implications of Mistaken Identities in Conservation of Wild Mangoes

When names get established on wrong subjects, the concerns related to the species on which these names are truly to be assigned get misplaced. This communication relates to mistaken/doubtful identities of four species of two closely allied genera of the family Anacardiaceae, three of them of Mangifera L. (M. andamanica King, M. griffithii Hook. f., M. nicobarica Kosterm.) and one of Bouea Meisn. (B. oppositifolia (Roxb.) Adelb).

Exploration, Characterization and Phylogenetic Studies in Wild &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Mangifera indica&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Relatives

Exploratory surveys were carried out in the Andamans and Nicobar group of islands during 2006 and 2014 to locate wild species viz. Mangifera andamanica King, Mangifera camptosperma Pierre and Mangifera griffithii Hook. Not much variation was observed for fruit shape and size for the species Mangifera andamanica, which was endemic to this region. The species M. griffithii has been reported to be only in Mt. Harriet. However, another plant of M. griffithii in the Shoalbay region was found during the second survey. The foliage & fruit characteristics of the two specimens were similar, with a slight difference in the morphological features, which could be attributed to their origin from seeds. The DNA finger printing carried out showed minor changes in the species. The phylogenetic relationships amongst five Mangifera species viz. M. indica, M. griffithii, M. camptosperma, M. odorata and M. andamanica were analyzed by employing chloroplast markers viz., petB-petD intergenic spacer, rps16 gene, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer and nuclear marker—External Transcribed Spacer (ETS). The nuclear markers and chloroplast markers based on phylogenetic analysis showed that the common mango M. indica L. was closely related to M. griffithii and M. camptosperma, which belonged to subgenus Mangifera. However, M. odorata that belonged to subgenus Limus was grouped separately along with M. andamanica. The above results are in congruent with the accepted classification of genus Mangifera reported by Kostermans and Bompard with the exception of M. andamanica, which has been earlier classified under subgenus Mangifera. Results clearly indicated that classification of M. andamanica under subgenus needed to be reconsidered.

In vitro cytotoxicity, α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities of Illicium griffithii Hook. f. &amp; Thoms fruits

Illicium griffithii is a medicinal tree species of the temperate broad-leaved forests of North East India; its fruits are used in the pharmaceutical and spice industries. The fruits are used medicinally to treat cough, sinusitis, toothache, regurgitating, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and food poisoning and are considered carminative, stomachic, and glactagogic. The present study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of I. griffithii fruits. Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) exhibited 78.7 % toxicity at the dose of 500 μg/ml with IC50 value of 300 μg/ml against A549 human adenocarcinoma lung cancer cell line, 50 % α-glucosidase inhibition at 810.32 ± 1.28 μg/ml concentration, and potent scavenging activity at 1,000 μg/ml on DPPH (91.12 % ± 2.08), CUPRAC (2.384 ± 0.03), reducing power (0.847 ± 0.02), lipid peroxidation (55.52 % ± 1.56), hydroxyl (75.83 % ± 1.47), and DMPD (76.12 % ± 1.35). It additionally showed maximum activity at 300 μg/ml on total antioxidant activity (0.290 ± 0.04 GAE mg/g) and FRAP (2.150 ± 0.23 mM Fe2+/g). The results demonstrated that EAE possessed marked activity in all the tested biological parameters. On further fractionation, EAE gave an active fraction F3. Two phenolic compounds were isolated and identified (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) from this fraction for the first time. I. griffithii showed promising cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

Discovery of an oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) inducing galls on deciduous oak trees in India

AbstractWe report for the first time the occurrence of an oak gall wasp Andricus mukaigawae (Mukaigawa) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the deciduous oak Quercus griffithii Hook. F &amp; Thomson ex Miq. in India. Andricus mukaigawae is the only cynipid species that has been observed to induce galls on deciduous oak species in India to date. In addition, this is the first record of a gall wasp species with a distribution extending all the way from the eastern Palearctic region to the Indian subcontinent, suggesting the existence of a close relationship between cynipid faunas on deciduous oak trees in the two regions.

Interaction of cadmium and zinc on accumulation and sub-cellular distribution in leaves of hyperaccumulator Potentilla griffithii

Potentilla griffithii Hook is a newly found hyperaccumulator plant capable of high tolerance and accumulation of Zn and Cd. We investigated the interactive effects between Cd and Zn on accumulation and vacuolar sequestration in P. griffithii. Stimulatory effect of growth was noted at 0.2mM Cd and 1.25 and 2.5mM Zn tested. Accumulation of Zn and Cd in roots, petioles and leaves were increased significantly with addition of these metals individually. However, the Zn supplement decreased root Cd accumulation but increased the concentration of Cd in petioles and leaves. The results from sub-cellular distribution showed that up to 94% and 70% of the total Zn and Cd in the leaves were present in the protoplasts, and more than 90% Cd and Zn in the protoplasts were localized in the vacuoles. Nearly, 88% and 85% of total Cd and Zn were extracted in the cell sap of the leaves suggesting that most of the Cd and Zn in the leaves were available in soluble form. The present results indicate that Zn supplement significantly enhanced the petiole accumulation of Cd and further vacuolar sequestration plays an important role in tolerance, detoxification and hyperaccumulation of these metals in P. griffithii.

Essential oil constituents of Illicium griffithii and its antimicrobial activity

The essential oil of the fruit of Illicium griffithii Hook f. et Thoms. was extracted using Clevenger’s apparatus. Forty-one compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). 4-Methyl-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole was characterized as the major constituent, followed by linalool amongst the volatile constituents. The essential oil was found to be effective against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possessed considerable activity against Staphylococcus aureus and was inactive against Klebsiella pnemoniae, Pseudomonas aureginosae, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli.

Zinc Hyperaccumulation and Uptake by Potentilla Griffithii Hook

The ability of Potentilla griffithii Hook var. velutina Cardot to hypaeraccumulate zinc (Zn) was identified through field survey and hydroponic experiments. Our results showed that P. griffithii could be classified as a new Zn hyperaccumulator. Zn concentrations in the shoots of P. griffithii averaged 6250 mg kg−1 (3870–8530 mg kg−1) growing in Zn-rich soils. The highest Zn concentration was observed in the leaves of P. griffithii at 22,990 mg kg−1. The fact that P. griffithii was able to grow in a mining soil with a Zn concentration of 193,000 mg kg−1 without showing a major sign of phytotoxicity demonstrated its high tolerance to Zn. When growing in hydroponic systems, P. griffithii accumulated a maximum 26700 mg kg−1 zinc concentration in the shoots, indicating the ability of this species to effectively take up and translocate Zn. Translocation factors (the ratio of Zn concentration in shoot to root) of 1.1 to 1.6 were obtained. Compared to the control, dry biomass of P. griffithii in 160 mg L−1 Zn treatment increased 66.6% (P < 0.05). The time-course experiment showed that the maximum Zn concentration at 100 mg L−1 Zn treatment was found at 16 d, much later than that of the 10 mg L−1 Zn treatment, which might be an attribution of a accumulating mechanism or detoxification of a plant. The report of a new Zn hyperaccumulator provides a new plant species for the phytoremediation of contaminated soil and for the research on mechanisms of Zn hyperaccumulation in plants.

Mango Genetic Diversity Analysis and Pedigree Inferences for Florida Cultivars Using Microsatellite Markers

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm can be classified by origin with the primary groups being cultivars selected from the centers of diversity for the species, India and Southeast Asia, and those selected in Florida and other tropical and subtropical locations. Accessions have also been classified by horticultural type: cultivars that produce monoembryonic seed vs. cultivars that produce polyembryonic seed. In this study we used 25 microsatellite loci to estimate genetic diversity among 203 unique mangos (M. indica), two M. griffithii Hook. f., and three M. odorata Griff. accessions maintained at the National Germplasm Repository and by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Miami, Fla. The 25 microsatellite loci had an average of 6.96 alleles per locus and an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.552 for the M. indica population. The total propagation error in the collection (i.e., plants that had been incorrectly labeled or grafted) was estimated to be 6.13%. When compared by origin, the Florida cultivars were more closely related to Indian than to Southeast Asian cultivars. Unbiased gene diversity (Hnb) of 0.600 and 0.582 was found for Indian and Southeast Asian cultivars, respectively, and both were higher than Hnb among Florida cultivars (0.538). When compared by horticultural type, Hnb was higher among the polyembryonic types (0.596) than in the monoembryonic types (0.571). Parentage analysis of the Florida cultivars was accomplished using a multistage process based on introduction dates of cultivars into Florida and selection dates of Florida cultivars. In total, 64 Florida cultivars were evaluated over four generations. Microsatellite marker evidence suggests that as few as four Indian cultivars, and the land race known as `Turpentine', were involved in the early cultivar selections. Florida may not represent a secondary center of diversity; however, the Florida group is a unique set of cultivars selected under similar conditions offering production stability in a wide range of environments.

The cytotoxicity of naturally occurring styryl lactones

We extracted and isolated three natural styryl lactones from Goniothalamus griffithii Hook f. Thoms and investigated their cytotoxicity on a panel of three hepatocyte cell lines, HepG2, drug resistant HepG2 (HepG2-R) and primary cultured normal mice hepatocyte in order to find candidates of potential anti-cancer drugs which have low toxicity on normal cells and high effect on tumors or drug resistant tumors. All the three styryl lactones showed evident cytotoxic activities on both HepG2 and HepG2-R cell lines; however, gonithalamin and goniodiol shows less toxicity on normal mice hepatocyte as the IC(50) values of them on normal mice hepatocyte were about three times of that on HepG2. Morphological observation and cell cycle analysis were employed to elucidate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of the tested compounds. Many apoptotic cells were observed in gonithalamin- and altholactone-treated cells, whereas, cells with chromosomes gathered at the equator were easily found in goniodiol-treated cultures. The analysis of cell cycle showed that G(2)/M arrest contributed to goniothalimin- and gonidiol-caused cell death and apoptosis was the cause of gonithalamin- and altholactone-induced cell death. Our results suggest that the three styryl lactones may be prospectively developed into anti-tumor drugs, especially on treating drug-resistance tumor after structure modification.

Styryllactones from the Rhizomes of Goniothalamus griffithii

Three new styryl-lactones 8-acetylgoniofufurone(1), 7-acetylgonio-pypyrone(3), and 5-acetylgoniopypyrone(4), along with ten known compounds, goniofufurone(2), goniopypyrone(5), goniothalamin, goniothalenol, (+)-isoaltholactone, goniodiol, 7-acetylgoniodiol, goniotriol, 8-acetylgoniotriol, 9-deoxygoniopypyrone were isolated from the rhizomes of Goniothalamus griffithii Hook f. et. Thoms. Their structures were elucidated by IR, MS, NMR spectra and chemical evidence. All compounds showed cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines.

Identification of the Components of Illicium griffithii Hook. f. et Thoms. Essential Oil from Vietnam Using Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Essential oil composition of leaves and stems of two varieties of Illicium griffithii Hook. f. et Thorns, harvested in Vietnam was investigated using Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and GC. The main components were safrole for the first variety, safrole and methyl eugenol for the second one.