Grid Protocol Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence-Based Secured Power Grid Protocol for Smart City.

Due to the modern power system's rapid development, more scattered smart grid components are securely linked into the power system by encircling a wide electrical power network with the underpinning communication system. By enabling a wide range of applications, such as distributed energy management, system state forecasting, and cyberattack security, these components generate vast amounts of data that automate and improve the efficiency of the smart grid. Due to traditional computer technologies' inability to handle the massive amount of data that smart grid systems generate, AI-based alternatives have received a lot of interest. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) will be specifically developed in this study to address this issue by incorporating the adaptively time-developing energy system's attributes to enhance the model of the dynamic properties of contemporary Smart Grid (SG) that are impacted by Revised Encoding Scheme (RES) or system reconfiguration to differentiate LSTM changes & real-time threats. More specifically, we provide a federated instructional strategy for consumer sharing of power data to Power Grid (PG) that is supported by edge clouds, protects consumer privacy, and is communication-efficient. They then design two optimization problems for Energy Data Owners (EDO) and energy service operations, as well as a local information assessment method in Federated Learning (FL) by taking non-independent and identically distributed (IID) effects into consideration. The test results revealed that LSTM had a longer training duration, four hidden levels, and higher training loss than other models. The provided method works incredibly well in several situations to identify FDIA. The suggested approach may successfully induce EDOs to employ high-quality local models, increase the payout of the ESP, and decrease task latencies, according to extensive simulations, which are the last points. According to the verification results, every assault sample could be effectively recognized utilizing the current detection methods and the LSTM RNN-based structure created by Smart.

Sources of Non-Intentional Supraharmonics in LV Network and Its Impact on OSGP PLC Communication – Experimental Study

The article presents the cross-sectional results of analyzes of authentic conducted disturbances introduced into public power networks by various types of loads installed at end users. The foundation for the research was a set of 260 identified cases of Power Line Communication (PLC) transmission disturbances based on the Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) technology, which were recorded in the urban network of the distribution system operator covering over 400,000 smart meters. The paper presents a quantitative assessment of the share of loads that most often cause problems with transmission efficiency. Moreover, a qualitative assessment of the detected disturbance cases was carried out in terms of conditions relating to the structure of the power grid and real transmission levels and disturbance levels. The authors made a pioneering analysis in the so-called “communication path” where the PLC communication disturbance was identified, i.e., from the installation point of the PLC concentrator to the metering point where the energy meter, with which the connection was lost, was installed.

Computer-aided Validation of Fluorobenzimidazole as Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor: An In-Silico Study

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is an enzyme and is encoded by the gene EPHX2 in human beings. Indeed, by inhibiting the biotransformation of these epoxide(s) via arresting the action of the mammalian sEH one can develop a promising antihypertensive drug(s). The present work was emphasized the possible binding mode of fifteen fluorobenzimidazole (4a-4o) derivatives as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors. The X-ray crystal structure of human sEH in complex with the inhibitor 6NJ [(3-(2-phenylethyl)-1H-indazole] has been utilized to select the specific active site of protein data bank (PDB) ID: 5AKY with resolution: 2.18 Å for the docking study.The energy conformer of trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB) was docked using the prepared grid towards validation of the generated grid and docking protocol. The best results obtained by the ligands 4f, 4g and 4m with a dock score -9.94, -9.75, and -11.56, respectively. Among all the ligands, 4m exhibited considerable “drug-like” characteristics with the highest G score and possess acceptable in-silico pharmacokinetic by obeying Lipinski rule of five. In conclusion, compound 4m might be used as a lead molecule in the antihypertensive drug discovery.

Smart Grid Communication Using Open Smart Grid Protocol

The smart grid transfers electricity from power utilities to the customers’ end using full-duplex digital communication technology and helps us to control the home appliances and factory machines to save electricity while reducing costs and increasing reliability and transparency. So, in order to ensure the grid reliability, we need to monitor and control the smart me-ters by means of data transfer and command signals on the single power line without using any other communication media to improve the cost-effectiveness of the proposed study. This paper proposes a hardware implementation of a Power Line Communication (PLC) protocol named Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP). This protocol is based on the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. The proposed system comprises monitoring and controlling server (Lap-top/Desktop), power line communication modem, two PIC18f4520 microcontrollers, one energy meter and power line as transmission media. This protocol is first implemented on a server in C-sharp by using the OSI model approach, and then on micro-controllers in order to control the energy meter. The power line communication modem is used to send and receive the data between the server and the energy meter. Finally, results are presented to validate the hardware implementation of the protocol.

Random number generator with a chaotic wind-driven triboelectric energy harvester

Abstract Wind flow induces unpredictable chaotic motion for a thin flip-flop membrane intercalated in between two parallel electrodes. This structure is utilized as a random number generator (RNG) for cryptographic applications due to its inherent turbulent nature. Wind is a clean, ubiquitous and unexhausted energy source of semi-permanent energy. The RNG is also served as a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) due to energy harvesting by tribo-electrification. Thus, it harnesses structural duality to generate random numbers and electrical energy. In this study, a true random number generator with the aid of the wind-driven TENG is demonstrated. Without any post-processing algorithm, the electrical signals induced from the wind-based TENG, have randomness that is unpredictable, unreproducible and statistically unbiased. Here, we use the NIST SP 800-22 B statistical test to evaluate random properties. The generated random bits are applied to a cryptographic key and nonce, abbreviated from ‘number only used once’. The proposed device has a significant merit to generate both power and true random numbers in a single device. It thus helps construct a self-powered RNG and secure communication for the internet of things. It can also be used for a smart grid protocol in power management.

An Efficient Interface for the Integration of IoT Devices with Smart Grids

The evolution of computing devices and ubiquitous computing has led to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT). Smart Grids (SGs) stand out among the many applications of IoT and comprise several embedded intelligent technologies to improve the reliability and the safety of power grids. SGs use communication protocols for information exchange, such as the Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP). However, OSGP does not support the integration with devices compliant with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), a communication protocol used in conventional IoT systems. In this sense, this article presents an efficient software interface that provides integration between OSGP and CoAP. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, which presents low communication overhead and enables the integration between IoT and SG systems.

A Cost Analysis of Implementing a Blockchain Architecture in a Smart Grid Scenario Using Sidechains.

Smart grid systems have become popular and necessary for the development of a sustainable power grid. These systems use different technologies to provide optimized services to the users of the network. Regarding computing, these systems optimize electrical services by processing a large amount of the data generated. However, privacy and security are essential in this kind of system. With a large amount of data generated, it is necessary to protect the privacy of users, because this data may reveal the users’ personal information. Today, blockchain technology has proven to be an efficient architecture for solving privacy and security problems in different scenarios. Over the years, different blockchain platforms have emerged, attempting to solve specific problems in different areas. However, the use of different platforms fragmented the market, which was no different in the smart grid scenario. This work proposes a blockchain architecture that uses sidechains to make the system scalable and adaptable. We used three blockchains to ensure privacy, security, and trust in the system. To universalize the proposed solution, we used the Open Smart Grid Protocol and smart contracts. The results show that architecture security and privacy are guaranteed, making it feasible for implementation in real systems; although scalability issues regarding the storage of the data generated still exist.

Energy cascades in active-grid-generated turbulent flows

The energy cascade and diverse turbulence properties of active-grid-generated turbulence were studied in a wind tunnel via hot-wire anemometry. To this aim, two active grid protocols were considered. The first protocol is the standard triple-random mode, where the grid motors are driven with random rotation rates and directions, which are changed randomly in time. This protocol has been extensively used due to its capacity to produce higher values of $Re_\lambda$ than its passive counter part, with good statistical homogeneity and isotropy. The second protocol was a static or open grid mode, where all grid blades were completely open, yielding the minimum blockage attainable with our grid. Centreline streamwise profiles were measured for both protocols and several inlet velocities. It was found that the turbulent flow generated with the triple-random protocol evolved in the streamwise direction consistently with an energy dissipation scaling of the form $\varepsilon=C_\varepsilon u^{\prime3}/L$, with $C_\varepsilon$ being a constant, $L$ the longitudinal integral length-scale, and $u^\prime$ the rms of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Conversely for the open-static grid, the energy dissipation followed a non-equilibrium turbulence scaling, namely, $C_\varepsilon \sim Re_G/Re_L$, where $Re_G$ is a global Reynolds number based on the inlet conditions of the flow, and $Re_L$ is based on the local properties of the flow downstream the grid. Furthermore, this open-static grid mode scaling exhibits important differences with other grids, as the downstream location of the peak of turbulence intensity is a function of the inlet velocity. It was also found that a rather simple theoretical model can predict the value of $C_\varepsilon$ based on the number density of zero-crossings of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations. This theory is valid for both active grid operating protocols.

Application of Spritz Encryption in Smart Meters to Protect Consumer Data

The ongoing upgrade of the electrical power system into a more powerful system known as Smart Grid has both benefits and costs. Smart Grid relies on advanced communication and hence offers better services through improved monitoring, planning, and control. However, enhanced communications make Smart Grid more susceptible to privacy leaks and cyber attacks. Small meters collect detailed consumer data, such as power consumption, which can then become a major source of privacy leakage. Encryption can help protect consumer data, but great care is needed. The popular RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) encryption has been implemented in the widely deployed smart meter standard—Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP)—but has been shown to have major weaknesses. This paper proposes the use of Spritz encryption. Spritz is an RC4-like algorithm designed to repair weak design decisions in RC4 to improve security. A test on performing one encryption took only 0.85 milliseconds, showing that it is fast enough not to affect the operations of a smart meter. Its ability to withstand brute force attacks on small keys is also significantly greater than RC4’s ability.

Assessing the integrity of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping: the effect of CF surface modification

The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of CF surface modification in enhancement of the wetting properties of carbon fibers in order to improve the adhesion force between the fiber and the polymer matrix; for this, the integrity of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping was evaluated. The surface of commercial carbon fibers was functionalized through cyclic voltammetry in aqueous electrolyte solutions of H2SO4, in the presence of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile and N-vinylpyrrolidone monomers. The produced surface modified carbon fibers were embedded in epoxy resin. Elastic modulus nanoindentation mapping was performed in order for elastic modulus to be calculated, as a qualitative assessment of fibre – matrix interaction. For this, a grid protocol was set up for the integrity assessment of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping.

Message-oriented machine-to-machine communication in smart grids

Smart Grids constitute massively distributed systems with many interconnected entities that require flexible and reliable machine-to-machine communication among each other. Providing such flexible and reliable communication enables the complex algorithms and control mechanisms that are necessary to ensure reliable grid operation and to trade energy generation and energy consumption to the mutual benefit of all involved entities. Messaging protocols such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) provide all the necessary mechanisms for implementing these tasks. Thus, they lend themselves to transmitting messages and data in Smart Grids by mapping Smart Grid protocols and data formats such as IEC 61850 and Common Information Model (CIM) to suitable messaging protocols. In this paper, we present an approach for mapping IEC 61850 and CIM to XMPP and elaborate on our experiences from implementing and evaluating this approach in a field trial conducted within the research project In2VPP.

Optimized Grid Based e-Learning Framework

E-Learning is the process of extending the resources to different locations by using multimedia communications. Many e-Learning methodologies are available and based on client-server, peer-to-peer and using Grid Computing concepts. To establish e-Learning process, systems should satisfy these needs, i) high storage for storing, ii) high network throughput for faster transfer and iii) efficient streaming of materials. The first and second needs are satisfied by using Grid and P2P technologies and the third need can be achieved by an efficient video compression algorithm. This study proposes a framework, called Optimized Grid Based e-Learning (OgBeL), which adopts both Grid and P2P technology. To reduce the e-Learning material size for efficient streaming, a light weight compression algorithm called dWave is embedded in OgBeL. The behavior of framework is analyzed in terms of time taken to transfer files using in-use grid protocols and in networks combined with grid and P2P.

Subjective experiences of transient ischaemic attack: a repertory grid approach

Purpose: Research on the psychosocial reactions to stroke has been used to inform rehabilitation programmes. Yet much less research has been conducted into experiences of, and reactions to, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), despite its link with secondary stroke. This study aimed to investigate the subjective psychological experiences of TIA. Method: Repertory grid technique was used because of its capacity to make individual implicit experiences explicit. Using the standard repertory grid protocol, 12 post-TIA patients were asked to consider how five everyday activities had been affected by TIA. Each participant generated six constructs or personal perspectives, which were analysed using proprietary (RepGrid IV) software. Results: Despite the individualised nature of the responses, six themes emerged from the constructs. These included deep-seated anxiety about future uncertainties/disruption to normality, loss of confidence, frustration, TIA as a wake-up call, a sense of loss and sadness, and embarrassment.Implications for RehabilitationResearch has shown that the patient’s subjective experience and perspective are important to the rehabilitation process post-stroke.Relatively little research has been conducted into the subjective experiences of TIA patients.This study has revealed a range of subjective reactions to TIA, which could be used to inform individualised post-TIA management, adaptation and rehabilitation.

DPM: Future Proof Storage

The Disk Pool Manager (DPM) is a lightweight solution for grid enabled disk storage management. Operated at more than 240 sites it has the widest distribution of all grid storage solutions in the WLCG infrastructure. It provides an easy way to manage and configure disk pools, and exposes multiple interfaces for data access (rfio, xroot, nfs, gridftp and http/dav) and control (srm). During the last year we have been working on providing stable, high performant data access to our storage system using standard protocols, while extending the storage management functionality and adapting both configuration and deployment procedures to reuse commonly used building blocks. In this contribution we cover in detail the extensive evaluation we have performed of our new HTTP/WebDAV and NFS 4.1 frontends, in terms of functionality and performance. We summarize the issues we faced and the solutions we developed to turn them into valid alternatives to the existing grid protocols - namely the additional work required to provide multi-stream transfers for high performance wide area access, support for third party copies, credential delegation or the required changes in the experiment and fabric management frameworks and tools. We describe new functionality that has been added to ease system administration, such as different filesystem weights and a faster disk drain, and new configuration and monitoring solutions based on the industry standards Puppet and Nagios. Finally, we explain some of the internal changes we had to do in the DPM architecture to better handle the additional load from the analysis use cases.

Massive data transfer between supercomputers and grid clusters using SCP controlled by FTS

Data transfers between Supercomputing centers and Grid sites may be complicated since, in general, Supercomputing centers are not completely incorporated in the Grid environment. In particular, the Port d'Informació Científica (PIC) had to transfer data of cosmological simulations from the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) to Grid storage resources in order to post-process those data at PIC. The data connection is limited to the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol using the scp command. Besides a limitof bandwidth, we had to deal with a lack of automation and reliability of the transfers. PIC managed to control those scp transfers through gLite's File Transfer Service (FTS). Therefore, the discs containing the data at the BSC are mounted via SSH to a local Storage Resource Management (SRM) server at PIC. Once established the access to the data through the SRM server, the data can be transfered to any other SRM server, including the storage system at PIC, using grid protocols. Although we cannot improve the bandwidth, we reach a level of automation and reliability comparable to transfers from the Tier-0 to Tier-1 sites of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments.

INFN-CNAF Tier-1 Storage and Data Management Systems for the LHC Experiments

INFN-CNAF, the Italian Tier-1, houses more than 10 PB of tape space and 6 PB of disk space used by the global physics user communities including the LHC experiments. In this context, an innovative solution to provide the highest level of reliability, scalability and performances on the installed mass storage system has been developed and used on the production system. The solution, called Grid Enabled Mass Storage System (GEMSS), is based on two components: a layer between the IBM GPFS and TSM HSM, and StoRM, designed to allow direct access to the storage resources by file protocol as well as standard Grid protocols. During this year, both LHC and non-LHC experiments have agreed to use GEMSS with SRM endpoint at INFN Tier-1 after the excellent results observed during their GEMSS validation phase.In this paper we describe the storage system setup, the data workflow and computing activities of the LHC experiments, and main results obtained at INFN-CNAF Tier-1 in the first year of LHC data taking. In particular, we show the system response to a sustained huge load on the mass storage system and the computing infrastructure.

PSG: Peer-to-Peer semantic grid framework architecture

The grid vision, of sharing diverse resources in a flexible, coordinated and secure manner, strongly depends on metadata. Currently, grid metadata is generated and used in an ad-hoc fashion, much of it buried in the grid middleware code libraries and database schemas. This ad-hoc expression and use of metadata causes chronic dependency on human intervention during the operation of grid machinery. Therefore, the Semantic Grid is emerged as an extension of the grid in which rich resource metadata is exposed and handled explicitly, and shared and managed via grid protocols. The layering of an explicit semantic infrastructure over the grid infrastructure potentially leads to increase interoperability and flexibility. In this paper, we present PSG framework architecture that offers semantic-based grid services. PSG architecture allows the explicit use of semantics and defining the associated grid services. PSG architecture is originated from the integration of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing with semantics and agents. Ontologies are used in annotating each grid component, developing users/nodes profiles and organizing framework agents. While, P2P is responsible for organizing and coordinating the grid nodes and resources.

Dynamic hybrid replication effectively combining tree and grid topology

Effective data management is an important issue in a large-scale distributed environment such as distributed DBMS, Peer-to-Peer System (P2P), data grid, and World Wide Web (WWW). This can be achieved by using a replication protocol, which efficiently decrease the communication cost and increase the data availability. The Tree Quorum protocol is one of the representative replication protocols allowing low read cost in the best case but it has some drawbacks such as that the number of replicas grows rapidly as the level increases and root replica is a bottleneck. The Grid protocol requires fixed operation cost regardless of failure condition. In this paper we propose a new replication protocol called Dynamic Hybrid protocol, which efficiently improves the existing protocols. The proposed protocol effectively combines the grid and tree structure so that the overall topology can be flexibly adjusted using three configuration parameters; tree height, number of descendants and grid depth. For high read availability, the height of tree and number of descendants are decreased and depth of grid is increased. For high write availability, the height of tree and the depth of grid are decreased, while the number of descendant is increased. We present an analytical model of read/write availability and the average number of nodes accessed for each operation. We also employ computer simulation to estimate the throughput and communication overhead. The proposed protocol always allows much smaller communication and operation cost than earlier protocols.

Machine Ethics for Gambling in the Metaverse: an “EthiCasino”

Abstract— Online gambling produces a substantial turnover. Unfortunately for potential virtual world gamblers and gambling organizations alike, US law had forced the closure of gambling in the Second Life virtual world. However, an Open Grid Protocol could lead to the provision of off-shore gambling in this virtual world. Aside from legal issues, online gambling generally gives rise to ethical issues relating to prevention of harm. We considered the combined legal and ethical issues, and have proposed and begun to construct and evaluate a system with computational oversight: an ethical advisor. The system is grounded in recent research into Machine Ethics, which may offer insights into other legal and ethical matters, and provides a framework for responsible gambling in our EthiCasino (ethical virtual casino) in Second Life.

Architecture and key technologies of grid geographic information system

The highly efficient and stable collaborative computation platform for geospatial information can be constructed on the basis of Grid computing technology, combined with Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing technology and geospatial database technology. This paper proposed the architecture and key technologies of the Grid GIS (Geographic Information System) incorporated with P2P structure, and correspondingly a Grid GIS prototype named Nebula was designed and then implemented. Nebula is a suite of middleware for geospatial Grid computing, which could be deployed onto various service nodes in network. Based on Grid protocols and infrastructure, Nebula provides invocation interfaces to users in form of Grid services. By using P2P message based communication mechanism, complex geospatial computation tasks could be accomplished by Nebula in a collaborative way. This paper introduced Nebula’s architecture and key modules, and according to experimental data, we discussed the Grid GIS’s advantages, application scenarios and future directions.