Grid Model Research Articles

Simple incision and suture modeling on fixed structured grids

This paper presents a simple yet versatile approach to simulate skin incisions and suturing using nonlinear finite element analysis on a fixed structured grid with a spring-based suture model. Incisions and wounds are introduced by element removal and the sutures are discretely modeled by applying linear constraint relations pairwise to groups of nodes. Two numerical examples utilize the closing of an elliptical wound to study the influence of the number of sutures and their location, and two test cases use the Z-plasty transposition flap technique to investigate the versatility of the proposed method and for comparison with state-of-the-art results. The results indicate that the presented method is able to recreate literature results to an acceptable level of accuracy. Further, the method proves versatile due to the ability to freely introduce incisions and wounds onto the fixed grid modeling domain without remeshing. Lastly, the two main advantages of the discrete suture representation are the ability to capture local stress concentrations near the sutures and the full freedom in placing the sutures.

Spectroscopic Observations of Ten Galactic Wolf–Rayet Stars at Bosscha Observatory: Determination of Stellar Parameters and Mass-loss Rates

We present optical spectra of 10 Galactic Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars that consist of five WN and five WC stars. The optical observation was conducted using a low-resolution spectrograph NEO-R1000 (λ/Δλ ∼ 1000) at GAO-ITB RTS (27.94 cm, F/10.0), Bosscha Observatory, Lembang. We implemented stellar atmosphere Postdam Wolf–Rayet (PoWR) grid modeling to derive stellar parameters. The normalized optical spectrum can be used to find the best model from the available PoWR grid, then we could derive stellar temperature and transformation radius. To derive luminosity, stellar radius and color excess, we conducted a Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) analysis with additional data on the near-ultraviolet spectrum from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) database, and UBV and 2MASS JHK broadband filter data. Additional analysis to derive asymptotic terminal wind velocity was conducted from the P-Cygni profile analysis of the high-resolution IUE ultraviolet spectrum. With previously derived parameters, we could determine the mass loss rate of the WR stars. Furthermore, we compared our results with previous work that used PoWR code and the differences are not more than 20%. We conclude that the PoWR spectral grid is sufficient to derive WR stellar parameters quickly and could provide more accurate initial parameter input to the PoWR program code.

Identifying Uncertainties in Stellar Evolution Models Using the Open Cluster M67

Stellar age estimates are often calculated by interpolating a star’s properties in a grid of models. However, different model grids will give different ages for the same star. We used the open cluster M67 to compare four different model grids: DSEP, GARSTEC, MIST, and YREC (10.5281/zenodo.12775242). Across all model grids, age estimates for main sequence stars were consistently higher than the accepted age of M67, while age estimates for red giant stars were lower. We compared model-generated age and mass values to external constraints as an additional test of the reliability of each model grid. For stars near solar age and metallicity, we recommend using the DSEP model grid to estimate the ages of main sequence stars and the GARSTEC model grid for red giant stars.

Near‐surface wind profiles from numerical model predictions. Part I: Algorithms and comparisons with wind profile based on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory

AbstractWinds are predicted on the discrete grid of numerical weather and climate models. Winds distribute nonlinearly on the height in the near‐surface layer, and a 10 m wind prediction within the layer is often diagnosed upon the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory flux–profile relationship determined from winds at the lowest grid level, the near‐surface atmospheric stability, and surface properties, which leads to concerns that systemic biases may be introduced to the diagnosed wind. Algorithms are proposed to derive near‐surface wind profiles from the grid‐based numerical model forecasts at multiple model levels under the framework of momentum conservations with an implicit solution, associated with simple logarithmic plus linear interpolation in exceptional exemptional conditions. The diagnosed wind profile coheres to the model prediction at the grid level and exhibits differences from the profile using the conventional scheme in the quasi‐steady thermal stratification and non‐steady transitional conditions, retreating to the same logarithmic profile in the neutral condition.

Assessment of the CTF subchannel code for modeling a large-break loss-of-coolant accident reflood transient

With increased industry interest in extending reactor operating cycles, the neams! (neams!) program has been investigating the behavior of high-burnup fuel during design basis accidents such as the lbloca! (lbloca!) with consideration for risk of ffrd! (ffrd!). As part of that activity, the neams! subchannel th! (th!) code, CTF, is being used for modeling of lbloca! and to determine the impact of subchannel resolution on results. Although CTF includes a wide range of models for lbloca! conditions, the code has not been used for this application while maintained at ornl! (ornl!) until now. Therefore, in this work, a preliminary assessment of several of these models was performed using openly available reflood experimental data from the feba! (feba!) tests. One coarse mesh and one fine mesh model were set up in CTF for high and low flooding rate tests performed in the unblocked feba! facility. A coarse TRACE model was set up to be as consistent as possible with the coarse CTF model to allow for code-to-code benchmarking. The assessment shows a tendency of the codes to over-predict pct! (pct!) near the top of the bundle and to quench early. Advanced spacer grid models were shown to improve upper bundle predictions in CTF. The resolved CTF model over-predicted pct! by a larger degree in the center channels in the low-flooding rate test, and it is believed that the radiative heat transfer model, which was not used in this study, may be needed to correct this over-prediction. Finally, this work demonstrates the importance of the droplet model in determining quench time and vapor temperature and pct! prediction, which necessitates a more in-depth validation of these models in the future.

Progenitor and explosion properties of SN 2023ixf estimated based on a light-curve model grid of Type II supernovae

Abstract We estimate the progenitor and explosion properties of the nearby Type II SN 2023ixf using a synthetic model grid of Type II supernova light curves. By comparing the light curves of SN 2023ixf with the pre-existing grid of Type II supernovae containing about 228000 models with different combinations of the progenitor and explosion properties, we obtain the $\chi ^2$ value for every model and evaluate the properties of the models providing small values of $\chi ^2$. We found that the light-curve models with a progenitor zero-age main-sequence mass of $10\, {M}_\odot$, explosion energy of $(2\\!-\\!3) \times 10^{51}\:\mbox{erg}$, $^{56}\mbox{Ni}$ mass of 0.04–$0.06\, {M}_\odot$, mass-loss rate of $10^{-3}$–$10^{-2}\, {M}_\odot \:\mbox{yr}^{-1}$ with wind velocity of $10\:\mbox{km}\:\mbox{s}^{-1}$, and dense, confined circumstellar matter radius of $(6\\!-\\!10) \times 10^{14}\:\mbox{cm}$ match well to the observed light curves of SN 2023ixf. The photospheric velocity evolution of these models is also consistent with the observed velocity evolution. We note that the progenitor mass estimate could be affected by the adopted progenitor models. Although our parameter estimation is based on a pre-existing model grid and we do not perform any additional computations, the estimated parameters are consistent with those obtained by the detailed modeling of SN 2023ixf previously reported. This result shows that comparing the pre-existing model grid is a reasonable way to obtain a rough estimate for the properties of Type II supernovae. This simple way to estimate the properties of Type II supernovae will be essential in the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) era when thousands of Type II supernovae are expected to be discovered yearly.

Week-ahead dispatching of active distribution networks using hybrid energy storage systems

This paper presents a week-long scheduling approach to address the issues associated with uncertain stochastic generation. Specifically, the method is designed for active distribution networks (ADNs) hosting hybrid energy storages, composed by a hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The inclusion of a pressurized HESS allows to balance energy over longer time periods, as opposed to methods considering only BESSs. To this end, this paper combines linearized models for the electricity grid with linearized models of the HESS to solve a tractable scheduling problem. The proposed optimal schedule consists of an active power trajectory at the grid connection point (GCP), called the dispatch plan, and the unit commitment schedule of a PEM fuel cell and electrolyzer system interfacing the electricity network with the HESS. Additionally, a bilevel model predictive control strategy is proposed, where the upper layer MPC computes a storage target accounting for the full horizon, while the lower layer computes the controllable resource setpoints to minimize the dispatch tracking error in each period. A numerical experiment shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling and control to accurately compute and track a dispatch plan over a full week. The results clearly show the benefits of combining a HESS with a BESS especially in periods where the prosumption is highly uncertain. Finally, we discuss the computational challenges associated with the weekly horizon and the use of a HESS that exhibits different dynamics than a BESS and propose an approach to mitigate the computational cost.

Influence of freshwater on the vertical structure of tidal currents: A case study of the Pearl River Estuary

Field observations in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) indicate that vertical structures of tidal currents vary in different regions, which is associated with freshwater-induced stratification. A three-dimensional unstructured grid model (PRE-model) based on FVCOM is developed to study the mechanism of vertical structural changes in tidal currents. With the effect of freshwater, the amplitude of tidal currents increases in the upper layers and decreases in the bottom layers, and in regions with geometrical complexity, it is maximum in the middle depths. Momentum analysis indicates that vertical friction (VF), pressure gradient forces (PGF), and momentum advection (ADV) are the main factors leading to changes in tidal vertical structures. Variations of VF induced by stratification lead to an increase of tidal currents amplitude in the upper layers while a decrease in the bottom layers. Changes in PGF and ADV can also have significant impacts on tidal currents. Tidal frequency variations of density gradients result in pronounced tidal frequency baroclinic PGF in the bottom depths and enlarge total PGF. The amplitude of tidal currents increases at corresponding depths, which leads to subsurface maxima of tidal currents. ADV is special as its phase is variable relative to tidal currents, which can enhance or weaken tidal currents in different regions. The generation of tidal frequency baroclinic PGF is highly correlated with nonlinear processes, and the horizontal advection is considered the primary source of baroclinic PGF. The similar sources of ADV and baroclinic PGF also make them dominant in regions with geometrical complexity or large river plumes.

Parametric Modeling and Column Grid Analysis of the Sakyamuni Pagoda at Fogong Temple: Insights into the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda

The Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple, also known as the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda or the Wooden Pagoda of Ying County, is China’s oldest and tallest wooden pagoda. This pagoda was constructed in 1056 and has faced many challenges, including earthquakes, wars, and mistreatment. However, it is currently in danger of potential collapse due to severe structural challenges. Preserving this historic monument requires interdisciplinary collaboration across architectural history, materials science, and engineering. This paper proposes the development of a parametric model to build the pagoda that can be used for future preservation efforts. While not precisely reflecting the pagoda’s current condition, with the changes in inputs, the geometries of the structural members can be updated in real time, which offers adaptability crucial for preservation efforts. With the understanding of the original construction techniques, including its leaning column systems, the model not only helps preservation but also reveals the creativity of the architects or the craftsmen at the time. The 3D model, which includes more than 32,000 pieces along with the parametric files that can generate the column grid and dougongs, has been published along with this paper, and those files are available in the Data Availability Statement. In summary, the full digital model presented alongside this paper, unavailable elsewhere to the general public, serves as a practical preservation tool that can also be used for raising awareness for this cultural heritage site.

APPLICATION OF THE FLOYD-WARSHALL ALGORITHM TO OPTIMIZE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE CITY OF CIMAHI

Efficiency in the use of electricity is a necessity for the sustainability of a better life. Almost all human activities utilize electrical energy, such as household appliances, industry, and even vehicles. This research contains the efficiency of electricity use in a housing by applying graph theory in optimizing the electricity distribution network system. The purpose of this study is to optimize the electricity distribution network system in the residential area of Kota Mas Cimahi, so that the best network model is obtained. Network data and information were obtained from PT. PLN UP3 Cimahi, West Java. The method used is to determine the minimum spanning tree in the electricity distribution network model by applying the Floyd-Wish algorithm. The initial model of the power grid was constructed by data on the position of substations and power poles, the number of power poles, and the length of the power cables connecting the poles. The data used is data on a line from several electricity distribution lines in this housing. The result of the minimum cable length on this line is 349 meters. The results of this study are expected to provide alternative solutions and additional information in planning and structuring the power grid optimally. Furthermore, the results of this research can also be used by PLN in order to support the government's program towards the efficiency of using electrical energy to serve the community because they get electricity services faster and cheaper

The 2023 Alaska National Seismic Hazard Model

US Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Models (NSHMs) are used extensively for seismic design regulations in the United States and earthquake scenario development, as well as risk assessment and mitigation for both buildings and infrastructure. This 2023 update of the long-term, time-independent Alaska NSHM includes substantial changes to both the earthquake rupture forecast (ERF) and ground motion models (GMMs). The ERF includes numerous additions to the finite-fault model, considers two deformation models, and introduces updated declustering and smoothing algorithms in the gridded background seismicity model. For the Alaska–Aleutian subduction zone, megathrust earthquakes occur on an updated structural and segmentation model, and the moment magnitude (M) 8+ rupture and rate model include a logic tree branch that considers slip rates derived from geodetic models of interface coupling. The megathrust model considers multiple models of down-dip width, and magnitudes are computed using newly developed scaling relations. For subduction intraslab events and subduction interface events with M < 7, the 2023 update uses a smoothed seismicity model with rupture depths derived from Slab2. The 2023 model updates GMMs in all tectonic settings using the recently published Next Generation Attenuation Subduction (NGA-Sub) GMMs for subduction interface and intraslab events, and the NGA-West2 GMMs for active crustal settings. Collectively, additions and updates to the Alaska NSHM result in hazard increases across most of south-central Alaska relative to the previous model, published in 2007. These changes are primarily due to the adoption of updated rate models for the large-magnitude interface events and the NGA-Sub GMMs that have much higher aleatory variability (sigma), consistent with global observations, and that include models of epistemic uncertainty.

Optimization Effectiveness of Multi-Intelligence Consistent Energy System Based on Digital Advertising and Data Analysis

This paper introduces a novel approach to address the issue of overestimation of state-action values in reinforcement learning algorithms based on the Q-framework. It integrates a dual-layer Q-learning algorithm with a grey wolf intelligent optimization method, enabling rapid search for optimal allocations in unknown search spaces. This integration results in the development of a multi-agent collaborative Area-Grid Coordination (A-GC) strategy, termed the grey wolf double Q (GWDQ) strategy, tailored for multi-area energy interconnection scenarios. The proposed GWDQ strategy is evaluated through simulation experiments on comprehensive energy system models, including mixed gas turbine systems, Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) systems, and a multi-area energy-interconnected Northeast power grid model. A centralized architecture is established to analyze the optimization effects of digital advertising. The performance of the GWDQ strategy is compared with traditional reinforcement learning algorithms through simulation and empirical data validation. Results indicate that the GWDQ strategy exhibits stronger learning capabilities, improved stability, and enhanced control performance compared to traditional methods. It demonstrates superior optimization for digital advertising and enables swift acquisition of optimal coordination in A-GC processes across multiple regions. Additionally, the paper analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of the proposed strategy.

Probing the Heights and Depths of Y Dwarf Atmospheres: A Retrieval Analysis of the JWST Spectral Energy Distribution of WISE J035934.06–540154.6

We present an atmospheric retrieval analysis of the Y0 brown dwarf WISE J035934.06−540154.6 using the low-resolution 0.96–12 μm James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) spectrum presented in Beiler et al. We obtain volume number mixing ratios of the major gas-phase absorbers (H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, PH3, and H2S) that are three to five times more precise than previous work that used Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectra. We also find an order-of-magnitude improvement in the precision of the retrieved thermal profile, a direct result of the broad wavelength coverage of the JWST data. We used the retrieved thermal profile and surface gravity to generate a grid of chemical forward models with varying metallicity, (C/O)atm, and strengths of vertical mixing as encapsulated by the eddy diffusion coefficient K zz. Comparison of the retrieved abundances with this grid of models suggests that the deep atmosphere of WISE 0359−54 shows signs of vigorous vertical mixing with K zz = 109 [cm2 s−1]. To test the sensitivity of these results to our five-knot spline thermal profile model, we performed a second retrieval using the Madhusudhan & Seager thermal profile model. While the results of the two retrievals generally agree well, we do find differences between the retrieved values of mass and volume number mixing ratio of H2S with fractional differences of the median values of −0.64 and −0.10, respectively. In addition, the five-knot thermal profile is consistently warmer at pressure between 1 and 70 bar. Nevertheless, our results underscore the power that the broad-wavelength infrared spectra obtainable with the JWST have to characterize the atmospheres of cool brown dwarfs.

JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters. II. Discovery of Brown Dwarfs in NGC 6397 and Measurement of Age from the Brown Dwarf Cooling Sequence, Using SANDee—A New Grid of Model Isochrones across the Hydrogen-burning Limit

Globular clusters contain vast repositories of metal-poor stars that represent some of the oldest stellar generations in the Universe. The archaeological footprint of early Galactic evolution may be retained in the measurable properties of globular clusters, such as their ages, mass functions, and chemical abundances. Until recently, all photometric studies of globular clusters were restricted to stellar members. Now, the sensitivity of JWST can extend this analysis to the substellar regime. If detected in sufficient numbers, brown dwarf members can provide tight constraints on the properties of their parent population. We present SANDee—a new grid of stellar models that accurately represent the color–magnitude diagrams of globular clusters across the hydrogen-burning limit at a wide range of metallicities. Using JWST NIRCam photometry and the new models, we identify three brown dwarfs in the globular cluster NGC 6397 with T eff = 1300–1800 K, confirmed by both proper motion and model fitting. We use the observed luminosities of discovered brown dwarfs to obtain the first age estimate of a globular cluster from its substellar cooling sequence: 13.4 ± 3.3 Gyr. We also derive the local mass function of the cluster across the hydrogen-burning limit and find it to be top heavy, suggesting extensive dynamical evolution. We expect that the constraints on both age and mass function of NGC 6397 derived in this work can be greatly improved by a second epoch of NIRCam imaging in the same field.

Stellar Evolution in Real Time. II. R Hydrae and an Open-Source Grid of >3000 Seismic TP-AGB Models Computed with MESA

Abstract We present a comprehensive characterization of the evolved thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) star R Hydrae (R Hya), building on the techniques applied in Stellar Evolution in Real Time I (Molnár et al.) to T Ursae Minoris. We compute over 3000 theoretical TP-AGB pulse spectra using MESA and the corresponding oscillation spectra with GYRE. We combine these with classical observational constraints and nearly 400 years of measurements of R Hya’s period evolution to fit R Hya’s evolutionary and asteroseismic features. Two hypotheses for the mode driving R Hya’s period are considered. Solutions that identify this as the fundamental mode (FM) as well as the first overtone are consistent with observations. Using a variety of statistical tests, we find that R Hya is most likely driven by the FM and currently occupies the “power-down” phase of an intermediate pulse (TP ∼ 9–16). We predict that its pulsation period will continue to shorten for millennia. Supported by calculations from the Monash stellar evolution code, we find that R Hya has most likely undergone third dredge-up in its most recent pulse. The MESA + GYRE model grid used in this analysis includes exact solutions to the linear, adiabatic equations of stellar oscillation for the first 10 radial-order pressure modes for every time step in every evolutionary track. The grid is fully open source and packaged with a data visualization application. This is the first publicly available grid of TP-AGB models with seismology produced with MESA.

Revisiting the statistical equilibrium of H- in stellar atmospheres

The negative hydrogen ion is, almost without exception, treated in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the modelling of F, G, and K stars, where it is the dominant opacity source in the visual spectral region. This assumption rests in practice on a study from the 1960s. Since that work, knowledge of relevant atomic processes and theoretical calculations of stellar atmospheres and their spectra have advanced significantly, but this question has not been reexamined. We present calculations based on a slightly modified analytical model that includes H and together with modern atomic data and a grid of 1D LTE theoretical stellar atmosphere models with stellar parameters ranging from T$_ eff = 4000$ to 7000 K, $ g = 1$ to 5 cm/s$^2$, and Fe/H $=-3$ to 0. We find direct non-LTE effects on populations in spectrum-forming regions, continua, and spectral lines of about 1--2<!PCT!> in stars with higher T$_ eff $ and/or lower $ g$. Effects in models for solar parameters are smaller by a factor of 10, about 0.1--0.2<!PCT!>, and are practically absent in models with lower T$_ eff $ and/or higher $ g$. These departures from LTE found in our calculations originate from the radiative recombination of electrons with hydrogen to form exceeding photodetachment, that is, overrecombination. Modern atomic data are not a source of significant differences compared to the previous work, although detailed data for processes on resolved with vibrational and rotational states provide a more complete and complex picture of the role of in the equilibrium of In the context of modern studies of stellar spectra at the percent level, our results suggest that this question requires further attention, including a more extensive reaction network, and indirect effects due to non-LTE electron populations.

To Be or Not To Be: The Role of Rotation in Modeling Galactic Be X-Ray Binaries

Be X-ray binaries (Be-XRBs) are one of the largest subclasses of high-mass X-ray binaries, comprised of a rapidly rotating Be star and neutron star companion in an eccentric orbit, intermittently accreting material from a decretion disk around the donor. Originating from binary stellar evolution, Be-XRBs are of significant interest to binary population synthesis (BPS) studies, encapsulating the physics of supernovae, common envelope, and mass transfer (MT). Using the state-of-the-art BPS code, POSYDON, which relies on precomputed grids of detailed binary stellar evolution models, we investigate the Galactic Be-XRB population. POSYDON incorporates stellar rotation self-consistently during MT phases, enabling detailed examination of the rotational distribution of Be stars in multiple phases of evolution. Our fiducial BPS and Be-XRB model aligns well with the orbital properties of Galactic Be-XRBs, emphasizing the role of rotational constraints. Our modeling reveals a rapidly rotating population (ω/ω crit ≳ 0.3) of Be-XRB-like systems with a strong peak at intermediate rotation rates (ω/ω crit ≃ 0.6) in close alignment with observations. All Be-XRBs undergo an MT phase before the first compact object forms, with over half experiencing a second MT phase from a stripped helium companion (Case BB). Computing rotationally limited MT efficiencies and applying them to our population, we derive a physically motivated MT efficiency distribution, finding that most Be-XRBs have undergone highly nonconservative MT ( β¯rot≃0.15 ). Our study underscores the importance of detailed angular momentum modeling during MT in interpreting Be-XRB populations, emphasizing this population as a key probe for the stability and efficiency of MT in interacting binaries.

Optimized multi-point hemispherical grid model with adaptive grid division based on the prior information of multipath error

The multi-point hemispherical grid model (MHGM) utilizes residual of double-differenced observations to extract precise multipath error information. It models the entire network of multipath error effects across different stations to achieve effective error correction. However, because all the parameters are estimated collectively using the least squares method, the increased number of grid point parameters can significantly consume memory, CPU, and other computing resources required for modeling. In response to the computational resource consumption challenge associated with fixed-resolution MHGM in multi-station applications, a space domain adaptive grid division method is proposed to optimize the modeling of multipath errors. This approach utilizes prior distribution information of multipath errors to optimize the grid structure. It reduces the number of grids in areas where multipath errors exhibit minimal changes, and provides detailed parameterization for areas with significant variations. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in significantly reducing the number of estimated parameters using MHGM. In statistical analysis of double-differenced phase observation residuals with fixed ambiguities, as the number of estimated parameters in the MHGM decreases to only 24.6 % of the fixed-resolution approach, memory usage during parameter estimation remains a mere 6 % of that required in the fixed-resolution approach. This highlights its potential value in mitigating multipath errors when modeling GNSS large-scale network data.

The effects of surface fossil magnetic fields on massive star evolution: V. Models at low metallicity

Abstract At metallicities lower than that of the Small Magellanic Cloud, it remains essentially unexplored how fossil magnetic fields, forming large-scale magnetospheres, could affect the evolution of massive stars, thereby impacting the fundamental building blocks of the early Universe. We extend our stellar evolution model grid with representative calculations of main-sequence, single-star models with initial masses of 20 and 60 M⊙, including appropriate changes for low-metallicity environments (Z = 10−3–10−6). We scrutinise the magnetic, rotational, and chemical properties of the models. When lowering the metallicity, the rotational velocities can become higher and the tendency towards quasi-chemically homogeneous evolution increases. While magnetic fields aim to prevent the development of this evolutionary channel, the weakening stellar winds lead to less efficient magnetic braking in our models. Since the stellar radius is almost constant during a blueward evolution caused by efficient chemical mixing, the surface magnetic field strength remains unchanged in some models. We find core masses at the terminal-age main sequence between 22 and 52 M⊙ for initially 60 M⊙ models. This large difference is due to the vastly different chemical and rotational evolution. We conclude that in order to explain chemical species and, in particular, high nitrogen abundances in the early Universe, the adopted stellar models need to be under scrutiny. The assumptions regarding wind physics, chemical mixing, and magnetic fields will strongly impact the model predictions.

Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra

We present a population-level analysis of the dayside thermal emission spectra of 19 planets observed with Hubble WFC3 and Spitzer IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm, spanning equilibrium temperatures 1200–2700 K and 0.7–10.5 Jupiter masses. We use grids of planet-specific 1D, cloud-free, radiative–convective–thermochemical equilibrium models (1D-RCTE) combined with a Bayesian inference framework to estimate atmospheric metallicity, the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, and day-to-night heat redistribution. In general, we find that the secondary eclipse data cannot reject the physics encapsulated within the 1D-RCTE assumption parameterized with these three variables. We find a large degree of scatter in atmospheric metallicities, with no apparent trend, and carbon-to-oxygen ratios that are mainly consistent with solar or subsolar values but do not exhibit population agreement. Together, these indicate either (1) formation pathways vary over the hot and ultra-hot Jupiter population and/or (2) more accurate composition measurements are needed to identify trends. We also find a broad scatter in derived dayside temperatures that do not demonstrate a trend with equilibrium temperature. Like with composition estimates, this suggests either significant variability in climate drivers over the population and/or more precise dayside temperature measurements are needed to identify a trend. We anticipate that 1D-RCTE models will continue to provide valuable insights into the nature of exoplanet atmospheres in the era of JWST.