Grid Architecture Research Articles

Wireless Network and Communication in Smart Grid Technology

In this century where everyone is talking about making machine smart, intelligent, it is need of technology to go two steps ahead and make smarter systems upon which humans can rely. Smart Grid is nothing but making the systems at home intelligent so as to make life easy without spending lot of money. This paper will help you understand what actually smart grid is, how it can be implemented and mainly focus upon the wireless communication in Smart Grid. The paper will present the architecture of Smart Grid using wireless connectivity and explain the importance of Home Area Networks. Security is the measure concern in case of wireless communication which is explained with some of the protocols to be used and Methods to avoid security threats. Wireless Technologies like Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, Zig-Bee and their use in the Smart Grid architecture is covered. Today, we are searching for a solution with less efforts and maintenance required and for the complicated electrical system, Smart Grid is the best solution to be implemented. Conventional Grid could not solve the problem of peak loads where users/consumers were unable to receive a proper service, it is complicated for the central system to manage large amount of load alone. Smart Grid solves this problem by distributing the management of energy and how it does, we will see in some of the chapters in this report. Smart devices like smart meters, Electric Vehicles can be used to make homes smarter. Smart Grid technology does not solve the problem of electricity only but also for water, gas etc. This technology is most suitable for smart city/village projects helping in making smarter devices and using communication between the devices, making human life more reliable and comfortable.

Novel Gaussian flower pollination algorithm with IoT for unit price prediction in peer-to-peer energy trading market

In order to enhance the operational cost and efficient management of all the power system equipment in a micro grid requires proper forecasting of energy and scheduled power dispatch. Due to the uncertainties in the load demand and the interconnection of intermittent source of energy, the operational cost becomes high. The traditional grid also requires accurate prediction of per unit price in the electricity trading market. Electricity price forecasting plays a vital role. Time series based machine learning algorithm are generally used to calculate unit price in lieu of power loss in a smart grid architecture. However, while dealing with large data set, generated in every 15 s, it is very challenging and time consuming and at the same time large data set may create curve over fittings. In this paper, a novel approach has been made by combining both flower pollination algorithm and machine learning for forecasting the unit price. The proposed model comprises of three basic models such as feature selection, principal component analysis and novel hybrid model for optimization and regression. Three different sigma value such as 0.8,0.9 & 0.94 with Gaussian surface has been used to test the algorithm Finally, the algorithm has been tested with IoT architecture for robustness evaluation.

Methodology for identifying technical details of smart energy solutions and research gaps in smart grid: an example of electric vehicles in the energy system

Simulations, especially agent-based simulation, are able to facilitate the investigation of smart energy solutions and business models, and their impacts on the energy system and involved stakeholders. Technical details, alternatives, and multiple options for what-if scenarios influence simulation quality, but no methodology available to support the investigation. This paper proposes a method for identifying technical details of smart energy solutions in the energy system and identifying research gaps in the smart grid context with EV solutions as an example. The method includes the investigation of the state-of-the-art EV solutions by scoping review and the allocation of the scoping review results into the Smart Grid Architecture Model framework with three dimensions (Domains, Zones, and interoperability layers). The quantitative scoping review results in a total number of 240 references and 10 references match the criteria based on the qualitative scoping review. The results show that the most popular EV use case within the targeted scope is the V2G concept, and 6 out of the 10 references discuss the EVs’ potentials to work as energy storage. Seventeen features are identified by mapping the EV use cases (solutions and business models) into the three dimensions (domain, zone, and interoperability layers) of the SGAM framework. The process at the Zone layer is the most popularly covered (mentioned 64 times), and enterprise at the Zone layer and communication in the interoperability layer are the least covered (mentioned 4 times each).

A Data Analytics/Big Data Framework for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data.

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) data represent a source of information in real time not only about electricity consumption but also as an indicator of other social, demographic, and economic dynamics within a city. This paper presents a Data Analytics/Big Data framework applied to AMI data as a tool to leverage the potential of this data within the applications in a Smart City. The framework includes three fundamental aspects. First, the architectural view places AMI within the Smart Grids Architecture Model-SGAM. Second, the methodological view describes the transformation of raw data into knowledge represented by the DIKW hierarchy and the NIST Big Data interoperability model. Finally, a binding element between the two views is represented by human expertise and skills to obtain a deeper understanding of the results and transform knowledge into wisdom. Our new view faces the challenges arriving in energy markets by adding a binding element that gives support for optimal and efficient decision-making. To show how our framework works, we developed a case study. The case implements each component of the framework for a load forecasting application in a Colombian Retail Electricity Provider (REP). The MAPE for some of the REP’s markets was less than . In addition, the case shows the effect of the binding element as it raises new development alternatives and becomes a feedback mechanism for more assertive decision making.

Quick-response protection system against electric shock in distributed generation systems

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Performance of the XMPP and the MQTT Protocols on IEC 61850-Based Micro Grid Communication Architecture

As micro grids are gradually being deployed in many areas, communication technology is becoming important for collecting data and controlling devices in micro grids. In a micro grid, various devices are distributed and perform their respective functions. These devices exchange information with each other and transmit information to the micro grid management system. This micro grid environment is similar to the IoT environment in which information is exchanged in the presence of a large number of devices. Recent studies have tried to apply various IoT protocols as a communication protocol in the micro grid. However, the data model used in current research is limited in proprietary data mapping. Recently, IEC TC 57 published another IEC 61850 series which maps the IEC 61850 services to XMPP (eXtensible Messaging Presence Protocol), which was the first IoT protocol mapping of IEC 61850. Few research has shown that the mapping of the IEC 61850 data model to the IoT protocol and communication boundary is limited in a lab environment. We developed a micro grid test-bed with an IEC 61850 data and service model, and mapped to two IoT protocols, that is, XMPP and the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). By combining IoT protocol with the IEC 61850 data and service model, the proposed micro grid architecture can provide interoperability with any DMS or other power utility system. Performance analysis was conducted on the test-bed by measuring various metrics, such as the response time, packet size, and packet loss, over a public network.

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

A Framework for Validation of Synthesized MicroElectrode Dot Array Actuations for Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Digital Microfluidics is an emerging technology for automating laboratory procedures in biochemistry. With more and more complex biochemical protocols getting mapped to biochip devices and microfluidics receiving a wide adoption, it is becoming indispensable to develop automated tools and synthesis platforms that can enable a smooth transformation from complex cumbersome benchtop laboratory procedures to biochip execution. Given an informal/semi-formal assay description and a target microfluidic grid architecture on which the assay has to be implemented, a synthesis tool typically translates the high-level assay operations to low-level actuation sequences that can drive the assay realization on the grid. With more and more complex biochemical assay protocols being taken up for synthesis and biochips supporting a wider variety of operations (e.g., MicroElectrode Dot Arrays (MEDAs)), the task of assay synthesis is getting intricately complex. Errors in the synthesized assay descriptions may have undesirable consequences in assay operations, leading to unacceptable outcomes after execution on the biochips. In this work, we focus on the challenge of examining the correctness of synthesized protocol descriptions, before they are taken up for realization on a microfluidic biochip. In particular, we take up a protocol description synthesized for a MEDA biochip and adopt a formal analysis method to derive correctness proofs or a violation thereof, pointing to the exact operation in the erroneous translation. We present experimental results on a few bioassay protocols and show the utility of our framework for verifiable protocol synthesis.

A Review of DC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Dedicated to Residential Applications

The fast depletion of fossil fuels and the growing awareness of the need for environmental protection have led us to the energy crisis. Positive development has been achieved since the last decade by the collective effort of scientists. In this regard, renewable energy sources (RES) are being deployed in the power system to meet the energy demand. The microgrid concept (AC, DC) is introduced, in which distributed energy resources (DERs), the energy storage system (ESS) and loads are interconnected. DC microgrids are appreciated due to their high efficiency and reliability performance. Despite its significant growth, the DC microgrid is still relatively novel in terms of grid architecture and control systems. In this context, an energy management system (EMS) is essential for the optimal use of DERs in secure, reliable, and intelligent ways. Therefore, this paper strives to shed light on DC microgrid architecture, control structure, and EMS. With an extensive literature survey on EMSs’ role, different methods and strategies related to microgrid energy management are covered in this article. More attention is centered on the EMS for DC microgrids in terms of size and cost optimization. A very concise analysis of multiple optimization methods and techniques has been presented exclusively for residential applications.

Progresses in Analytical Design of Distribution Grids and Energy Storage

In the last years, a change in the power generation paradigm has been promoted by the increasing use of renewable energy sources combined with the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Small and distributed power generators are preferred to the classical centralized and sizeable ones. Accordingly, this fact led to a new way to think and design distributions grids. One of the challenges is to handle bidirectional power flow at the distribution substations transformer from and to the national transportation grid. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the different mathematical methods to design the architecture of a distribution grid and the state of the art of the technologies used to produce and eventually store or convert, in different energy carriers, electricity produced by renewable energy sources, coping with the aleatory of these sources.

Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of Microgrids with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: A Critical Review and Future Trends

The topic of microgrids (MGs) is a fast-growing and very promising field of research in terms of energy production quality, pollution reduction and sustainable development. Moreover, MGs are, above all, designed to considerably improve the autonomy, sustainability, and reliability of future electrical distribution grid. At the same time, aspects of MGs energy management, taking into consideration distribution generation systems, energy storage devices, electric vehicles, and consumption components have been widely investigated. Besides, grid architectures including DC, AC, or hybrid power generation systems, energy dispatching problems modelling, operating modes (islanded or grid connected), MGs sizing, simulations and problems solving optimization approaches, and other aspects, have been raised as topics of great interest for both electrical and computer sciences research communities. Furthermore, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and government policies and incentives have paved the way to massive electric vehicle (EV) deployment. Hence, several research studies have been conducted to investigate the integration of EVs in national power grid and future MGs. Specifically, EV charging stations’ bi-directional power flow control and energy management have been considerably explored. These issues index challenging research topics, which are in most cases still under progress. This paper gives an overview of MGs technology advancement in recent decades, taking into consideration distributed energy generation (DER), energy storage systems (ESS), EVs, and loads. It reviews the main MGs architecture, operating modes, sizing and energy management systems (EMS) and EVs integration.

A Survey on Computational Intelligence Applications in Distribution Network Optimization

This paper aims to present carefully selected scientific papers that have pushed the boundaries in the application of advanced computational intelligence–based methods in power engineering, mainly in optimal power system management. Contemporary development of the Smart Grid and detailed framework for power grid digitalization enabled the real and efficient application of advanced optimization algorithms presented in this paper. Papers that are not directly related to Smart Grid management are also considered, since they solve the partial challenges of planning and development with metaheuristic procedures, and according to the authors, they are highly applicable and represent a fundamental starting point for wider application. This paper covers papers and research whose results are reproducible and can be realized in production-grade software. The emphasis of the paper is on the considerate and impartial way of providing a concise overview of the methods for solving technical challenges within the accepted Smart Grid architecture. The paper is the result of many years of research and commitment to this field and represents the foundation for present research and development.

Power Theft Recognition and data security in Smart Meter Reading of a Smart Grid

Smart meter is an important component of smart grid environment has enormous features like precise measurement and possibility of two way communication among the entities involved in grid. Nevertheless, it has distinctive features like intricate structure, resource constriction and confidential sensitive data. These features make a meter structure more susceptible for attack and error. Power theft is identified as a major threat in meter infrastructure. Several literature has found to study this issue in detail because it poses a great threat to the overall grid architecture. This paper investigates the major thefts and threats in such an environment and identifies the essential safety prerequisites to be maintained by a smart meter. A risk model is identified using attack characteristics to figure out major risks. Different class of power theft detection mechanisms are analysed and reviewed to precisely define and understand the attack vulnerability in smart meters.

Quality Control and Communication in Smart Grid Using IED & PLCC

In the era of growing power demand and power networks, continuous supply of power and data exchanges is inevitable nurturing the implementation of smart grid technology. The smart grid is a self-healing technology which promises the electricity consumers to be an active participant. However, Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) supports the SG as the backbone for operation imparting the functionalities such as protection and monitoring the power networks. But the limitations of the common IED are its finite allocation of functions without modifying its hardware. Moreover, these IEDs confront the communication problems during natural calamities and other network failures as it adopts the cellular communication topology. The limitations mentioned above can be overcome by adopting the flexible IEDs integrated with signal conditioning, filtering and discretization functions along with the implementation of Power Line Carrier communication. The flexible IED and the PLCC extends the scalability of the most reliable and highly efficient smart grid architecture.

Quantum internet for resilient electric grids

The supremacy and fast development of quantum techniques are stimulating the arrival of an ultra-secure and super-fast quantum internet, which accordingly will shape future electric grids. This paper develops a novel scheme for resilient electric grids by using a quantum direct communication (QDC) network. The novelty of this work includes: (a) a novel QDC-based electric grid architecture is devised to provide ultra-secure communication; (b) we investigate QDC protocols for grid communication and analyze the impacts of attacks and noises; and (c) we demonstrate how to establish a QDC-enabled electric grid testbed to evaluate the system's performance.

Grid Architecture and Metadata Model of Computer Education Resources Based on Network Teaching Mode

With the continuous progress of our modern science and information technology, network computer distance teaching has gradually become an indispensable part of our school education. In view of the major shortcomings of the current network physical education teaching system, such as the isolation of information resources and the difficulty of updating, the comprehensive research and application of network education information grid management technology and education metadata processing model are established. In the research and analysis, this paper selects 235 network teaching model involved in the sample survey, and through the survey of network teaching mode and traditional teaching mode multimedia, non-linear, independent comparative analysis, from the comparative results show that the network teaching mode is superior to the traditional teaching mode, not only can promote the development of computer teaching mode, but also can improve computer teaching effect. Through the investigation, it is found that both teachers and students have more than 85% recognition of the network teaching mode, which provides a guarantee for the network teaching mode.

Hybrid quasi-3D optimization of grid architecture for single junction photovoltaic converters

A numerical study of metal front contacts grid spacing for photovoltaic (PV) converter of relatively small area is presented. The model is constructed based on Solcore, an open-source Python-based library. A three-step-process is developed to create a hybrid quasi-3D model. The grid spacing under various operating conditions was assessed for two similar p–n and n–p structures. The key target was finding optimal configuration to achieve the highest conversion efficiency at different temperatures and illumination profiles. The results show that the n–p structure yields wider optimal spacing range and the highest output power. Also, it was found that temperature increase and illumination nonuniformity results in narrower optimal spacing for both structure architectures. Analyzing the current–voltage characteristics, reveals that resistive losses are the dominant loss mechanism bringing restriction in terms of ability to handle nonuniform illumination.

Mesh Planning Optimization for Urban Distribution Network with High Reliability

Modern distribution network has a huge volume and a wide range of points, so the difficulty of construction and transformation of distribution network often lies not in technological innovation, but in the operability of planning scheme, adaptability and flexibility of network structure. Therefore, an optimization model of mesh planning for high reliability power supply in urban power grid is proposed. Firstly, the planning process is optimized to avoid the cyclic adjustment of power supply mesh and power supply unit division. Secondly, a target network architecture and power supply unit partition model for medium-voltage power grid are proposed, which can meet the double power demand of important power users and ensure no cross-supply between units. Finally, an example of mesh planning in a city center in Hubei Province of China is given, and the application of the optimization method is described in detail. The results show that the method is easy to carry out, and effectively improves the reliability of power supply in urban power grid.

On the perspective of grid architecture model with high TSO‐DSO interaction

On the perspective of grid architecture model with high TSO‐DSO interaction

Optimized lead-acid grid architectures for automotive lead-acid batteries: An electrochemical analysis

A variety of technological approaches of lead-acid batteries have been employed during the last decades, within distinguished fabrication features of electrode grid composition, electrolyte additives, or oxide paste additives embodiment. We proposed in this study, a particular path for improving the efficiency of positive grids by developing two novel geometry designs of lead-acid battery metallic grids. Our projection is based on a hierarchical approach that employed exclusively rectangular shapes for the structural configuration of grids. The intensity of current distribution was firstly evaluated by a numerical algorithm across the electrodes grid surface, thus allowing measuring the propagation of the electric charge emitted from each point inside of the grid. The novel fabricated prototypes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, following a controlled aging procedure. Two distinct parameters were investigated for evaluation of batteries lifetime: i) a time-dependent analysis of Constant Phase Element – Q parameter at 75% SoC partially discharged, and ii) the resonance frequency of the circuit. To confirm our improvements, we compared the data with the ones of an industrial grid model. An increment of battery lifetime was obtained for one prototype, with an estimation growth of 25% - 28% over the usual industrial electrode, while for the later a slightly improved lifetime efficiency of about 10% was resulted.