Effects Of Green Space Research Articles

Health effects of greenspace morphology: Large, irregular-shaped, well-connected, and close-clustered greenspaces may reduce mortality risks, especially for neighborhoods with higher aging levels

The healthcare burden has intensified with urbanization and aging populations in many global cities. While the health effects of urban greenspaces have been well documented, little is known about the associations between greenspace morphological features and health, especially in a high-density city with significant aging populations. Drawing on land use data with 10-m resolution, we assessed seven greenspace morphological metrics in terms of size (the percentage of greenspace, the largest pixel index, the average greenspace area), fragmentation (the patch density), shape (the average weighted shape index), connectedness (the cohesion index), and proximity (the aggregation index). We further conducted an ecological study to examine their associations with all-cause and three cause-specific (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer) mortality. Results from the negative binomial regression models revealed protective effects of five greenspace morphology metrics, including the percentage of greenspace, the largest pixel index, the average weighted shape index, the cohesion index, and the aggregation index, on mortality. The shape index showed the greatest effects, with every 1 Standard Deviation (SD) increase in the shape index linked to a reduction of 22.1% (95% CI: 22.0%–31.0%) in all-cause mortality, 22.1% (12.2%–30.8%) in mortality from cardiovascular diseases, 25.0% (14.0%–34.6%) in mortality from respiratory diseases, and 22.0% (12.3%–30.6%) in mortality from cancers. Moreover, stratified analyses revealed that the health effects of the cohesion index and the aggregation index were significantly more pronounced in neighborhoods with higher aging levels. Our findings highlight the significance of greenspace morphology features, beyond greenspace quantity, in improving residents’ health, particularly for societies with high aging populations.

A Global Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Greenspaces on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Rates.

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 resulted in rapidly rising infection rates with high associated mortality rates. In response, several epidemiological studies aimed to define ways in which the spread and severity of COVID-19 can be curbed. As a result, there is a steady increase in the evidence linking greenspaces and COVID-19 impact. However, the evidence of the benefits of greenspaces or greenness to human wellbeing in the context of COVID-19 is fragmented and sometimes contradictory. This calls for a meta-analysis of existing studies to clarify the matter. Here, we identified 621 studies across the world on the matter, which were then filtered down to 13 relevant studies for meta-analysis, covering Africa, Asia, Europe, and the USA. These studies were meta-analyzed, with the impacts of greenness on COVID-19 infection rate quantified using regression estimates whereas impacts on mortality rates were measured using mortality rate ratios. We found evidence of significant negative correlations between greenness and both COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. We further found that the impacts on COVID-19 infection and related mortality are moderated by year of publication, greenness metrics, sample size, health and political covariates. This clarification has far-reaching implications for policy development toward the establishment and management of green infrastructure for the benefit of human wellbeing.

Greenspace coverage vs. enhanced vegetation index: Correlations with surface urban heat island intensity in different climate zones

The two greenspace indicators, greenspace coverage (GC) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), have been widely used in studies on surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). However, GC, which is more practical for urban planning, has not been as extensively involved in cross-regional SUHII studies as EVI. This study investigated 233 Chinese cities spanning three climate zones to examine how the correlations between SUHII and GC differ from those between SUHII and EVI across different climate zones. Our findings reveal that SUHII is more closely associated with the urban-rural differences in greenspace (ΔGC and ΔEVI) than with the urban values of GC and EVI. ΔGC shows potential for inter-city SUHII studies and outperforms ΔEVI in mild temperate climate zones (Cw and Cf). In the snow with dry winter climate zone (Dw), the correlation between SUHII and ΔEVI peaks at −0.795, exceeding that of ΔGC at −0.653. The cooling effects of greenspace diminish progressively from Dw to Cw to Cf, with the same ΔGC corresponding to higher SUHII in Cf than in Cw and Dw. These results underscore the necessity to develop targeted acceptable SUHII standards and GC thresholds for different climate zones to guide greening-based cooling measures.

Does living close to allergenic street trees affect lung function in German adults?

IntroductionStudies on greenspace and lung function in adults produced divergent results. Some of the adverse findings could be due to long-term exposure to allergenic tree pollen. We investigated whether having more birch trees or more allergenic trees around home is related to worse lung function and whether these exposures confound the association between greenspace and lung function. MethodsThe analytic sample consisted of 874 adults aged 20–44 years at baseline from the German study centers, Erfurt and Hamburg, of the ECRHS cohort study. Spirometric lung function was measured in 1991/92, 2000/01, and 2011/12. We counted trees based on tree registries and classified them into allergenic and non-allergenic. We assessed exposure to greenspace with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree cover density, and total number of trees in a 300 m buffer around home. Linear mixed models were used. ResultsThe forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) were decreased in the presence of more birch trees after adjusting for confounders and co-exposures. For every 10 additional birch trees in a 300 m buffer around home, the average change in FEV1 was −27.6 mL (95% confidence interval (CI): [-58.7, 3.5]). For FVC the average change was −28.2 mL (95% CI: [-62.0, 5.6]). No consistent associations were found for allergenic trees, total trees, tree cover density, or NDVI. Unlike other associations, those of birch trees with FEV1 and FVC were not moderated by allergic sensitization to birch pollen, history of asthma symptoms or nasal allergies including hay fever, ozone, NO2, or age. DiscussionLiving close to birch trees had an adverse long-term association with lung function. That tree registries were limited to street trees prevented us from answering the question of a potential confounding of greenspace effects by allergenic neighborhood trees.

High-resolution greenspace dynamic data cube from Sentinel-2 satellites over 1028 global major cities

Greenspace, offering multifaceted ecological and socioeconomic benefits to the nature system and human society, is integral to the 11th Sustainable Development Goal pertaining to cities and communities. Spatially and temporally explicit information on greenspace is a premise to gauge the balance between its supply and demand. However, existing efforts on urban greenspace mapping primarily focus on specific time points or baseline years without well considering seasonal fluctuations, which obscures our knowledge of greenspace’s spatiotemporal dynamics in urban settings. Here, we combined spectral unmixing approach, time-series phenology modeling, and Sentinel-2 satellite images with a 10-m resolution and nearly 5-day revisit cycle to generate a four-year (2019–2022) 10-m and 10-day resolution greenspace dynamic data cube over 1028 global major cities (with an urbanized area >100 km2). This data cube can effectively capture greenspace seasonal dynamics across greenspace types, cities, and climate zones. It also can reflect the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cooling effect of greenspace with Landsat land surface temperature data. The developed data cube provides informative data support to investigate the spatiotemporal interactions between greenspace and human society.

Nonlinear associations of built environments around residences and workplaces with commuting satisfaction

This is one of the first studies that explores built environments around both residences and workplaces, as well as their nonlinear and interaction effects on commuting satisfaction. Based on 1,044 respondents in Shanghai, China, we applied an extreme gradient boosting model to examine associations of the built environment with commuting satisfaction, adjusted by commuting characteristics and sociodemographics. Results show the built environment around workplaces is more important than that around residences. Workplace land use diversity promotes commuting satisfaction, while residential land use diversity reduces it. Around both residences and workplaces, areas of green spaces reduce commuting satisfaction and population density has inversed U-shaped associations with commuting satisfaction. Moreover, the effects of green spaces and land use diversity around workplaces are diminished by those around residences; while the effects of population density around workplaces are strengthened by those around residences. These findings highlight promoting commuting satisfaction by optimizing built environments.

Gentrification outcomes of greening in different urbanization stages: A longitudinal analysis of Chinese cities, 2012–2020

Green-space-triggered gentrification, wherein original residents are displaced by wealthier individuals owing to the creation of new green spaces, has been criticized for exacerbating environmental injustice. While previous studies have explored green-space-triggered gentrification in individual cities, few have examined heterogeneities across multiple cities, especially in developing countries where cities are at different stages of expansion. The roles of green space in different stages of urbanization can produce varying outcomes of gentrification. This study investigated the relationship between green space and gentrification in Chinese cities from 2012 to 2020. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), distance to adjacent parks, and area of adjacent parks were used as indicators of green space, while nighttime lights and residential land prices were used as proxies for gentrification. Nationwide analyses indicated that both increasing NDVI and building new parks nearby could lead to gentrification, but the park area had a marginal effect. Stratified analyses further showed that the effect of green space on gentrification was related to the different roles of green space associated with the stage of urbanization. Cities with higher urbanization rates were more affected by NDVI but less affected by park distance. Our findings provide insights for urban planners and decision-makers on developing localized strategies that mitigate the varying outcomes of gentrification at different stages of urban development.

Multiscale estimation of the cooling effect of urban greenspace in subtropical and tropical cities

Urban greenspace has been widely recognized for its beneficial role in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect and enhancing human thermal comfort. However, understanding on the thermal effects of greenspace still remains limited, particularly in the areas of regional differences, scale issues, and modeling approaches. This study employs a multiscale approach to evaluate the cooling effect of greenspace in Hong Kong and Singapore by combining remote sensing techniques at the territory level, a hybrid modeling approach at the urban district level, and field measurements at the micro level. Results demonstrate that the approach generally performed well in evaluating the relationship between cooling effect and various explanatory variables. At the city scale, the average reduction in LST by greenspace (△LSTG−UF) was found to be 3.08 ℃ in Hong Kong and 2.84 ℃ in Singapore, respectively. However, the cooling effect of greenspace is much reduced at the urban district level. Of the evaluated urban districts, greenspace was found to have a LST reduction effect ranging from 0.27 to 1.56 ℃ in Hong Kong and from −0.02–2.69 ℃ in Singapore, respectively. At the micro level, the study reveals that building height and greenspace volume have the most significant influence on ambient temperature variations during the hottest time of the summer season. These findings not only highlight the importance of considering scale and time variations when evaluating the thermal effects of greenspace but also help identify effective greenspace deployment strategies to combat excessive urban heat.

The moderating effects of greenspace on the association between neighbourhood disadvantage and obesity among mid-to-older aged Australian adults

This study examined whether the association between neighbourhood disadvantage and obesity was moderated by quantity and quality of greenspace. The sample included 2848 mid-to-older aged adults residing in 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia from the HABITAT study. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI), neighbourhood disadvantage was measured using a census-derived composite index and greenspace was measured geospatially. We found evidence of moderation by park quality: lower average BMI at higher levels of park quality was shown in the Q3 rather than the Q1 (least disadvantaged) neighbourhood disadvantage group. The findings suggest that, for reducing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity, the quality of greenspace is imperative.

Greenspaces And Cardiovascular Health.

Accumulating evidence suggests that living in areas of high surrounding greenness or even brief exposures to areas of high greenery is conducive to cardiovascular health, which may be related to the environmental, social, psychological, and physiological benefits of greenspaces. Recent data from multiple cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cohort studies suggest that living in areas of high surrounding greenness is associated with a lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. High levels of neighborhood greenery have been linked also to a decrease in the burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors as reflected by lower rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Those who live in greener environments report better mental health and more frequent social interactions, which can benefit cardiovascular health as well. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence linking greenspaces to cardiovascular health as well as the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of greenspaces, including the impact of vegetation on air, noise and light pollution, ambient temperature, physical activity, mental health, and biodiversity. We review literature on the beneficial effects of acute and chronic exposure to nature on cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammation and immune function, and we highlight the potential cardiovascular effects of biogenic volatile organic compounds that are emitted by trees and shrubs. We identify current knowledge gaps in this area and underscore the need for additional population studies to understand more clearly and precisely the link between greenness and health. Such understanding is urgently needed to fully redeem the promise of greenspaces in preventing adverse environmental exposures, mitigating the effects of climate change, and creating healthier living environments.

Association between early life exposure to agriculture, biodiversity, and green space and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study

Specific pollutants and environmental exposures are implicated in modulating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk. However, the role of environmental exposures, particularly during the early life period, towards IBD risk, has not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study during the study period extending from January 1, 1995, to September 1, 2020, using cross-linked Danish registers, maps, and inventories to ascertain the impact of agricultural land use, biodiversity, green space, urban space, blue space, and normalized difference vegetation index during pregnancy and the first two years of life on IBD, Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) risk, using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. We adjusted for covariates sex, maternal age at delivery, calendar year of birth, municipal-level socioeconomic status, and first-degree relative with IBD. Of 1,438,487 individuals included in the study who were followed from age 2 years until a median (IQR) age of 14 (8-20) years, 3768 individuals were diagnosed with IBD. Exposure to the second, third and highest quartiles of agriculture land use during early life, relative to the lowest quartile, were associated with increased CD risk (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01, 1.26, 1.19, 95% CI 1.05, 1.34 and, 1.24 95% CI 1.06, 1.46, respectively). There was no association of agriculture land use with UC risk. Conversely, exposure to the third quartile of biodiversity in early life, compared to the lowest quartile, were associated with a lower CD risk (aHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75, 0.98). A protective effect of greenspace was noted in the highest quartile for CD (aHR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78, 0.98). In a nationwide cohort with long-term follow up data, early life environmental exposures were associated with modulation of CD risk, with a harmful effect of agriculture land use and protective effect of biodiversity and green space. Danish National Research Foundation, the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Toxic Prisons? Local Environmental Quality and the Wellbeing of Incarcerated Populations

A growing body of scholarship draws attention to prisons and environmental justice, pointing out the propensity for prisons to be located on contaminated sites and to be in close proximity to polluting industries, as well as for prisons themselves to contribute to local environmental degradation. Prisoners’ immobility renders them unable to relocate away from harmful environments, and there are now numerous suggestions that their wellbeing suffers as a result of the poor quality of many local environments. However, since a relationship between environmental quality and prisoner wellbeing is yet to be robustly demonstrated, there is currently no firm evidence base from which to argue for positive change. This paper therefore examines the effect of the environmental quality of the locations of prisons, approximated as the presence of greenspace in the immediate vicinity of prisons, local species biodiversity and local levels of air and noise pollution, on wellbeing outcomes in a set of prisons in England and Wales. It finds that good environmental quality, in the form of high biodiversity and/or low air pollution, enhances the already-recognized positive effects of greenspace on the wellbeing of incarcerated populations. On the basis of these findings, this paper makes evidence-based policy recommendations intended to enhance the wellbeing of incarcerated populations.

Spatial and moderating effects of greenspace on the association between air pollution and lung cancer incidence

Lung cancer remains the primary cause of death globally. Studies have increasingly explored the role of greenspace in mitigating lung cancer risks, yet research gaps persist. First, while the direct spatial effect of greenspace has received attention, its potential spillover effects, driven by human mobility and air pollution dispersion, remain underexamined. Second, despite prevalent assertions of greenspace as an air purifier, the extent to which it moderates the air pollution-lung cancer association has yet to be fully understood. Third, the evaluation of greenspace's effects, predominately analyzed linearly a priori, demands exploration into their potential nonlinearity. We utilize three-year lung cancer datasets from 228 counties in China, to investigate the spatial, moderating, and threshold effects of greenspaces on lung cancer incidence in relation to air pollution. Employing spatial econometric and threshold models, our findings indicate that greenspace reduces lung cancer incidence in both local and neighboring counties. We also observe a diminution in the detrimental impact of air pollution on lung cancer incidence in areas with higher greenspace, especially when the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index surpasses a given threshold. These insights contribute to an enhanced understanding of greenspace's role in lung cancer prevention and could inform policies on greenspace expansion prioritization.

Branching out: Feasibility of examining the effects of greenspace on mental health after traumatic brain injury.

This pilot study's aim was to determine the feasibility of examining the effects of an environmental variable (i.e., tree canopy coverage) on mental health after sustaining a brain injury. A secondary data analysis was conducted leveraging existing information on mental health after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the TBI Model System. Mental health was measured using PHQ-9 (depression) and GAD-7 (anxiety) scores. The data were compared with data on tree canopy coverage in the state of Texas that was obtained from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium using GIS analysis. Tree canopy coverage as an indicator of neighborhood socioeconomic status was also examined using the Neighborhood SES Index. Tree canopy coverage had weak and non-significant correlations with anxiety and depression scores, as well as neighborhood socioeconomic status. Data analysis was limited by small sample size. However, there is a higher percentage (18.8%) of participants who reported moderate to severe depression symptoms in areas with less than 30% tree canopy coverage, compared with 6.6% of participants who endorsed moderate to severe depression symptoms and live in areas with more than 30% tree canopy coverage (there was no difference in anxiety scores). Our work confirms the feasibility of measuring the effects of tree canopy coverage on mental health after brain injury and warrants further investigation into examining tree canopy coverage and depression after TBI. Future work will include nationwide analyses to potentially detect significant relationships, as well as examine differences in geographic location.

Localized effects of neighborhood park exposure on mental illness mortality in the Pacific Northwest United States

Most studies on the mental health effect of greenspace assumed a constant effect of greenspace exposure over the entire study region. We expanded upon literature by hypothesizing spatial disparities in the effect of greenspace exposure on mental illness mortality across census tracts in Oregon (OR) and Washington (WA). Mental illness mortality was calculated using death register data with coordinates of residence over 13 years (2006-2018). Neighborhood park exposure was evaluated as the total area of parks in each census tract. Results indicated that the impact of park areas on mental illness mortality varied across census tracts in OR (Relative Risk=0.985, 95% credible interval=[0.950, 1.020] ‒ 1.030 [0.990, 1.072]) and WA (0.992 [0.952, 1.034] ‒ 1.013 [0.980, 1.048]). These estimates shifted overall fixed effect RRs (OR: 0.976 [0.958, 0.994]; WA: 0.976 [0.956, 0.996]). Protective effects were more likely in areas between Olympia, WA and Portland, OR. The urban-rural contrasts were explained by patients’ preference, differential greenspace accessibility, and limited park supply in national and state forests. This research highlights the disparity in greenspace effect on mental illness mortality and calls for integrating local effect variability into mental health outcomes-greenspace studies.

Exploring "Equigenesis" in the Associations Between Green Space and Kidney Health Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Using Street View Data.

This study systematically explores the association between community green space and preventing kidney failure among middle-aged and older adults in China, using street view data. The 33 Chinese Community Health Study was used to conduct the analysis. We used street view data to assess street view green space (SVG) exposure and clearly distinguished the difference between grass (SVG-grass) and trees (SVG-tree). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was also used. Kidney failure was defined as a serum creatinine concentration of above 177mol/L. We used multilevel logistic regression models (controlled for a series of covariates) to examine the associations between SVG and the odds of middle-aged and older adults having kidney failure. We also tested whether middle-aged and older adults from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are likely to derive greater benefits from the effects of green space ("equigenesis"). The results showed that both SVG (OR = 0.353; 95% CI = 0.171-0.731) and SVG-trees (OR = 0.327; 95% CI = 0.146-0.736) were negatively associated with the likelihood of middle-aged and older adults experiencing kidney failure, but there was no significant evidence of any links between either SVG-grass (OR = 0.567; 95% CI = 0.300-1.076) or the NDVI (OR = 0.398; 95% CI = 0.237-1.058) and kidney failure. Furthermore, the moderation analysis indicated that income and educational attainment have a moderating effect on the association between green space and the improvement of kidney health, which suggests that green space has greater positive effects on the kidney health of disadvantaged groups. To reduce inequalities in relation to kidney disease through urban planning, policymakers are advised to provide more visual green space-especially trees-within the community and to focus in particular on socioeconomically disadvantaged population groups.

Influence of plant diversity and spatial pattern of urban green spaces on socioeconomic activities: insights from Xiamen, China

ABSTRACT Urban green space is the fundamental component of urban ecosystems, but the processes and mechanisms underlying the influence of green space structure and quality on human social and economic activities are still unclear. Plant diversity in the green space may have an impact on socioeconomic activities, which can be characterized by the spatial distribution of points of interest (POIs). To test this hypothesis, 16 green spaces on Xiamen Island were taken as the research object to analyze the relationships among five plant diversity indices, three landscape indices, and seven POIs of green spaces. Principal component analysis and the partial least-squares regression model were used to study the distribution of the seven types of POIs and the influence of green space on POI distribution. The results showed that the closer to the green space, the greater the weight of the principal components of medical institutions. The effects of green space on the seven POIs were represented with spatial relationships within the buffers. With the change in buffer gradient, there are influence trends such as the ‘∪’ or ‘∩’ type on various POIs. POIs are more impacted by the internal plant diversity index than by the landscape index of the green space. There was a scale effect of the diversity and landscape indices on the number of POI changes. The effect of the relationship between plant diversity and the spatial pattern of urban green spaces on socioeconomic activities is not direct but rather indirect.

Do greenness and landscape indices for greenspace correlate with suicide ratio?

Previous studies have demonstrated the preventive effects of greenness and greenspace using three classes of exposure metrics (greenspace coverage, greenness, and landscape indices for greenspace) on suicide. Nevertheless, most studies were individually employed for each metric using a single-phase method, representing the short-term exposure. We hierarchically investigated the association between three classes of exposure metrics and suicide using long-term data from 2000 to 2018 in Taiwan. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to represent the greenness exposure, while mean patch area (area and edge), area-weighted mean fractal dimension index (shape), and proximity index (proximity) were opted to represent landscape indices for greenspace. Using the generalized additive mixed model, we revealed that the relative risk (95% confidence interval) of greenspace coverage, NDVI, mean patch area, area-weighted mean fractal dimension index, and proximity index was 0.998 (0.997, 0.999), 0.860 (0.811, 0.912), 0.999 (0.999, 0.999), 1.485 (1.056, 2.088), and 0.999 (0.999, 0.999), respectively. This indicates that long-term exposure to both greenspace coverage and greenness is associated with a reduced suicide ratio. Similarly, long-term exposure to greenspace that is greater in size, simpler in shape, and closer in proximity is associated with a decreased suicide risk. For formulating future afforestation policies, the layout and connectivity of greenspaces should be considered besides increasing green areas. This study not only demonstrated the significance of long-term exposure to greenspace for reducing the suicide ratio, but also illustrated a hierarchical approach to examine the effects of greenspace.

Effects of Green Spaces on Microclimate in Sustainable Urban Planning

In recent years, there has been a growing importance placed on the development of various models and scenarios aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change. This approach is gaining prominence in our country as well. This study is based on research conducted in the Yeşilyurt neighborhood within the Tarsus district of Mersin province. The primary objective of this research is to assess the impact of increased green space on microclimate conditions using ENVI-met simulation. Within the scope of this research, a comparison was made between the current situation and a scenario in which the amount of green space was increased. The analysis of green area quantities was conducted using the ENVI-met simulation software, utilizing climate data such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, and speed, which were obtained through measurements. In the scenario involving an increase in green space, the total green area was augmented from its current 2,487 m² to 4,398 m². The simulation results underscore the substantial effect of this augmentation on the microclimate. Average temperature values fluctuate between 31.11°C and 33.04°C, revealing that the expansion of green space leads to a reduction in temperature, thereby positively impacting the environment. This translates to an overall temperature decrease of approximately 0.45°C across the entire area. The research highlights the favorable influence of heightened green space on microclimate conditions, as evidenced by findings derived from ENVI-met simulations. It elucidates how such an increase can contribute to temperature regulation. These outcomes underscore the significance of deliberate green space incorporation in urban planning and design processes, guiding decisions that promote environmental sustainability. Thus, it is recommended that forthcoming strategies of local governments prioritize the expansion of green areas while considering factors related to microclimate and environmental quality.

The effects of green space on college students’ mood

Objective: Less attention has been given to how green space can impact college students’ moods. This study aimed to examine whether university students exposed to outdoor and indoor green space-natural and artificial would experience a change in moods compared to students not exposed to green space. Method: Seventy-nine participants were randomly assigned to four different conditions: office without greenery, office with posters of nature, office with green plants, and outside in a garden. The Brunel Mood Scale was used to assess participants’ moods before and after spending time in their assigned setting. Results: Results indicated that all participants experienced a decline in tension and fatigue regardless of their assigned setting, yet the decline was less pronounced among participants in the office without greenery. Conclusion: Study findings highlight indoor green space is also conducive to positive moods. Thus, in addition to protecting outside greenery, universities may invest in indoor greenery (e.g., indoor plants, posters/artwork featuring nature) that can be placed in classrooms, libraries, dormitories, and other spaces frequented by students.