Green Space Area Research Articles

Spatio-temporal variation in pollen collected by honey bees (Apis mellifera) in rural-urban mosaic landscapes in Northern Europe.

Pollen is a source of protein, lipids, vitamins and minerals for bees and other flower-visiting insects. The composition of macro- and micronutrients of pollen vary among different plant species. Honey bees are long-distance foragers, collecting nectar and pollen from plants within several kilometers of their hive. Availability of pollen within the foraging range of honey bees is highly dynamic, changing seasonally, and across different landscapes. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the composition of pollen collected by honey bees in rural-urban landscape mosaics typical of Northern Europe. Samples of corbiculate pollen were collected 3-9 times during the growing season by citizen scientist bee keepers from a total of 25 observation apiaries across Denmark in 2014-2015. Palynological analysis was conducted identifying 500 pollen grains per sample to pollen type (mostly plant genus). Pollen diversity denoted the number of different pollen types in a sample, while relative abundance was calculated as the proportional representation of a pollen type, if found in >1% of the sample. The quantity of pollen types across study years and sites was measured as the occurrence of each pollen type (number of samples with the pollen type present) and abundance (total number of pollen grains). Pollen diversity was highly variable, with effects of season, year, and area of green urban spaces. In terms of quantity, a few key pollen types occurred repeatedly and abundantly in the samples. Only 17 pollen types were present in >15 samples. These pollen types were consistent across study years and different landscapes. Pollen diversity may impact colony health, and hence foraging decisions by honey bees, especially in late summer. However, the bulk of the pollen collected by colonies came from a limited number of pollen sources, regardless of year and landscape context in the rural-urban landscape mosaics of Denmark.

Analysis of the influence of built-up land on the availability of green open space using Sentinel-2A imagery in Bengkong Sub-district, Batam City in 2023.

Abstract Population growth is always followed by an increase in land demand for residential areas and other supporting facilities. This situation results in pressure on the existence of green open space. The growth rate and population density in Bengkong Sub-district in 2023 is one of the highest in Batam City with a growth rate of 3.26%, so that the area of green open space decreases and turns into a built-up area. This study aims to analyse the effect of built-up land on green open space in bengkong sub-district in 2023. the method used is quantitative method with remote sensing analysis using NDVI and NDBI transformation with Sentinel-2A satellite image data can be used as one of the efforts to determine the availability of green open space in the bengkong sub-district area. The area of green open space calculated based on the value of vegetation density is 284.62 Ha or 16.3% of the bengkong sub-district area and the relationship of built land to green open space is 46% which indicates that it does not have a significant impact.

Study of the coupling effect of CO2 and PM2.5 emissions: A case study of yangtze river delta, China.

Many countries are confronted with the dual challenge of mitigating CO2 emissions and controlling PM2.5 pollution, attributed to the impacts of global climate change. This study explores the spatio-temporal pattern of the coupling effect between CO2 emissions and PM2.5 pollution by conducting a case study of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China and aims to identify the urban influencing factors that contribute to this coupling effect. Utilizing a coupled coordination model, this study conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of CO2 emissions and PM2.5 concentrations from 2008 to 2020.The model assessed the year-by-year coupling coordination degrees of CO2 and PM2.5 emissions in each of the five provinces in the YRD region. This study's three main findings are the following: (1) The overall coupling coordination between CO2 and PM2.5 emissions exhibited a declining trend from 2013 to 2017, followed by a rebound in 2018. Most cities experienced their highest degree of coupling in 2020. (2) Of 41 cities in the YRD region, only 10 have achieved a state of coordinated development. This finding suggests that approximately 24% of the YRD region attained a positive degree of coordination. (3) The megacity Shanghai has achieved a stage characterized by high-quality coordination, emphasizing the city's significant role in mitigating CO2 emissions and managing PM2.5 pollution in the region. In addition, the analysis of urban influencing factors revealed a significant correlation between several key urban factors, including land area, green space and water area, road network, technical development, and industrial structure. This study recommends that cities aiming to reduce CO2 emissions and control PM2.5 pollution consider initiatives that address the coupling effect, such as optimizing industrial land use and prioritizing spatial planning strategies. The selection of the YRD region as the study area provides an exemplary model that offers implications not only for other regions in China but also for other countries that face similar issues.

IoT Enabled Motor Drive Vehicle for the Early Fault Detection in New Energy Conservation

The key areas of interest in respect of which analyses are provided within the context of the paper are sustainable business practices that can help drive the change towards a low carbon economy. The study focuses on advanced techniques for managing businesses to advance the link between economic development and environmental conservation to optimize economic and environmental performance. Furthermore, based on the features, discussed in the paper, it is possible to identify the meaning of the concepts making the organizations introduce sustainability factors, as well as the possible effect these decisions may have on their future performance. This paper explores the role of machine learning (ML) and data-driven business strategies in promoting sustainable business development within smart cities. By integrating ML models across various sectors such as energy management, transportation, waste management, water usage, public safety, and urban planning, cities can optimize resources, reduce environmental impact, and enhance overall efficiency. Results from implementing these strategies in a smart city context show a 10% reduction in energy consumption (from 200,000 kWh to 180,000 kWh), a 50% increase in renewable energy share (from 20% to 30%), and a 40% decrease in CO2 emissions (from 500 tons to 300 tons) due to the use of autonomous electric vehicles. In transportation, average traffic speed improved by 16.67% (from 30 km/h to 35 km/h), and public transport efficiency increased by 21.43% (from 70% to 85%). In waste management, waste collection costs were reduced by 20% (from $50,000 to $40,000), and the recycling rate increased by 40% (from 25% to 35%). Water usage efficiency rose by 12.5% (from 80% to 90%), while water leak incidents decreased by 60% (from 50 to 20). Additionally, predictive policing reduced crime rates by 40% (from 5 to 3 per 1,000 residents), and emergency response times improved by 33.33% (from 15 minutes to 10 minutes). Finally, urban planning efficiency increased by 25% (from 60% to 75%) in land use, and green space area expanded by 40% (from 50 to 70 square kilometers).

Жизнеспособность растений в условиях урбанизированной среды

The aim of the study has been to analyze the vitality of woody plants in an urbanized environment to solve the problems of landscaping a large city (using the example of Khabarovsk). The methods of geobotanical, forest inventory, floristic, population analysis and morphometric approach have been used. The formation of plantations in Khabarovsk has gone from a garden-homestead type with a few public gardens and squares to public landscaped spaces. The total area of green spaces is 17,127.9 ha, with the prospect of increasing the landscaping of public use areas by 1435.9 ha by 2030. The use of a limited range of trees species in the past has led to the formation of a modern poplar-elm appearance of the city’s plantations. Mass plantings of poplars and elms in the 1950s and 1960s have created the problem of urgent demolition of old-growth plantations in large volumes at present. There is a reduction in green areas in parks, insufficient care and, as a result, a decrease in the vitality of plants. The composition of the dendroflora of Khabarovsk includes 59 species of trees and 58 species of shrubs and lianas, which is close to the natural biodiversity indicator. The relative vitality of tree plantations has varied at different urban areas from 69 % (weakened forest stand) to 94 % (healthy forest stand). On average, the proportion of healthy trees in the city is 57.6 %, of the tress in satisfactory condition – 34.5 %, in unsatisfactory – 7.9 %. The use of population-based research methods in solving landscaping problems will make it possible to select deciduous and coniferous species adapted to the stresses of urbanization and create environmentally sustainable, aesthetically attractive and economically more profitable plantations. A high diversity of woody plants is observed in parks (89 species) and on boulevards (77 species), a low one – in city squares (9 species) and main thoroughfares in the city (27 species). Landscaping of the motor transport infrastructure is represented by 55 types. The field of the results application: municipal management, as well as planning and development of urban areas.

Multi-Objective Urban Green Space Optimization of Wetland Cities Based on the Carbon Balance: A Case Study in Wuhan

Urban areas are significant centers of human activity and are recognized as major contributors to global carbon emissions. The establishment of urban green spaces plays a crucial role in enhancing carbon sinks and mitigating carbon emissions, thereby fostering a low-carbon cycle within cities. However, the existing literature on the carbon sequestration of green spaces in Chinese cities often overlooks the role of water bodies, which are a significant characteristic of wetland cities. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the carbon sequestration potential of green spaces in wetland cities, taking into account the contribution of water bodies to carbon sinks. This study aims to analyze the quantitative structure of urban green spaces through the lens of carbon balance, which can effectively enhance a city’s overall carbon sequestration capacity. Utilizing carbon balance theory, this research first assesses the carbon offsetting capability (COC) of urban green spaces in Wuhan for the year 2019. It then forecasts future carbon emissions, sets improvement targets for COC, and calculates the required area of standard green space to achieve these targets by 2030. A multi-objective programming (MOP) model is developed to identify the optimal solution that aligns with urban development planning constraints while maximizing carbon sinks. Lastly, we analyzed the contribution rates of different types of urban green spaces to the total carbon sequestration capacity of green spaces to clarify the characteristics of carbon absorption in green spaces of Wuhan, a wetland city. The findings indicate the following: (1) In 2019, Wuhan’s carbon emissions from human activities reached approximately 38.20 Mt, with urban green spaces absorbing around 5.62 Mt of carbon, and a COC of about 14.71%. (2) Projections for 2030 suggest that carbon emissions in Wuhan will rise to approximately 42.64 Mt. Depending on the targeted COC improvement rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, the required values of carbon sequestration will be 6.59 Mt, 6.90 Mt, 7.21 Mt, 7.53 Mt and 7.84 Mt, respectively. (3) The results of the MOP model indicate that the optimal COC for 2030 is projected to be 16.33%, which necessitates a carbon sequestration of 6.97 Mt. (4) Water bodies accounted for 56.23% of the total carbon absorption in green spaces in 2019 and are projected to represent 45.37% in 2030, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of Wuhan as a wetland city in terms of its green space carbon sequestrations. The management and enhancement of water body carbon sequestration capacity is crucial for the carbon sequestration potential of urban green space in Wuhan. The results of this study can provide evidence and recommendations for the low-carbon development patterns of wetland cities across China.

Analysis of Green Open Space Needs Based on Population Projections in Medan Baru Subdistrict

The availability of adequate green open space (RTH) is one of the efforts to maintain optimal environmental quality. The need for green open space is affected by population and area. Based on the Law No. 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning, it is explicitly determined that the proportion of public green open space is 20%. Sub-district Medan Baru is a sub-district located in the city center, part of which is a commercial and service area. Sub-district Medan Baru is also one of the sub-districts planned to be the city service center, which has the function of trade / business activity center, service activity center and provincial and city government activities, so the population density in the area is dense and affects the need for green space. The data used in this research are land use map, administrative map of Medan Baru sub-district and green open space coordinate data of Medan Baru sub-district. From the results of the study, it was obtained that the area of public green space in Medan Baru Sub-district is 18.78 hectares and it can be interpreted that the availability of public green space in Medan Baru Sub-district is 3.48% of the total area.

Air PM10,2.5 Removal by Urban Green Space Under Urban Realistic Stressors

Urbanization has significantly altered the ecological resources, functions, and services, thereby imposing specific constraints on particulate matter (PM) mitigation through green spaces. To investigate the effect of green spaces on mitigating PM10,2.5 under multiple urban stressors, this study employed combined remote sensing imagery and small-scale quantitative measurements to identify the PM within green space and street tree, and their PM differences with the square underlying surface according to a continuous scale of 60~3000 m. The results indicated that urban stressors significantly influenced air PM10 and PM2.5 mitigation, with stressors LST (land surface temperature) and RD (traffic road density) as key stressors on air PM10, while LST, ISA (impervious surface area), BH (building height), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), GA (green space area), and WA (water body area) were key stressors on air PM2.5. Furthermore, stressors exhibited a significant scale effect on air PM10,2.5 mitigation; for air PM2.5, stressors ISA, RD, BH and BD (building density) had a notable impact on air PM2.5 mitigation at 1500~3000 m scales, while NDVI, GA, and WA showed a significant impact at 450~600 m. For air PM10, stressors ISA, BH, NDVI, and GA revealed a continuous scale effect, with the key scales occurring at 450 m and 3000 m. In summary, urbanization stressors can combine to affect air PM10 and PM2.5 mitigation by green spaces, especially at different spatial scales, to provide practical guidance for urban planning.

Prospects for the use of Сercis canadensis L. in construction and optimization of farmsteabs in the urban environment

The article presents information about the existence of modern anthropogenic landscapes in which a significant role is played by urban areas, the structure of which, features of functioning and ecological state depend entirely on the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the territory, as well as the culture and economic activity of the population. The most effective means of improving the environment of the urban village zones of settlements is greenery, which can minimize factors of natural and man-made origin that are unfavourable to humans. The effect of these factors and the degree of anthropogenic impact inherent in urbanized areas constantly leads to changes in the landscape structure, weakening of vegetation, premature aging and death of plantings. There is a need to select an assortment of plants that are environmentally resistant to the climatic conditions of the urban environment, to increase the area of green spaces, in particular to expand species composition of woody plants by using beautifully flowering woody species. Such plants include less common, unconventional, highly decorative species Cercis canadensis L., which is gaining popularity and is used to create plant compositions in parks, gardens and street landscaping in Ukrainian cities, where it successfully grows, creating comfortable conditions for people to live and work. In urban landscape design the plastic environmental resistance of C. canadensis plants to the climatic conditions of the urban environment and their high decorative properties contribute to their wider use in landscaping. They are suitable for woody-shrubby composite groups creating with deciduous and coniferous plants. The tentlike shape of the crown of С. canadensis provides opportunities to create monospecies group plantings that will become green islands or centres in specific areas and in general will improve the environment for people living in urbotechnogenic environment of the city, which is relevant today in the context of the environmental crisis and is not sufficiently used in the architectural and construction practice of modern Ukraine. Therefore the aim of this work was to determine the prospects for the use of С. canadensis in optimising of existing and creating of new urban areas depending on their ecological plasticity and plant growth characteristics in urban environments. Key words: Cercis canadensis, decorative properties, ecological plasticity, urban-technogenic environment, landscaping.

Environmental and Atmospheric Influences on Academic Performance: The Role of Green Spaces, Roads, and Wildfires Around Schools and Homes in the Federal District, Brazil

Environmental characteristics, such as proximity to green spaces and exposure to roads, can significantly influence atmospheric factors like air quality. For instance, areas with abundant green spaces typically exhibit better air quality, while high road density often correlates with increased air pollution, both of which can affect students’ cognitive functioning and academic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the environmental and atmospheric conditions—specifically green spaces (measured by the NDVI and green space area), roads (total road length), and wildfires—around students’ schools and homes in the Federal District (FD), Brazil, and their impact on academic performance. We analyzed data from 344,175 public school students across 256 schools in the FD, covering the years 2017 to 2020. Using a mixed-effects regression model, we investigated how neighborhood characteristics such as green spaces, road density, and wildfire frequency influence individual-level academic performance while controlling for temporal, socioeconomic, and school-specific factors. Our findings indicate that the environmental factors around schools, particularly green spaces and road density, have significant associations with academic outcomes. Specifically, a higher road density around schools was linked to lower academic performance, whereas green space presence had a generally positive impact, especially around schools. Wildfires, while negatively associated with performance around homes, had mixed effects around schools. These results underscore the importance of considering environmental and atmospheric factors in urban planning and education policy to enhance student performance.

The spatiotemporal distribution patterns and impact factors of bird species richness: A case study of urban built-up areas in Beijing, China

This study aims to investigate the distribution patterns of bird species in urban built-up areas and their impact factors from multiple dimensions, including spatiotemporal distribution, environmental changes, and anthropogenic disturbances, as well as overall distribution and local hotspots. Leveraging geographic distribution data of 383 bird species from 70 families and 21 orders, the study recorded dynamic changes in bird distribution within urban built-up areas characterized by highly heterogeneous core areas and suburban areas. It examined species distribution across different seasons and land cover types, evaluated population fluctuations based on migratory behaviors, and assessed the relative abundance of bird families and species in hotspot areas. Additionally, this study employed three tree-based machine learning algorithms—Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)—to investigate the influence of environmental factors on bird species distribution within urban built-up areas. The findings showed that, temporally, the number of observed bird species in the study area peaked in May and September, while the lowest numbers of species (54.83 %) and individuals (5.45 %) were recorded during the high-temperature period from June to August. Spatially, (1) woodlands, including stable mature forests, unstable juvenile forests, and sparse vegetation, recorded the highest frequencies of bird observations (2,053 times), bird species (369 species), and bird individuals (38,623 individuals); (2) comprehensive parks, where bird species demonstrated higher adaptability to anthropogenic disturbances, experienced a more significant decline in species richness compared to country parks; and (3) the number of bird species in hotspot areas located in the core areas, which developed earlier, has decreased annually, while the number of species in suburban areas, which developed later, has increased annually. In terms of impact factors, water area (WA), point of interest kernel density (DPOI), relative humidity (RH), green space area (GSA), and nighttime light pollution (NL) were identified as the five most important environmental factors affecting bird species richness. These results suggest that although birds exhibit some adaptability to environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances, species distribution remains significantly impacted. This research aims to provide a planning framework for future urban development that promotes biodiversity and adaptability, thereby bolstering the resilience of urban ecosystems.

Association between Residential Greenness and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Adults in Rural Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the relationships between residential greenness and cardiometabolic risk factors among rural adults in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) and thus provide a theoretical basis and data support for improving the health of residents in this region. MethodsWe recruited 9,723 adult rural residents from the 51st Regiment of the Third Division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in September 2016. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to estimate residential greenness. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to examine the association between residential greenness and cardiometabolic risk factors. ResultsHigher residential greenness was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factor prevalence. After adjustments were made for age, sex, education, and marital status, for each interquartile range (IQR) increase of NDVI500-m, the risk of hypertension was reduced by 10.3% (OR = 0.897, 95% CI = 0.836–0.962), the risk of obesity by 20.5% (OR = 0.795, 95% CI = 0.695–0.910), the risk of type 2 diabetes by 15.1% (OR = 0.849, 95% CI = 0.740–0.974), and the risk of dyslipidemia by 10.5% (OR = 0.895, 95% CI = 0.825–0.971). Risk factor aggregation was reduced by 20.4% (OR = 0.796, 95% CI = 0.716–0.885) for the same. Stratified analysis showed that NDVI500-m was associated more strongly with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and risk factor aggregation among male participants. The association of NDVI500-m with type 2 diabetes was stronger among participants with a higher education level. PM10 and physical activity mediated 1.9%–9.2% of the associations between NDVI500-m and obesity, dyslipidemia, and risk factor aggregation. ConclusionHigher residential greenness has a protective effect against cardiometabolic risk factors among rural residents in Xinjiang. Increasing the area of green space around residences is an effective measure to reduce the burden of cardiometabolic-related diseases among rural residents in Xinjiang.

An indicator of the uniformity of the distribution of the areas of green areas of common use

The developing sustainability of cities is closely linked to ensuring the balance of green areas of common use. It has been scientifically proven that the effects of green zones are significant for both the environment and the population. An urgent task of the territorial and spatial organization of the city and its administrative-territorial units is a strategic assessment of the uniformity of the distribution of green areas of common use.The working hypothesis is the assumption that using the Kulback–Leibler distance, it is possible to accurately describe the degree of unevenness of the distribution of the areas of green areas of public use relative to the areas of the administrative-territorial units of the city and the resident population. The areas of green spaces of common use and administrative-territorial units of the cities of Berlin, Moscow and St. Petersburg are studied. It was established that the distribution of the areas of the open public green spaces in Berlin is close to uniform, the distribution of the areas of the city’s territorial units is uneven, in Moscow it is the opposite, and in St. Petersburg the distribution of both the areas of open public green spaces and the districs are uneven. The indicator of uniformity of distribution of the areas of open public green spaces relative to the land management of the city, developed by the authors, calculated on the basis of a dimensionless value – the Kullback–Leibler distance, makes it possible to evaluate and compare the degree of unevenness of the distribution of the areas of open public green spaces relative to the areas of territorial units, in the territories of which they are located, both for the city and between cities. The indicator may be in demand at the stage of making management decisions to ensure total area of open public green spaces during urban planning of the city territory and its administrative-territorial units.

Investigation of impact of community environment factors on the residents’ visiting rate to outdoor venues in South China

Understanding the activity patterns of urban residents is crucial for urban community design and urban energy forecasting. Predicting the visitation rates of different types of locations is a important issue because urban residents can only be in one place at a time. Achieving accurate predictions of outdoor public space visitation rates is equivalent to predicting the upper limit of the number of visitors to other buildings. Previous similar studies usually rely on survey methods such as questionnaires and GPS positioning. These methods have some drawbacks, such as small sample sizes and inaccurate data. In this paper, we used mobile signaling to investigate the park visit rates of residents in different communities in Guangzhou. In accordance with Chinese tradition, we define a community as a residential community, which consists of multiple residential units and a set of basic service facilities and management structures that are sufficient to meet the daily needs of residents. We found that the park visit rate of a community is closely related to the characteristics of the community itself. The park visit rate is positively correlated with the average LST (land surface temperature) of the communities, the average distance between the community and the large park, and the building coverage rate, while it is negatively correlated with the vegetation coverage rate, the average surface reflection rate, the convenience of transportation, and the per capita green space area. Given the different travel habits of urban residents on weekdays and weekends, we also used multiple linear regression to establish prediction models for community park visitation rates on weekdays and weekends.

Analisis Karakteristik Fisik Lahan Kawasan Perumahan di Dusun Jering VI, Desa Sidorejo, Kecamatan Godean, Kabupaten Sleman

Land characteristics include land factors that can be measured or estimated in size such as slope, rainfall, soil texture, available water and so on. The study was conducted at a housing location in Jering VI Hamlet, Sidorejo Village, Godean District, Sleman Regency which is located on Mount Wungkal. The condition of Mount Wungkal before being used as housing had dense vegetation, but with the large-scale opening of housing land, there were changes that occurred on Mount Wungkal. The opening of the land caused several impacts on the environment so it is important to know the physical characteristics of the land in the area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the land in the research area. The method used is the survey and mapping method in data collection and descriptive analysis. The results of the study obtained are the physical characteristics of the land of the Godean Jogja Hills housing area, there are several criteria that are appropriate and inappropriate. The criteria that are not appropriate are slope gradient, area of green open space, drainage infrastructure capacity, not located in a disaster-prone area (landslides, floods, erosion, and abrasion), not located in an agricultural/buffer cultivation area, distance to educational facilities, health facilities and trade and commerce facilities and the appropriate criteria are the area for building houses, water availability, not located in the border area of rivers/coasts/reservoirs/lakes/springs/irrigation channels/railways and safe flight areas, not located in protected areas, avoiding technical irrigation rice fields, wastewater disposal systems and garbage disposal systems

Mapping perceived sentiments in university campuses with varied landscape metrics and climatic conditions.

A sustainable university campus should accommodate students to experience positive emotions, which can be evoked by sustainable landscape with green and blue spaces (GBS). This effect is location-dependent because local vegetative type is climate-determinative, but evidence is not sufficient for sentiments of people experiencing campus landscapes. Forty-seven university campuses were selected along a latitudinal gradient in mainland China, and 100 subjects were chosen per campus (50 indoor and 50 outdoor). Photos of the subjects' faces on Sina Weibo were collected. Facial expressions were assigned happy, sad, and neutral scores (n = 4,334). The average temperature (AveT) and blue space area (BlueA) showed negative relationships with latitude, thereby generating neutral emotion scores for subjects at indoor and outdoor locations. The ratio of green space area to host campus was the only landscape metric that depressed the presentation of happiness and enhanced sadness levels. Large water bodies should be built on campuses to induce calmness, and a high ratio of green spaces should be avoided. Mapping results show that campuses in eastern regions (Beijing and Liaoning) tend to elicit positive sentiments more frequently.

Is compensation a myth? Modelling the use of public and private urban green spaces in relation to the geographical context

The compensation hypothesis postulates that the absence of green spaces in residential areas leads to a greater use of public green spaces and nature in general. This paper tests this hypothesis by focusing on the use of public and private urban green spaces. A holistic approach is adopted that considers the complexity of residential context and the use of urban, peripheral and private green spaces. A survey was conducted in two medium-sized French cities (Dijon and Besançon) to identify how their green spaces were used and perceived. The residential context was described through multiple spatial and environmental metrics (physical and visual access to nature, noise level, private green space area) that were GIS-referenced to postal addresses. On the basis of that data, the compensation hypothesis was explored using a PLS path model. The results show the absence of compensatory behaviour when considering just the overall relationships between the use of different types of green spaces. However, conditional compensatory behaviours can be detected when allowance is made for other variables (physical and visual accessibility to nature, type of housing, dwelling floor area, noise level). These results remain dependent on the geographical context of the city, with a higher compensation effect where natural areas are less accessible.

Desain Taman Atap pada Gedung SMP Pesat Bogor Berdasarkan Preferensi Pengguna

The increasing rate of urbanization on limited urban land has resulted in reduced Green Open Space (RTH) in urban areas. Therefore, the design of a roof garden on a school building can be a solution to increase the area of ​​green open space and a place for outdoor learning activities. This study aims to analyze the potential and constraints on the site so that a roof garden design can be developed according to user preferences. The stages of work refer to Booth (1983) which consist of project acceptance, research/analysis, concepts, and construction drawings. The design concept applied is inspired by the organically formed Falco peregrinus. The results of this study are in the form of a roof garden site plan as well as detailed pictures of the facilities used in the roof garden of building 3 SMP-SMA-SMK Informatika Pesat. The results of the study are expected to create a roof garden on a school building that can function as green open space and a refreshing area as well as a teaching and learning area.

Sacred sites provide urban green spaces that maintain bird diversity in the megacity of Tokyo, Japan

Green spaces in cities are thought to play an important role in maintaining urban biodiversity. However, it is difficult to create large new areas of green space in big cities. Therefore, existing green spaces need to be conserved and properly managed to conserve urban biodiversity. In big Japanese cities, sacred sites such as shrines, temples, and historic parks are some of the common types of green space. In addition to their role as religious spaces, they may also play an important role in urban biodiversity conservation because of their function as long-term reserves of natural vegetation. In this study, we examined the function of shrines, temples, and historic parks in Bunkyo ward, Tokyo, in maintaining bird diversity by comparing them with urban parks. In addition, a vegetation survey was conducted to identify environmental factors that affect bird diversity, and differences in the bird species observed in each type of green space are discussed. The heterogeneity of bird species composition between study sites was higher among shrines and temples than among urban parks. Forest bird abundance was higher during the breeding season and bird species richness was higher in winter at shrines and temples and historic parks than in urban parks. Bird diversity was positively affected by the abundance of shrubs and evergreen trees. We found that sacred sites were more important than urban parks for maintaining bird diversity. The results also suggested that differences in vegetation structure are a cause of this pattern, and small green spaces in the grounds of sacred sites are managed in a way that is more suitable for maintaining bird diversity. However, shrines and temples, despite their strong historical and cultural value, are threatened by recent urbanization. It is necessary to maintain and properly manage these green spaces as part of urban ecosystems.

Assessing momentary stress responses to dynamic real-time greenspace exposure: Unveiling algorithmic uncertainty and the temporality of exposure context

Mental stress issues are emerging among residents of modern cities. Among environmental factors associated with stress mitigation, greenspace has consistently been shown to have significant stress-reducing properties. However, the temporality of greenspace exposure, particularly the cumulative threshold effect in urban environments, has been largely neglected in past studies. In addition, different algorithms and their related measurements of greenspace have led to inconsistent mental health outcomes. To address both gaps, we evaluated the dynamic greenspace exposure of 221 Hong Kong residents by integrating three distinct green space measurements: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Green Space Area Ratio (GSAR), and the Eye-level Green View Index (GVI) based on individual real-time GPS data. We subsequently gauged individual momentary stress levels via Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) and modeled its association with dynamic green space exposure using mixed ordinal logistic regression across diverse cumulative time frames. The results reveal great disparities in greenspace-stress association between different greenspace measurements and different cumulative time frames: (1) Among the three measurements, GVI is the most robust and effective measurement in assessing the stress-reducing effect in urban environments. (2) Within specific time frames, cumulative exposure has a more pronounced stress-reducing influence than momentary exposure. (3) The stress-reducing effects of cumulative eye-level greenspace exposure exhibit two temporal phases: A continuous exposure spanning 12–36 min leads to a progressive enhancement in the stress-mitigating effect of eye-level greenspace, peaking initially and then diminishing after 36 min. Upon extended exposure reaching 2.3 h, the stress-alleviating impact of eye-level green space peaks once again before gradually waning. Our research underscores the need for multiple measurements of environmental exposure to address the algorithmic uncertainty in environmental health research and deeper insights into the temporality of the greenspace-mental relationship.