Greenshields Model Research Articles

Prediction of queue length due to lane closure with shockwave analysis on Jagorawi toll road (case study: Km 19+600)

This study discusses the prediction of queue length with shockwave analysis through traffic flow characteristics on the Jagorawi toll road KM 19+600. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between traffic characteristics (current, density and speed) on the Jagorawi KM19+600 toll road and evaluate the value of shock waves due to the narrowing of the road on the Jagorawi KM 19+600 toll road when the lane is closed. The method used to achieve the purpose of this study is to use the linear regression method to determine the relationship between traffic variables through the Greenshield model. The data obtained was obtained from CCTV data recording at KM 19 + 600. The results of the current-velocity-density relationship analysis show that the selected model for the relationship is the Greenshield model with a maximum current of 9574 pcu/hour. From the results of the shock wave simulation for the closure of 1 lane, 2 lanes and 3 lanes with the same flow, namely 7200 pcu/hour. It can be known the length of the queue that occurs, where the length of the queue that occurs depends on the volume of traffic, the length of the closure and the number of lanes that are closed.

Walkability assessment and pedestrian way planning on Mercedes Benz Road Corridor, Cicadas, Bogor Regency

A pedestrian way is a space for pedestrians to walk safely. Walkability is a conceptual term for measuring connectivity and quality levels of various pedestrian ways. Walkability assessment can be measured by assessing the infrastructure available for pedestrians. The Mercedes Benz Road, Cicadas, Bogor Regency is the location used as the research object. It is used as a research location because the land use is dominated by trade and services as many as 116 units and industry as many as 26 units. A large enough demand is not balanced with the procurement of pedestrian facilities that are adequate. This study aims to determine the level of walkability and the need for pedestrian walkways. The method used is the Global Walkability Index and the Greenshields model. The results of this study found that all segments are slightly walkable. In segment 1, 1.5 m and 2 m wide sidewalks were designed. In segment 2, 1.5 m and 1.7 m wide sidewalks were intended, and in segment 3, 2 m wide sidewalks were designed on each side.

TINJAUAN KARAKTERISTIK ARUS LALU LINTAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN 3 MODEL PADA JALAN LUAR KOTA (STUDI KASUS RUAS JALAN TGH LOPAN LABUAPI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT)

The growth in the number of vehicles that is not proportional to the provision of transportation infrastructure will cause transportation problems. The number of these vehicles continues to increase, causing many complex problems. One way to overcome this problem is to understand traffic behavior by creating mathematical and graphical relationships between traffic flow (flow), speed and density.The research was carried out on the TGH Lopan Labuapi Road section, West Lombok Regency with the aim of finding out the relationship between volume, speed and density of traffic using 3 models, namely the Greenshields, Greenberg and Underwood models, so that the most suitable model among the three models can be identified and also to know traffic characteristics including maximum volume, free flow speed, optimum speed and optimum density.From the analysis results, the best model is the Greenshields model so that the speed-density relationship model (Us-D) is Us = -0.431 D + 54.394, flow-Density (V-D) is V = -0.430 D² + 54.393 D -0.019 and flow-speed (V-Us) is V = -2.326 Us² + 126.487 Us . Based on the best model, namely the Greenshields model, the traffic flow characteristics obtained are maximum volume (Vm) of 1719.92, free flow speed (Uf) = 54.3 km/hour, optimal speed (Um) = 27.1 km/hour and Optimum Density (Dm) = 63.2 pcu/km

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN NILAI DERAJAT KEJENUHAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL GREENSHIELD, GREENBERG DAN UNDERWOOD TERHADAP MKJI 1997 PADA JALAN PERKOTAAN TIPE 2/2 UD (STUDI KASUS RUAS JALAN SALEH SUNGKAR AMPENAN KOTA MATARAM)

If the population increases and the total traffic flow also increases without being matched by an adequate increase and improvement of road infrastructure, it will result in an increase in the degree of saturation which is a parameter in determining the performance of a road section. One of the roads affected by the population growth is the Saleh Sungkar road which is an urban road type 2/2 UD. The Greenshield, Greenberg and Underwood models are the 3 models used to determine the relationship between volume (flow), speed (speed) and density (density). The relationship between flow, speed and density is used to determine or determine the mathematical value of the capacity of a road section and the degree of saturation. This study aims to determine the comparison of the degree of saturation of Jalan Saleh Sungkar which is an urban road using the Greenshield, Greenberg and Underwood models against MKJI 1997. From the results of the analysis, it was obtained that the degree of saturation using the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997) was 0.53, so Jalan Saleh Sungkar was at the level of sevice "C" (stable flow, but the speed and motion of the vehicle were controlled, the driver was limited in choosing the speed). Meanwhile, the degree of saturation based on the Greenshield model is 0.55, the Greenberg model is 0.72 and the Underwoods model is 0.60. Both MKJI 1997 and the three models are still at level of service "C".

Evaluation of Speed, Flow, and Density Performance under Different Severity of Speed Bumps

Speed bumps are effective traffic calming tools that give transportation experts the ability to regulate vehicle speeds and enhance safety in particular areas. Despite being often utilized in populated areas, they are more common on other, busier roads (especially in developing nations), thanks to their efficiency, low cost of implementation, and simple installation procedure. Numerous speeds, flow, and density relationship hypothesized in various studies are supported by empirical data gathered in favorable circumstances. Because the graph is not a function, those who delved into comparison study under diverse situations frequently employ forced curves to demonstrate how flow and speed are related. However, the research makes an attempt to hypothesize that the behavior of dynamic speed-flow, speed-density, and flow-density functions is identical. In the study, the link between speed and flow under different severity speed bumps. The current study’s main objective is to is to quantify traffic volume and speed according to controlled conditions before comparing them to unfavorable speed bumps conditions of varying severity: low SB1, medium SB2, and high SB3. To determine the link between the traffic characteristics, the Greenshields model is used. The study show that decrease in speed from 66.6 km/h (control section speed) to 39.4 km/h, which is equivalent to a drop in speed of about 40%. SB2’s moderate severity bumps on traffic volume, speed, and density caused the flow rate to drop to 1236 vph and the free flow speed to drop to 28.2 km/h. While SB3’s high intensity bumps had an impact on traffic characteristics, the study show that the maximum value of speed is 5.34 (km/h), which equates to an hourly traffic flow of 816 cars.

Simulasi Numerik Model Arus Lalu Lintas dengan Pengaruh Kepadatan Kendaraan dan Kondisi Jalan

Traffic jams are common in developing countries. This is generally caused by traffic density, road conditions, and the driver's personality. This phenomenon can be simulated using a mathematical model, allowing it to be seen how these factors affect traffic conditions. The goal of this study is to simulate the effect of traffic density and road conditions using the Lighthill-Whitham-Richard (LWR) model. This model is used to describe macroscopic traffic flow conditions, which are affected by traffic density and speed. The Greenshield model with the influence of road condition parameters added is used for the speed. In numerical solutions, the Upwind method is used to evaluate midpoint values. The simulation results demonstrate the model's ability to describe traffic conditions that are affected by traffic density and road conditions. The level of traffic density is inversely proportional to road conditions and traffic speed.

An Approach to Planning Scenic Routes by Integrating Dynamic Traffic Models with A* Algorithm

<div>During the entry and exit of attraction viewing, the rapid generation of travel demand and converging traffic flows in a short period can easily pose safety hazards to people due to its complex terrain. This study aims to propose a path planning method that integrates a dynamic traffic model with the A* algorithm for the planning of scenic routes. The study first combines the cellular transport model (CTM) model with the Greenshield model as its dynamic traffic model and then improves the A* algorithm with the Morphin search tree algorithm (Morphin) as its scenic route planning. The results of the study show that the improved A* algorithm reaches the expected error of 10<sup>−4</sup> after 21 ms using Matlab tests, and simulation tests are conducted in regular and complex sections of the scenic area. The results show that the improved A* algorithm has a significant improvement over the A* algorithm in node selection, and its performance indexes such as the number of inflection points and smoothness also have a significant improvement effect, the improved A* algorithm has a significant decrease in the search area, and the search efficiency of the A* algorithm has also improved greatly.</div>

Study on regional road network planning based on time and noise integrated resistance function

To rationally reduce traffic noise emission from road network from the perspective of planning, a regional traffic flow distribution method combining time and noise integrated resistance function is proposed, and the method is applied in a typical region to verify its reasonability and practicability. Firstly, according to Greenshields model, the relationship among three traffic parameters (velocity, density and flow) is described, and combined with a line-source emission model of traffic noise, a univariate noise prediction model based on flow is established. Then, with the establishing of the traffic noise resistance function, an integrated resistance model considering traffic noise impact and travel time impact is proposed, which is used for traffic flow distribution while in the road network planning process. Finally, the network planning is realized utilizing the proposed method considering traffic noise. A network planning case in a typical region shows that the method can effectively reduce the noise emission of the regional network, which has practical value in traffic environment control.

Operational Assessment of Speed Control Measures on Capacity of Urban Roads in Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla, Colombia

With the aim to reduce accident rates and assist in pedestrian traffic, in the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), electronic devices for speed control (speed cameras) have been installed on roads of high vehicular flow with difficulty in pedestrian transit. Traffic Calming Measures are described in the literature as a set of measures to regulate traffic on roads, ensure mobility, and reduce accidents. This article focuses its study on the impact of Traffic Calming Measures through electronic devices on urban or inner cities roads (capacity and operating speed on them). This study centers in the evaluation of the operational impact of speed cameras and the data of vehicular speed and flow collected through them in four main roads of the city, with the purpose of estimating models that establish relationships of speed-flow, and analyzing the impact of these Traffic Calming Measures on the vehicular capacity of urban roads. In the estimation of road capacity, a Greenshields model was applied, with which via speed–density and flow-density relationships, we aim to determine how operational transit is affected by the use of speed cameras. Conclusions show that operational transit is affected by diminishing road capacity between 7 to 41 percent and these Traffic Calming measures are ineffective to ease pedestrian traffic as is expected.

Fast L2 Calibration for Inexact Highway Traffic Flow Systems

Transportation systems need more accurate predictions to further optimize traffic network design with the development and application of autonomous driving technology. In this article, we focus on highway traffic flow systems that are often simulated by the modified Greenshields model. However, this model can not perfectly match the true traffic flow due to its underlying simplifications and assumptions, implying that it is inexact. Specifically, some parameters affect the simulation accuracy of the modified Greenshields model, while tuning these parameters to improve the model’s accuracy is called model calibration. The parameters obtained using the L2 calibration have the advantages of high accuracy and small variance for an inexact model. However, the method is calculation intensive, requiring optimization of the integral loss function. Since traffic flow data are often massive, this paper proposes a fast L2 calibration framework to calibrate the modified Greenshields model. Specifically, the suggested method selects a sub-design containing more information on the calibration parameters, and then the empirical loss function obtained from the optimal sub-design is utilized to approximate the integral loss function. A case study highlights that the proposed method preserves the advantages of L2 calibration and significantly reduces the running time.

Model Hubungan Karakteristik Arus Lalu Lintas Pada Ruas Jalan Abdullah Silondae Kota Kendari

Abdullah SilondaeRoad is a type of 4 lane 2 undivided road (4/2 UD)which is a pathway to urban activities, education, trade and. Theresearch objective is to model the relationship of trafficcharacteristic parameters on the Abdullah Silondae Road sectionbased on traffic studies, including studio volumes and vehicle speedswhich are classified into three groups namely motorcycles (MC), lightvehicles (LV) and heavy vehicles (HV).The variables used are traffic characteristics, namely volume, speed,and density. To determine the formulation of the characteristicsrelationship, three models are used, among others Greensield,Greenberg, and Underwood.From the results of the study concludedthat the Greenshield model is the best model with the value of R ² =0.99 with a mathematical equation the relationship of speed-density,volume-density, and volume-speed as follows: S = 41,3 -0,15.D, V =41,3.D-0,15.D², V = 273 . S – 6,6.S².

Study of Pedestrians Proportion to Roadside Friction Index

Activities of land use on the roadside have an impact on traffic. The more roadside activities increasingly affect the performance of the road section. This research was conducted on 2/2 UD type of road and the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the proportion of roadside friction (pedestrians) to traffic characteristics and roadside friction index on access roads of Makassar Municipality and Gowa Regency. Greenshields model is used to determine the relationship between speed-flow-density. The results showed pedestrians are very influential in the average speed of space and free-flow speed. The greater the proportion of pedestrians as roadside friction, the value of the roadside friction index increases, but the value of the average speed of space and free flow speed decreases. Motorized vehicles will run slower to avoid or adjust to the pedestrian speed, especially light vehicles and heavy vehicles, yet the addition of the pedestrian does not significantly affect the movement of motorcycles.

Mathematical Model of Traffic Speed and Capacity in the Archipelago Base

The transportation engineering developing who the application of the principal use planning, analysis and design to the disciplines comprising transportation: its vehicles, physical infrastructure, safety in travel, environment impacts and energy usage. The mathematical model in base archipelago was not much enough to research by transportation practiced. It had been of characteristic which different mainland. This paper using greenshields and greenberg models for approach real condition of the base archipelago. In the transportation involves working with the businessman, with industry, with citizen group, with elected officials, and with employes to the joint each segment of the public strip depended on at least one constructed facility. In this time there three components that included the discussion of the traffic of a microscop scale were flow, density and speed. At the greenshields model, the speed-density relationship show whose the value of speed higher than value of density lower with determination value 0,9755 where the curve of flow-density relationship show the value determination 0,8634 and for curva of flow-speed relationship showing whose maximum value of flow 1807 vehicles/hour at the value traffic speed 46 km/hour, traffic speed which at the lower or it the higher, so it condition given impact that the value of flow will going to low. on the other hand for greenberg model at speed-density relationship’s determination 0,9463, density-flow relationship show that the value minimum of density is 25 vehicles/km while value of flow is 1400 vehicles/hour and the relationship between flow-speed curve show that value maximum flow 1750 vehicles/hour with value speed 37. Base the value of each condition, so the greenshields model was better than greenberg model for this research. The mathematical model of the traffic flow which approach the real condition for the base archipelago was greenshields model.

CHAOTIC EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS IN MANN ORBIT

Because of the tremendous characteristics of discrete chaos and sensitivity to their initial parameters, discrete one-dimensional maps are extensively used in every branch of science and engineering such as a security system, cryptography and traffic control models. In this article, it is proposed to examine the chaotic characteristics of a logistic-type difference equation using Mann orbit. Due to the presence of an added parameter <i>α</i> the resulting orbit provides superior chaotic characteristics from those of the existing characteristics in chaotic maps. As compared to existing chaotic maps it provides more efficient and effective chaotic characteristics like better sensitivity, suitable maximum Lyapunov exponent value and superior stability behavior. The results are carried out mathematically as well as experimentally followed by theorems, a few counterexamples and some concluding remarks. Moreover, a superior discrete traffic flow model using macroscopic approach and Greenshield's model is also described.

EVALUASI KINERJA JALAN NASIONAL TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK LALU LINTAS PADA RUAS JALAN NASIONAL KOTA PALEMBANG

The roads transportation is an important infrastructure as one of the land transportation infrastructures for the movement of social activities and to support economic development, specifically in Palembang City. The population growth of Palembang City has resulted in an increase in the number of vehicles and highway users. As a result, transportation activities in Palembang, especially at Parameswara roads are increasing. The impact of this, there will be heavy traffic volume, resulting in conflicts on the road, which lead to traffic accidents. Therefore, there will be congestion and a decrease in the performance of the road speed.The research is conducted at Parameswara Road in Palembang that visually diminished the ability to accommodate the road traffic volume per day, accordingly the effect of traffic that occurs due to the lack of road capacity as the sequence of large volume traffic. The purpose of this study is to determine the capacity and level of road services to carried out the performance value on this road. The method used in the analysis is the Greenshield model, Greenberg, and Underwood. This study explains the maximum volume at peak hour that develop on Monday is between 1561 smp/hour and 1549 smp/hour. Whereas the lowest is around 1225 smp/hour and 1008 smp/hour that occurs on Sunday. Therefore, the analysis of service level on the research years at Parameswara Road depicts the saturated traffic conditions and low starting speed with D service index category and service level analysis at 10 years of planning time projections, the lpda result is from 2022 to 2026, The Parameswara road conditions at E and F service index categories are the traffic jam circumstances and slight speed. Hence, it necessitates constructing a non-plot way at Parameswara Road intersection to tackle this traffic congestion.Keywords: Greenshield, Greenberg, Underwood, Road Capacity.

Study the impact of railway crossing severity on the traffic characteristics

The surfaces of the road must not be contain undesired condition such as loose aggregates, potholes, cracking, rutting, bad railway crossing which the quality of road service and indeed the quantity of traffic provided would be reduced significantly. The main purpose and objectives of the present study are to measure traffic volume and speed under control condition and then evaluating them under adverse condition of railway crossing with different severity: low, medium, and high. In the present study, traffic and speed were recorded. Greenshields model is adopted to find the relationship between the traffic characteristics. The results show that the traffic characteristics of the control section were 86.86 (Km/h) and 1592 (vph) for speed and traffic flow, respectively. The impact of the railway crossing on the traffic can be summarized, where the speed reduced to 28.8%, 46.27%, and 70.57% for low, medium, and high railway crossing severity, respectively. Finally, the models for traffic capacity; speed with pavement condition index PCI have been found. The predicted models have a good correlation between traffic capacity; speed with PCI where the correlation coefficient (R2) was greater than 0.9..

Analisis Perkiraan Tingkat Pelayanan Jalan (Studi Kasus Rencana Tol Dalam Kota Jakarta Ruas Bekasi Raya)

In 2017, Jakarta was ranked as 7th most congested city in the world. To overcome the problem of congestion in Jakarta, the Government implements the construction of road infrastructure through 6 toll roads inside Jakarta City, but the construction causes pros and contra regarding the effects of induced demand. This research aimed to analyze the service level of Bekasi Raya road on existing and toll roads in Jakarta City and analyzing Bekasi Raya road performance after the operation of the toll road and the off ramp impact of toll road. The analysis were conducted based on Indonesian Road Capacity Manual 1997, the Greenshield model, and the Highway Capacity Manual 2000. The result showed that the level of road service in segment 1 was C for Bekasi and D for the Pulogadung direction. In segment 2 the level of service was E for both directions, and in segment 3 the level of service was C. The level of the toll road service was C for both directions. The toll roads construction would increase the level of road service to C and reduce vehicle volume of 64,1% in Bekasi direction and 45,2% for Pulogadung (Jakarta) direction. The off ramp impact was the the toll road would not experience significant congestion until 2035.

Macroscopic Flow Models of State Highway Midblocks under Mixed Traffic Flow Conditions: Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard Case Study

Macroscopic flow modelling has been fundamentally used to characterize and predict the traffic flow parameters of a continuous road utilizing the analogy for one-dimensional fluid flow. In the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard is a major arterial road that links Manila City to various important cities in the Metropolis. Due to its noticeable deteriorating performance in addressing the increasing traffic flow demand, this work investigated the corridor capacity and characterized the key traffic elements along the major mid blocks using Greenshields model. It is assumed that road users behave uniformly and continuously distributed over the highway to choose a path to minimize their total travel time based on instantaneous traffic information. Investigation shows volume demands exceeding the design traffic capacities equivalent to 0.7429, 1.7959, 0.7226, and 1.4726 VCR ratios.

Traffic noise level handling on A P Pettarani road towards elevated toll road construction

The construction of the elevated toll road is part of the transportation network system, in addition to managing the traffic system in the area to be more integrated, the facility is also used to deal with congestion that often occurs, as well as the construction plan of elevated toll on Pettarani road is expected to reduce the level of congestion that occurs. Based on previous studies, the prediction of noise levels on AP. Pettarani roads when the elevated toll road is operating with a shift estimated of 25% of the vehicle’s volume to the elevated toll road at 79.58 dB. Therefore, we need a way to handle the noise level on the AP Pettarani road if the elevated toll road is operating. Traffic load analysis is performed using the V-S-D (volume, speed and density) model analysis. The V-S-D model analysis consists of 3 models namely the Greenshield Model, the Greenberg Model, and the Underwood Model. The results of the V-S-D model analysis obtained are the Underwood Model at each point of the scenario so that it is used to calculate the average speed on the road segment according to the traffic volume. Then the results of the analysis and statistical tests through several variations of the simulation have obtained the best noise level handling by using traffic loading on the AP Pettarani Road through 50% motorcycle switch to the BRT (Bus Rapid Transyt) and can reduce the noise level by 3.05 dB.

Evacuation Control of Crowds of Pedestrians: Distributed or Decentralized?

Abstract Evacuation of crowds in a corridor with only one exit has been considered in this paper where distributed controllers have been constructed to regulate the crowd’s evacuation speed so that stampede tragedy can be avoided. Macroscopic model for crowds of pedestrians has been firstly derived based on inspiration of LWR (Lighthill-Whitham and Richards) model and Greenshields model from traffic system where finite volume method has been introduced to simplify the obtained PDEs into finite ODEs. Distributed evacuation controllers have been constructed based on inspiration of multi-agent system and stability analysis of obtained closed-loop system has been simplified to linear system with the delicate controllers proposed. Comparisons between distributed evacuation controllers and previous evacuation controllers have also been presented to show the advantages and disadvantages of different controllers under different initial density of crowds so that tragedy of crowd stampede can be effectively avoided with appropriate selection of different controllers.