Green State Research Articles

Production and design-value assessment of number one grade three-timber oak access mats

ABSTRACT To ensure the structural performance of underutilized hardwood mats of varying sizes, grades, and load durations for temporary roads under heavy stress, assessing their strength, durability, and design values is essential. This study aimed to assess the design values of three-timber bolted access mats from a single producer mill. Oak species (Quercus spp.) were used to produce the mats. 20 × 20 cm timbers were visually graded before assembly. Three-point bending tests were conducted to obtain the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). Parametric and non-parametric bending strength design values were calculated based on fifth percentiles, reduced by a factor accounting for uncertainty and 10-year load duration. The results indicate that the three-member timber mat design strength of 19 MPa in its green state met or exceeded the published value for graded oak timbers. The average MOR and MOE of the mats were 49 and 11,223 MPa, respectively. The design values obtained for these mats were among the strongest tested in recent years, highlighting their potential for structural performance in temporary road applications.

Green macrofinancial regimes

Debates about climate policy have neglected the question of macrofinancial pathways to decarbonisation, not all of which are economically and politically viable. We propose a theory of macrofinancial regimes, understood as combinations of monetary, fiscal, and financial institutions that shape the creation and allocation of credit/money, and hence the speed and nature of the green transition. Focusing on two dimensions—the scale of green public spending and the degree of discipline imposed on private capital—we derive a typology of four regimes. Derisking regimes are low-discipline: under weak derisking, a fiscally constrained state tweaks the risk-return profile on infrastructure assets to reduce the carbon footprint of the economy’s existing sectoral structure; under robust derisking, the state subsidizes capital expenditure in cleantech manufacturing directly, and with the ambition to alter the economy’s sectoral composition. Derisking regimes are rendered unstable by coordination problems and regressive distributional consequences. This may tip societies into a carbon shock therapy regime under which discipline is enforced by carbon prices and market competition, resulting in a disorderly transition path. Alternatively, institutional reforms that increase the state’s capacity to spend and to discipline capital may give rise to a big green state regime where coordination is achieved through state-led planning.

Benchtop Machining of Self-Standing Alumina Doughs for Low-Number Fabrication and Prototyping.

Cold isostatic pressing, gel casting, and protein coagulation are the most common techniques to produce green bodies prior to computer numerical control (CNC)-based machining for the near-net-scale shaping of ceramics. These methods typically involve various additives and entail several steps to create a green body that is capable of withstanding machining forces. Here, utilizing a single additive, we first introduced a facile benchtop method to generate self-standing, malleable doughs of alumina in under 2 min. We then optimized the parameters of CNC machining to obtain surfaces with minimum surface roughness and produced custom-sized crucibles as a showcase for low-number production. To consolidate a dough from highly loaded suspensions of alumina, we employed a poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted random copolymer of acrylic acid and N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide at 0.75 wt % with respect to the weight of alumina powder. We surveyed machining parameters with spindle speeds ranging from 5000 to 30000 rpm and cutting speeds from 1000 to 1800 mm/min using 1 and 2 mm tool sizes. The highest surface quality, characterized by the minimal surface roughness as evaluated by profilometry, was achieved at a spindle speed of 20000 rpm and a cutting speed of 1200 mm/min with a 1 mm tool and at a spindle speed of 15000 rpm and a cutting speed of 1800 mm/min with a 2 mm tool. Upon sintering, the hardness of the machined samples was measured to be 15.16 ± 1.15 GPa. Additionally, we demonstrated the recycling of alumina (up to 30 wt % of alumina content) sourced from intentionally broken parts in the green state. The recycling scheme contributes to the lowering of the use of resources and emphasizes the possibility of a greener future for ceramic production on a broader scale. Overall, this cost-effective and easy-to-implement methodology starts at the materials formulation level and parametrization of the machining paves the way for immediate industrial adaptation.

Green economic planning for rapid decarbonisation

ABSTRACT Sustainable futures require deep social and economic transformations to address climate change adequately. The current landscape of intergovernmental and market-based coordination is not delivering this outcome. In response, political economic scholarship is congregating around the concept of the green state as a corrective to the status quo. In spite of this resurgence of interest in the green state, much research takes place in issue-specific silos without exploring synergies between them. Our contribution is to call for an integrative agenda focused on ‘green economic planning’, a form of state-led decarbonisation whereby the state designs and implements structural complementarities between macro-financial architectures, industrial policy, and private sector incentives. Our evidence for this approach is taken from historical cases of indicative planning in post-war democracies, contemporary cases of sectoral planning by states, and finally, planning by multinational corporations. We draw not only on political economy but also on scholarship in the fields of business, environment, energy and economic history. The upshot is a new research agenda focusing on state planning capacity in hierarchical coordination institutions and multinational corporations as research laboratories for the study of the organisational and technological infrastructure needed for state planning.

A study of family climate and Academic Achievements of tribal secondary school students in Seraikela -Kharaswan district of Jharkhand

India's newly formed state Jharkhand (15 Nov 2000) is identified by its tribal population. In which Jharkhand is ranked sixth in the country. Our Jharkhand is a green state full of minerals and rich communities. Despite this, our state is a backward state. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a connection between the family climate and academic achievement in tribal secondary school students. With reference to their gender and locality. Further, it was also intended to find out the difference between the boy and girl students in terms of academic achievement. The researcher adopted a correlational research design for the study. 80 tribal secondary school students of class X consisting of 40 boys and 40 girls from rural and urban areas were taken as a sample by random sampling technique. The research tools used for the study were Family Climate Scale and the student's academic achievement scores. data were analyzed by using Mean, standard deviation, Person product- moment correlation and t-test. The findings showed that gender and location were positively correlated with the family climate of tribal secondary school students as well as their academic success. Moreover, the family climate of boy and girl tribal students at secondary school did not different significantly.

Стратегічний інструментарій розвитку зеленого туризму в агробізнесі

The article substantiates the strategic directions of the development of green tourism in agrarian business and substantiates the necessity of introducing the creation of a tourist cluster in the Sumy region. Attention is focused on the planning of rural green tourism, such as the project of creating a green estate. In addition, modeling the optimization of tourism activities in the rural green tourism sector was carried out, and the scenarios of tourism development in Ukraine during the post-war period were substantiated. Green tourism is a form of tourism designed to reduce the negative impact of human activity on the natural environment, preserve it, and promote the sustainable development of local communities. This type of tourism aims to preserve natural and cultural resources, use environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources, and support local producers and traditional industries. Green tourism can include ecologically sound holidays in nature reserves, national parks, eco-hotels, and eco-tours. The main goal of green tourism is to ensure harmony between tourist activities and the natural environment, which contributes to preserving biodiversity and ecosystems. Green tourism can be important for rural areas in several ways. Green tourism can become a source of additional income for residents and businesses. It promotes the development of agriculture, crafts, and local products, attracting tourists to purchase local products and services. A significant stimulating effect of the development of green tourism can be the improvement of tourist infrastructure in rural areas, such as hotels, restaurants, tourist routes, and other services that contribute to improving residents’ quality of life. Therefore, green tourism can play an important role in promoting rural areas’ economic, socio-cultural, and ecological development. Keywords: green tourism, green marketing, agribusiness, customer life cycle, green estate, socially responsible marketing.

Lean Green Tendency

Lean philosophy and Green practices have been identified as management approaches that allow organizations to reach better economic and environmental results. Nevertheless, some authors argue that results can be enhanced with the integration of the Lean and Green practices. This synchronous effort has led to the developing a new Lean philosophy branch, the Lean Green. Goal: This work aims to deepen the Lean Green state of the art, as well as to understand how companies have adopted it. Design / Methodology / Approach: The methodology was supported by a systematic literature review following three steps: Planning, data collection, data analysis throughout content analysis. Results: The results showed that Lean Green is still an emerging theme in scientific research, with an increasing trend of publications worldwide in the last six years, adopting distinctive research strategies. Companies' main motivations and barriers to adopting Lean Green were also identified. Finally, were identified the key factors that could help organizations to adopt Lean Green, namely critical implementation factors, facilitator models and tools, and the main results and advantages obtained. Limitations of the investigation: The main work´s limitation is that it was considered only the Scopus database. Practical implications: Help companies find solutions that enhance their performance and competitiveness, reduce their environmental impact, and improve their social responsibility. Originality/Value: The originality of this work is defended by crossing the results at the academic and practical levels. This allows the usefulness of academic research results by bringing them into a practical organizational context.

Facile preparation of vanadium oxide films under varied calcination temperature and their multicolor electrochromic behaviors

A vanadium oxide (VO) film was prepared on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass using a simple electrophoretic method and the VO film and its device demonstrated multicolor electrochromic properties of yellow, green, orange-red, and their intermediate colors. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were employed to characterize the composition of the as-prepared films. The ratio of V5+/V4+ in the XPS is significantly different in the yellow, green, and orange-red states and this ratio can be adjusted by applied voltages. The detailed effect of calcination temperature as a post-treatment method on the electrochromic performance of VO film was explored. With the increase of calcination temperature, the optical modulation ability of the films was enhanced, and the color change contrast of the films was most obvious at 200 °C. Meanwhile, the cyclic stability of the VO films was also enhanced. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves show that the prepared V2O5 films have high cyclic stability at a calcination temperature of 300 °C. The color efficiency (CE) values of the VO devices were 3.4 cm2C-1 (from initial yellow to green) and 21.6 cm2C-1 (from green to orange-red) at 700 nm, and the coloring time (Tc) and bleaching time (Tb) of the VO devices were 6 s and 10 s, respectively. This work develops a simple and environmentally friendly method to prepare VO films and their devices with multicolor electrochromic properties.

Preparation and electrochromic properties of polyethylene oxide intercalated Vanadium pentoxide composite films and devices

A stable and efficient composite electrochromic material, Vanadium Pentoxide combined with polyethylene oxide (V₂O₅-PEO), was exhibited using an Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) technique. The interlayer spacing of V₂O₅ was adjusted by the PEO component during electrophoretic adsorption, allowing for rapid ion exchange, with overall conductivity being enhanced and electrolyte penetration being accelerated. The elemental composition of the films was analyzed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). A higher relative content of V⁴⁺ was observed in the green and blue states, while V⁵⁺ was predominant in the orange state. An electrochromic device (ECD) was assembled using V₂O₅-PEO as the active electrochromic layer. Multicolor performance was demonstrated by the device, with transitions observed between yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green, orange, and various intermediate shades. Due to the moderate increase in the interlayer spacing of the film, the ionic migration ability was enhanced, with a balance achieved between the conductivity and ion exchange capability of PEO. Outstanding electrochromic performance was exhibited by the V₂O₅-0.5PEO device, including a rapid response time (3 s for coloration and 1.5 s for bleaching at 796 nm), high optical contrast (ΔT = 40 % at 796 nm), and a significant coloration efficiency (CE = 38.3 cm2/C).

Constructing Bionic Perovskite Smart Photovoltaic Windows with Switchable Colors and High Cycling Stability.

Smart photovoltaic windows (SPWs) provide a high-efficiency and energy-saving strategy owing to the dual capabilities of electricity generation and sunlight modulation achieved by tunable colors and transmittances. Due to the deterioration of chromic process on photovoltaic layers, SPWs usually suffer from poor cycling stability. Moreover, thermochromic SPWs with a multilayer structure usually change transmittance without reversible color transitions. To address these issues, inspired by chameleon skin, bionic SPWs are designed and constructed by integrating hydrogel, CsPbBr3 semitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs), and transparent polymer film. The SPWs realize reversible transitions between transparent green (25°C) and opaque yellow (45°C) states in a short duration (2min) under natural conditions. By optimizing perovskite film and ultrathin-metal electrodes, CsPbBr3 ST-PSCs achieve a good trade-off between transmittance and efficiency, delivering the highest photovoltaic efficiency (8.35%) and a record light utilization efficiency (4.43). Ultimately, the multilayer SPWs maintain stable optical properties and more than 88% initial conversion efficiency after 100 transition cycles, presenting excellent cycling stability. This study proposes a novel approach and device structure for SPWs with high cycling stability, switchable colors, and switchable transmittances. It also paves the way for smart photovoltaic deployment in buildings and many other fields.

How to resist the Wall Street Consensus: the maneuverability of a Vietnamese green state within international financial subordination

Between 2017 and 2021, Vietnam saw the fastest annual proportional increase in renewables ever seen across the world. This was financially supported by the state-owned energy company, Vietnam Electric (EVN), with debt and equity from domestic and Asian regional sources. Vietnam’s experience contributes to an emerging research agenda at the intersection of the ‘green state’ and ‘international financial subordination’: It questions the Wall Street Consensus’s concern about international finance limiting host countries’ policy maneuverability. Drawing on primary data from 33 interviews, I analyze Vietnam’s experience through the case of EVN. I find that within its international financial constraints, Vietnam resisted the Wall Street Consensus. Instead, Vietnam used feed-in-tariffs as a less restrictive de-risking tool to attract domestic and regional financiers who assessed project risks differently from their Western counterparts. I show how the Vietnamese state did this by using EVN as a tool for market-creation through mission-driven and state-owned enterprise (SOE)-orchestrated de-risking – without resorting to the debilitating guarantees entailed by the Wall Street Consensus. Extrapolating from the Vietnamese case, I argue that Global South countries may be able to resist the Wall Street Consensus and maintain sufficient maneuverability for a green state approach despite the limitations imposed by international financial subordination.

Freeform 3D deposition of small diameter copper tubes using a powder-binder feedstock

AbstractCopper is an interesting material for many applications including thermal management devices, which make often use of copper piping. This study proposes a method for the freeform deposition of a copper-binder feedstock, extruded through an additive manufacturing machine. Several tubes have been printed using a special nozzle and varying process parameters. The dimensional results of the deposited specimens at the green state and the physical properties of the tubes after debinding and sintering have been measured. The results demonstrate that piping in serpentine layout can be deposited by extrusion and sintered, even with sharp bends without significant ovalization of the cross-section.

Path to Green Economy: Analyzing Innovation, Investment and Taxation in Kazakhstan

The concept of a green economy has gained significant attention, aiming to achieve sustainable development without environmental harm. This study examines Kazakhstan's transition to a green economy, focusing on indicators such as green innovation, investment in environmental protection, and green taxes. Despite Kazakhstan's commitment to a carbon-neutral economy by 2060, significant challenges were identified. The methodology involved three steps: descriptive analysis of green economy indicators for 2016–2022, correlation analysis to identify significant relationships, and trend forecasting for 2023–2025 using a linear regression model. This approach provided a thorough examination of the green economy's current state and future projections. Over the study period, the number of organizations engaged in environmental innovation and their activity levels have decreased. Investments in environmental protection showed initial growth, but declined in recent years. Conversely, there has been an increase in environmental taxes, reflecting the government’s focus on tax instruments to promote sustainable development. Correlation analysis revealed complex interdependencies, indicating that higher investments and taxes are often associated with lower levels of green innovation activity. Projections for 2023-2025 suggest a further decline in green innovation indicators unless significant policy measures are taken. The study underscores the need for a balanced approach that encourages green innovation while maintaining robust investment and tax bases.

Do spectral reflectance indices distinguish between the greenness in three different moss species in moss banks on Galindez Island (Argentine Islands)?

Spectral reflectance indices of green state of Warnstorfia fontinaliopsis, Chorisodontium aciphyllum and Sanionia georgicouncinata on moss bank in the Galindez Island (Argentine Islands) were measured using a handheld spectrometer PolyPen RP 410 UVIS (Photon Systems Instruments, Drásov, Czech Republic) within the range of 380–790 nm in order to find suitable ones for effective classification of moss species within the same colour state (green). Among altogether 19 indices tested, there were some which did not differ significantly between the studied species (subgroup 1). Other indices (subgroup 2) were sensitive enough to distinguish one of the studied species from the others, and finally (subgroup 3), they were found statistically significantly different for all studied moss species. Also, the indices calculated at wavelengths typical for UAV spectral cameras (green, red and red edge channels) showed species-specific differences and can be potentially used to distinguish between different mosses within the same green physiological state indicating a good vigor.

Industrial policy and the green state: Forging a world after growth

AbstractThe resurgence of industrial policy is reshaping the global political economy and creating emergent formations that could help create green states. Such green states can seed a world after growth. Growth is often taken for granted as a natural purpose of states and an appropriate basis of public policy. However, it has a recent political-economic and cosmological history. This suggests that an age after growth is not only possible but likely. In the current conjuncture of crises and challenges, industrial strategies that bring together environmental, social justice, and pro-growth coalitions offer the best chance to meet climate goals and improve the prospects for inclusive prosperity globally. In addition, there is evidence that industrial policy is providing a platform to build active states, rebalance state–business relations, forge new systems of calculation, and gather cosmological resources for new action.

“And Everybody Had a Good Time?”: A History of Hazing at Bowling Green State University, 1920–55

“And Everybody Had a Good Time?”: A History of Hazing at Bowling Green State University, 1920–55

Financialization and an emerging “green investor state”: Examining China's use of state‐backed funds for green transition

Financialization and an emerging “green investor state”: Examining China's use of state‐backed funds for green transition

Fluorescent, multifunctional anti-counterfeiting, fast response electrophoretic display based on TiO2/CsPbBr3 composite particles

Traditional optical anti-counterfeiting (AC) is achieved by static printed images, which makes them susceptible to lower levels of security and easier replication. Therefore, it is essential to develop AC device with dynamic modulation for higher security. Electrophoretic display (EPD) has the advantages of low power consumption, high ambient contrast ratio, and capability of showing dynamic images which is suitable for dynamic AC applications. Herein, we prepared a dynamical AC device based on a fluorescent EPD, and achieving the image switch between black, white, and green fluorescence states under the dual-mode driving (electronic field and UV light). We loaded perovskite quantum dots (CsPbBr3) onto the TiO2 particles and further prepared fluorescent electrophoretic particles TiO2/CsPbBr3-3-PLMA (TiO/CPB-3) by grafting and polymerizing method. In addition, we fabricated the AC devices based on the fluorescent EPD, which exhibits the multifunctional AC, where the fluorescent EPD has a fast response time of 350 ms, a high contrast ratio of 17, and bright green fluorescence. This prototype demonstrates a new way for future dynamic AC and identification.

Green and solid state reduction of GO monolayers sandwiched between Arachidic acid LB layers

A novel, single step and environment friendly solid state approach for reduction of graphene oxide (GO) monolayers has been demonstrated, in which, arachidic acid/GO/arachidic acid (AA/GO/AA) sandwich structure obtained by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique was heat treated at moderate temperatures to obtain RGO sheets. Heat treatment of AA/GO/AA sandwich structure at 200 °C results in substantial reduction of GO, with concurrent removal of AA molecules. Such developed RGO sheets possess sp2-C content of ∼69 %, O/C ratio of ∼0.17 and significantly reduced I(D)/I(G) ratio of ∼1.1. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) studies on RGO sheets evidenced significant increase in density of states in immediate vicinity of Fermi level and decrease in work function after reduction. Bottom gated field effect transistors fabricated with isolated RGO sheets displayed charge neutrality point at a positive gate voltage, indicating p-type nature, consistent with UPS and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) measurement results. The RGO sheets obtained by heat treatment of AA/GO/AA sandwich structure exhibited conductivity in the range of 2–7 S/cm and field effect mobility of 0.03–2 cm2/Vs, which are comparable with values reported for RGO sheets obtained by various chemical/thermal reduction procedures. The extent of GO reduction is determined primarily by proximity of AA molecules and found to be unaltered with either escalation of heat treatment temperature or increase of AA content in sandwich structure. The single-step GO reduction approach demonstrated in this work is an effective way for development of RGO monolayers with high structural quality towards graphene-based electronic device applications.

Enhancing thermoelectric effect with BaTiO3-doped ZrO2 tapes and ferromagnetic nanostructures

The Anomalous Nernst Effect (ANE) emerges as a promising candidate for converting heat into electricity through magnetic nanostructures. However, the substrate plays a central role in optimizing this phenomenon for future technological applications. Tapes of ZrO2 and BaTiO3-doped ZrO2, manufactured by tape casting, possess characteristic flexibility in the green state, which makes them suitable for use as coverings on virtually any curved surface. Moreover, BaTiO3 ceramic materials present piezoelectric properties, which, when combined with thermoelectric properties, can generate interesting heterostructures with simultaneous thermal and vibrational power conversion capabilities. This study explores the combination of tape casting and magnetron sputtering to improve the functionalization of ceramic tapes with ferromagnetic nanostructures. Specifically, it investigates the quasi-static and thermoelectric properties of heterostructures created by depositing NiFe thin films onto sintered ZrO2 and BaTiO3-doped ZrO2 tapes using magnetron sputtering. The results indicate a 71 % increase in the effective thermoelectric coefficient as the amount of BaTiO3 in the ceramic substrate increases. These findings suggest a new approach to integrating these techniques for the production of multifunctional materials for thermoelectric energy conversion.