Greenland Research Articles

Study of Soil Carbon Reserves in Conservation Area in Gili Meno, North Lombok

Gili Meno is a small island located to the north of Lombok Island which is included in a conservation area with high potential as a tourist destination. As a tourist destination, there has been a conversion of green land into hotels and other tourist facilities which has led to changes in land use patterns. In order to reduce the increase in earth's surface temperature due to GHG emissions, especially CO2, CO2 mitigation efforts are needed by squesting carbon into the soil. Research on soil carbon stocks on Gili Meno has been carried out using descriptive methods with survey techniques, namely by taking soil samples in several types of land cover at two depths, namely 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. The soil samples taken were used for analysis of c-organic and some physical characteristics of the soil. Based on the data obtained, mangrove land cover has the largest potential carbon reserves, namely 89.36 tons.ha-1, then followed by shrub land cover, then coconut plantations, and finally open land and settlements with values respectively 57, 50 ton.ha-1, 44.11 ton.ha-1, and 36.15 ton.ha-1. The high soil carbon reserves in the mangrove ecosystem compared to other land covers reflect that the carbon storage potential of mangrove land covers is better compared to other land cover types. Thus, for long-term land management, the sustainability of mengrove plants must be maintained.

Local Government Environmental Attention and Urban Land Green Use Efficiency in China: The Intermediary Role of Industrial Restructuring

Local governments in China have decision-making authority over urban land use, and their level of environmental attention influences the green use of urban land. However, the impact of local government environmental attention on urban land green use efficiency and its mechanisms remain unclear. This study utilizes panel data from 284 cities from 2003 to 2020 in China and employs fixed effects models and mediation analysis to investigate the pathways through which local government environmental attention affects urban land green use efficiency. The main results are as follows: (1) Through a series of significance tests, local government environmental attention has a significant positive influence on urban land green use efficiency in cities. (2) Further research suggests that both the quantity and quality of industrial structure upgrading act as intermediaries between local government environmental attention and urban land green use efficiency, while the rationalization of industrial structure plays a partial masking role rather than acting as an intermediary. (3) Furthermore, a regional heterogeneity analysis indicates that the impact of local government environmental attention on urban land green use efficiency is significant in the central region but not in the eastern and western regions. Based on these research findings, this study provides valuable policy insights aimed at contributing to green land use and sustainable development in Chinese cities.

Responses of Different Plant Taxonomic Groups to Complex Environmental Factors in Peri-Urban Wetlands

Wetland plants are essential for ecosystem functions. However, wetland plants in peri-urban areas have been affected by increased human interference. Hence, analyzing the drivers of plant diversity could be extremely useful for biodiversity conservation. The main objective was to investigate the response of plant diversity in wetlands (e.g., plant richness, plant abundance, and taxonomic distinctness) to the environment in peri-urban areas. The results show that the wetland area is the most important factor influencing plant diversity in peri-urban areas. Plant richness and abundance decreased significantly with a decreasing wetland area. The cultivated land decreased the abundance of native plants and indirectly promoted native plant growth and spread by increasing the total organic carbon content of the water. Forest encroachment on wetlands significantly reduced native plant abundance. The effects of soil pH, water body pH, soil organic matter, and slope on introduced species showed opposite trends to those on native plants. Introduced plants were significantly more adapted to the land use around the wetland than native plants. The green land and forest areas promoted the spread of introduced plants. Introduced plants were significantly less adapted to the physicochemical properties of the soil and water than native species. Humans, through agricultural cultivation, have caused introduced plants in cultivated lands to escape to wetlands, resulting in an increase in introduced species. The riparian zone length showed opposite effects for aquatic and terrestrial plants. Pollution from urbanization and agriculture both positively and negatively affects aquatic plants. The response of aquatic plants to nutrients in the water was better than their response to soil nutrients and the response of terrestrial plants to soil nutrients. Terrestrial plants can better withstand pollution from urbanization and agricultural activities, as well as the erosion of wetlands from forested and cultivated lands.

On conservation of world heritage Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal for enhancing cultural ecosystem services

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries unique social and cultural significance as a world cultural heritage, but with the acceleration of global urbanization, it has potentially severe environmental risks under continuous anthropogenic disturbances. Therefore, to protect the ecological and cultural values of the Grand Canal, it is necessary to assess the corresponding relationship of water quality to land use and the perception of ecosystem services that focus on cultural ecosystem services (CES). This study aims to analyze the water quality response to land use in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, describe the land use types closely related to water quality, and propose corresponding management strategies for enhancing CES. This study investigated the impacts of land use structure and landscape pattern on water quality by calculating the correlation between land use structure and landscape pattern indices and water quality in buffer zones of different distances on both sides of the canal. The results show that green land dominates the land use structure and can effectively reduce water pollution in the canal. On the other hand, urban impervious surfaces showed a significant positive correlation with pollution contributing to low water quality. We accessed the impact of water quality on the perception of CES in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and proposed optimization strategies for promoting CES. Both content analysis and thematic analysis were applied to analyze the impact of the water environment quality of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal on the perception of CES. We found that the perceptions of CES along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are associated with the public’s opinions on its cultural heritage services and artistic inspiration services. The perceptions of CES are closely related to the quality of the water environment and riparian greenness, which affect the values of cultural heritage and conservation of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

BEDOI: BENCHMARKS FOR DETERMINING OVERLAPPING IMAGES WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRIC INFORMATION

Abstract. For conventional SfM pipeline, image matching is enduring limitation when considering the time efficiency. In the last few years, to speed up image matching procedure, many image retrieval works were proposed to fast find overlapping image pairs, e.g., bag-of-word that clusters hand-crafted local features in a hierarchical way for efficient similar image retrieval, or learning-based global features (such as, VGG or ResNet) are used to represent image in a global compact manner. However, there are rarely benchmarks with referenced overlapping information to: first, evaluate the retrieval performance; second, fine tune deep-learning models along the direction that is more capable to deal with overlapping image pairs.In this work, based on traditional photogrammetric procedures, relevant photogrammetric information is obtained including image orientation parameters, 3D mesh model and etc., we then generate a benchmark for determining Overlapping Images - BeDOI, in which referenced pairwise overlapping relationships are estimated via rigorous photogrammetric geometry. To extend the generality, in total, BeDOI contains 13667 images which are basically UAV and close-range images of various scene categories, e.g., urban cities, campus, village, historical relics, green land, buildings and etc. Lastly, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed BeDOI, several image retrieval methods are tested and the experimental results are reported as a competition challenge.

Kajian Lingkungan Pembangunan Gedung Bertingkat di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta Special Region is widely known as a student, tourist, and cultural city. These conditions triggered Yogyakarta's development and growth to be very rapid. So environmental problems arise, which, if not immediately addressed, will worsen environmental conditions. The type of research carried out was descriptive-qualitative through observation and interviews. The research results showed that many developments violated legal and environmental rules. The environmental impacts that occur include a reduction in the amount of green open land, a reduction in water catchment areas, sanitation problems, groundwater availability, and river pollution. Disaster risks arising from development include landslides on river borders due to development, flooding, and land shifts. Efforts that need to be implemented to manage and prevent environmental damage include the implementation of environmental and social management systems, the implementation of institutional functions, and efforts to develop community capacity through training and community education. Meanwhile, efforts are being made to reduce disaster risk through physical mitigation, biological mitigation, and the mitigation of social, economic, and cultural impacts.

RAV model: Study on urban refined climate environment assessment and ventilation corridors construction

Urban ventilation corridors play a crucial role in regulating urban climate, alleviating urban heat island effect and deterioration of air quality. Considering various factors influencing the city wind environment and based on GIS evaluation methods, we establish a refined assessment model for urban ventilation (RAV model), which provides a reference for the ventilation corridors design. In case of Xi'an, a typical inland city in China, the thermal load index composed of land surface temperature and PM2.5 concentration is introduced to distinguish the urban cold islands and heat islands. The RAV model is calculated according to six influencing factors related to urban spatial morphology, including water body, green land area, road density, average building height, building density, and urban terrain. Furthermore, we have developed ventilation assessment maps with spatial resolutions of 100 and 10 m, which are more refined than the scale of existing studies. On this basis, combined with urban wind environment and the thermal load map, a multi-stage air duct system is generated by using the least-cost path method. As a result, the study area revealed six candidate first-class air ducts, as well as the metropolitan area of Xi'an revealed four candidate second-class air ducts. The evaluation results are more pragmatic than those based on frontal area density. This study provides quantitative reference for urban climate zoning optimization and ventilation corridor control strategies in the process of cost effective and environmentally habitable cities.

Study On The Availability Of Public Green Open Space Using Geographic Information System Data On Public Green Open Space In The City Of Tebing Tinggi

Based on Spatial Planning Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Article 29 states that the proportion of public green open space is 20% of the city area. In Tebing Tinggi City, based on the 2013-2033 RTRW of Tebing Tinggi City, it is stated that Public RTH covers an area of ​​approximately 72.49 Ha or 1.89% of the city area, which means it is not in accordance with the mandate of Spatial Planning Law No. 26 2007 concerning Spatial Planning. This research was conducted to assess the availability of existing public green open space in Tebing Tinggi City based on image interpretation techniques, spatial distribution, the area of ​​existing public green open space, the service radius of existing public green open space, and the suitability of existing public green open space land. This type of research uses quantitative research and uses spatial analysis techniques. The results identified as many as 60 public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City with an accuracy score of 86.36%, which means that the interpretation is considered correct because the spatial distribution pattern of public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City is random because the distribution of public green open spaces is not evenly distributed in all sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi City. From the results of the spatial distribution pattern, digitization was then carried out with the result that the total public open space area was 105.27 Ha, which was dominated by the burial area of ​​59.67 Ha or 57.07%. Then, based on each area of ​​green open space obtained, a topological classification of public green open space is carried out, consisting of 7 typologies of green open space, namely City Forest, City Park, District Park, Village Park, RW Park, RT Park, Cemetery and Green Belt, which is then analyzed. Service radius. As a result, it is known that the City of Tebing Tinggi has not been served optimally by public green open space because there is not yet one type of public green open space typology that is capable of serving the city of Tebing Tinggi based on buffer analysis carried out using ArcGis. The only public green open space whose service radius almost covers the city of Tebing Tinggi is the cemetery whose existing existence is capable of serving 99.19 percent of the area of ​​the city of Tebing Tinggi. Finally, a land suitability analysis was carried out between the existing public green open space and the Tebing Tinggi City RTRW for 2013-2033 which resulted in land suitability of 79.92%. Meanwhile, the remaining 20.08% was designated for areas that were not public green open space.

Examining the informal urban growth trends in a Port city

Rapid urban developmental growth is a heated debate worldwide due to environmental challenges. This research has examined the spatiotemporal trend of informal built-up growth in Karachi city. Using a geo-information system, the past twenty years (2000–2020) trends of informal built-up growth are examined. For attaining the research objectives, geo-referenced high-resolution maps and satellite images are used for accuracy based spatial data. Karachi is divided into five different land use and land cover (LULC): formal built-up, informal built-up, vacant, water bodies, and green spaces. Spatial data of informal built-up growth change of five different years, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 are generated through acquired maps digitization using ArcMap. Subsequently, the gains and transfers of Karachi's informal built-up growth based on five years 2000–2005, 2005–2010, 2010–2015, and 2015–2020 are analyzed using the Land Change Modeler (LCM) in IDRISI software. Also, land use land cover changes (LULCC) are predicted for the next 40 years (2020–2060) using the integrated Cellular Automata Markov (CA-Markov) simulation model in IDRISI. The results revealed that Karachi's built-up is expanding rapidly. Land conversion into the informal built-up area is alarming, as it has changed from 144.31 km2 to 217.19 km2 with 72.88 km2 in the past twenty years (2000–2020) and has occupied green and agricultural land. Most informal built-up areas have transitioned from vacant (71.01 km2) land use land cover (LULC). The informal built-up area could expand from 217.19 km2 to 317.63 km2, with about 100.44 km2 up to 2060. The planned and unplanned development will be towards the city's East (E) direction and will convert and ruin agriculture and vacant land. The present study provides suggestions to urban planners, administrative authorities, and policymakers to control informal growth and achieve sustainable development goals in developing countries.

Detecting changes in land occupation and use (between 1984-2021) using "GEE" and GIS tools: focus on the green structure of the future metropolis of Annaba (north-east Algeria)

Annaba, Algeria's fourth largest city, has acquired national and international importance due to its openness to the Mediterranean Sea. Over the last ten years, its rapid sprawl has continued to exacerbate the situation, leading to increased consumption of space, particularly green structures. The main objective of this study is to assess changes in land use and land cover (LULC) over the last 30 years, focusing on the green structure of the future metropolis.
 Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used to explore land cover classification using the random forest algorithm. A spatial model of the main changes in land cover between 1984, 2004 and 2021 was also generated.
 The principal drivers of land use change are human activities and urbanization, including fires and land clearing.The spatial pattern of change is mainly due to inappropriate investment policy and uncontrolled urbanisation. This is explained by the main results of the land use conversion processes between 1984 and 2021. The comparison shows a decline in forests and green land, mainly due to conversion to urbanised land, cropland, bare land or other land. Similarly, bare land and other types of land declined over the 1984-2004 period in favour of urbanised or cultivated land. Furthermore, it compromises any possibility of sustainable development at a time when we are facing climate change.

Land use planning implementation and its effect on the ecosystem in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Land use planning plays a pivotal role in the enhancement of urban ecosystems. However, very few studies evaluate the implementation of land use planning in Ethiopia and the subsequent effects on ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the efficiency and constraints of the implementation of the land use plans of Addis Ababa and their effects on the enhancement of the ecosystem. The data were collected from the Urban Planning and Development Commission, satellite images, and expert surveys. GIS, descriptive statistics, and expert judgment are employed to analyze the data. The model used for evaluating land use planning was the conformance approach, while the benefit transfer method was employed to assess the ecosystem service values. The findings revealed a disparity between the two land use plans. Both plans failed to align with the actual land use, converting the proposed land for ecosystems into physical structures. Comparing the 2006 land use plan with the 2011 land cover, it was observed that 68 %, 62.8 %, 48.8 %, and 35.2 % of proposed agriculture, urban green, waterbodies, and forest lands were transformed into built-up structures, respectively. A similar trend was observed when comparing the 2017 land use plan with the 2023 land cover, with 41 %, 25 %, 52.1, and 59 % of agricultural, forest land, urban green, and water bodies, respectively, transformed into physical structures, mainly settlements. This inconsistency between the land use plans and the actual land use hurts ecosystem services due to the encroachment by built-up structures. The lack of adherence to proposed land use plans in Addis Ababa can be attributed to poor planning projection, the proliferation of informal settlements, and interference by local governments and developers. Inadequate implementation results from the proliferation of informal settlements, a lack of proper prosecution of land violations, interference from stakeholders, a lack of synergy, and the absence of an effective legal framework. Addressing these issues requires effective security services, the involvement of relevant agencies, a land use plan review, and stringent enforcement and monitoring of the land use plan.

Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Melalui Badan Usaha Milik Desa

The presence of village Sustainable Development Goals and village-owned enterprises is crucial to the development of regional economic activities and development as well as a major part of enabling the region to open up decent employment opportunities. The position of BUMDesa and the Sustainable Development Goals program has been regulated in legislation and local government policies. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach, namely a study by describing the data that researchers have collected, both data from interviews, observation and documentation during the research. Data analysis techniques used in qualitative research include transcripts of interview results, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of data processing show that Ketapanrame Village has realized a sustainable development program through BUMDesa with 18 objectives of the village sustainable development program. The linkage shows such as the increasing welfare of the community, the lower unemployment rate because BUMDesa absorbs labor and partnerships almost entirely from the total number of villagers, the higher economy because almost all residents become BUMDesa partners. The level of village development is getting higher but the local government still maintains green land for food security and greening. Need for transparency of BUMDesa programs so that every citizen knows and understands entirely. Human Resources also need continuous coaching.

Are public green spaces distributed fairly? A nationwide analysis based on remote sensing, OpenStreetMap and census data

Green space (GS) is a crucial resource in urban areas, but not spatially uniformly distributed. We compare the availability of GS on a national scale using green land cover (GLC) and public green space (PGS). Using spatial census data we analyse GS availability and accessibility for the German population. The average GS availability differs by a factor of three between GLC and PGS. 19.2 % of Germans find less than the WHO defined target for PGS in their neighbourhood. PGS is less equally distributed among the population than GLC, and green space equity varies significantly between rural and urban areas. In areas with multi-family homes, a higher share of the population has access to sufficient PGS than in areas with predominantly single-family homes. We find a negative relation between GLC availability and share of immigrant population, which does not extend to PGS.

Green judicial land grabbing: a case study on judiciary participation in the expansion of agribusiness in the state of Tocantins

This study highlights the concentration of land in the municipality of Campos Lindos, Tocantins, along with the process of expelling traditional communities from this region which resulted from the project known as Matopiba. With the occupation of plateau areas through a state decree that expropriated these lands and handed them over to politicians and local and national authorities, a court decision also authorized the return of expansion to the lowland baixões. While these areas are the home of traditional communities, their continued occupation is now being questioned in court as the baixões are being considered as environmental reserves. Here we analyze the judicial decision that consolidated this vision; based on a study of documents and the literature revealing similar cases, signs that a pattern of “green judicial land grabbing” is forming are identified. The history of the land and occupation in this region is investigated, along with the concrete case in the judicial process and a pattern in the underlying discourse.

Research on Monitoring Technology and Analysis of Urban Green Space Ecology and Environment

Urban green land plays an active role in the process of improving urban ecological environment and the harmony between human and nature. With the economic development, industrial progress and the improvement of people's living standard, urban greenness as the regulator of urban environment has been generally concerned. The dynamic monitoring of urban green land is conducive to scientific and effective urban management, and provides scientific basis and evaluation criteria for urban green land system planning. In this paper, we use remote sensing as the observation means to systematically carry out the research of urban green land ecological environment monitoring technology and analysis. Firstly, it introduces the pre-processing techniques of remote sensing data for urban monitoring, and selects the area method, grid cell method, buffer zone method and moving window method as the key techniques for spatial measurement of urban greenness spaces, and finally evaluates the ecological effects of urban green land with the greenness environment index model of urban buildings. This paper provides the key techniques and evaluation process of urban green space remote sensing in a more systematic way, which will play an important role in garden city evaluation, ecological city evaluation, garden planning, smart city and ecological city support, urban building planning, and sponge map city construction.

Optimization of Public Green Open Spaces as an Effort to Preserve and Planning Conservation of the Environment in Klungkung Regency, Bali

This article aims to explore the Optimization of Public Green Open Spaces as an Effort to Preserve the Environment in Klungkung Regency, Bali. The research in this article will use normative legal research methods with an analytical and descriptive nature. The study found that Optimizing the amount of green open space is very important for the surrounding environment and public health. Several factors cause obstacles in arranging green open spaces in Klungkung City. One of them is the limited ability of the Klungkung City Government to obtain green available space land. In addition, limited funds are also a factor affecting the Klungkung City Government’s ability to open green spaces. In addition, the lack of comprehensive planning from the Klungkung City Government in managing the available land to be used as green open space is also an obstacle. Collaborative efforts among government, communities, and the private sector are essential for successful implementation. The application of this approach contributes to the overall improvement and preservation of the environment, leading to a more sustainable future.

Fostering in situ conservation of wild relatives of forage crops.

Most plant conservation strategies generally overlook the intra-specific genetic diversity of crop gene pools. Focusing on forage crops and their wild relatives, we present a novel approach to address the conservation of these species on meadows. Two-thirds of Swiss agricultural land is green land, mostly used for forage purposes, and their genetic diversity is being threatened. We focused here on eight plant associations gathering at least 18 taxa considered priority crop wild relatives of forage crops. Since 2020, about 1,217 high-quality surfaces (representing 1,566 hectares) nationwide have been integrated into an innovative auction-based policy instrument dedicated to conserving these populations. Here, we report the benefits and hurdles of implementing this bottom-up approach and try to estimate the quality of conservation of the forage plants' CWR gene pool. Although we focus on the Swiss case, our approach to in situ conservation offers opportunities to effectively guide conservation in other contexts. We also discuss possible ways to improve CWR conservation policy, particularly the need to better consider the populations and habitat levels.

Examining Commercial Crime Call Determinants in Alley Commercial Districts before and after COVID-19: A Machine Learning-Based SHAP Approach

Although several previous studies have examined factors influencing crime at a specific point in time, limited research has assessed how factors influencing crime change in response to social disasters such as COVID-19. This study examines factors, along with their relative importance and trends over time, and their influence on 112 commercial crime reports (illegal street vendors, dining and dashing, minor quarrels, theft, drunkenness, assault, vagrancy and disturbing the peace) in Seoul’s alley commercial districts between 2019 and 2021. Variables that may affect the number of commercial crime reports are classified into four characteristics (socioeconomic, neighborhood, park/greenery and commercial district attributes), explored using machine learning regression-based modeling and analyzed through the use of Shapley Additive exPlanations to determine the importance of each factor on crime reports. The Partial Dependence Plot is used to understand linear/non-linear relationships between key independent variables and crime reports. Among several machine learning models, the Extra Trees Regressor, which has the highest performance, is selected for the analysis. The results show a mixture of linear and non-linear relationships with the increasing crime rates, finding that store density, dawn sales ratio, the number of gathering facilities, perceived urban decline score, green view index and land appraisal value may play a crucial role in the number of commercial crimes reported, regardless of social trends. The findings of this study may be used as a basis for building a safe commercial district that can respond resiliently to social disasters.

Perancangan Rumah Ramah Lingkungan Di Desa Kertawangunan, Kuningan, Jawa Barat

Kertawangunan Town, Kuningan, West Java is a region that has a great deal of green open land as rice fields and ranches. The land can be utilized for harmless to the ecosystem structures like houses. The plan of harmless to the ecosystem private houses is planned by considering parts of existing site conditions, sun powered dissemination, wind development, and other natural perspectives to address private issues for warm solace. To accomplish that should be possible with the technique for normal ventilation and regular lighting. From the consequences of the review it was observed that the best structure direction is pointing toward the east-west, toward this path the sun sparkles the entire day. On the off chance that the light power is high, vegetation can be established nearby around the structure with obscure and cooling tree species. It can likewise give an option in contrast to the structure, like making wooden sheets toward the sun to lessen brightness and expand openings to course air from outside the room. To give regular coolness to the structure, a distance is made between the structure and the current one so the breeze can move uninhibitedly in the room. Keywords : Daylighting, desain and natural ventilation

Analysis of Land Use Change on Environmental Degradation: A Literature Review in Urban Areas

This research presents a literature review on the analysis of land use change in urban areas and its impact on environmental degradation. Rapid and uncontrolled land use change in urban areas has resulted in the conversion of green land into residential, commercial, and industrial zones, with impacts such as urban heat island, air and water pollution, and loss of natural habitats. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach. The type of research used was a literature study. The results of this study show that it is important to have an in-depth understanding of land use change trends, their impacts on the environment, and their implications for urban sustainability. The results highlight the need for wise regional planning, sustainable natural resource management, and policies that consider environmental aspects to address the challenges of environmental degradation in urban areas.