Winter Greenhouse Research Articles

Different Microgreen Genotypes Have Unique Growth and Yield Responses to Intensity of Supplemental PAR from Light-emitting Diodes during Winter Greenhouse Production in Southern Ontario, Canada

Low natural daily light integrals (DLIs) are a major limiting factor for greenhouse production during darker months (e.g., October to February in Canada). Supplemental lighting (SL) is commonly used to maintain crop productivity and quality during these periods, particularly when the supply chain demands consistent production levels year-round. What remains to be determined are the optimum SL light intensities (LIs) for winter production of a myriad of different commodities. The present study investigated the growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., ‘Black oil’), kale (Brassica napus L., ‘Red Russian’), arugula (Eruca sativa L.), and mustard (Brassica juncea L., ‘Ruby Streaks’), grown as microgreens, in a greenhouse under SL light-emitting diode (LED) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels ranging from 17.0 to 304 μmol·m−2·s−1 with a 16-hour photoperiod (i.e., supplemental DLIs from 1.0 to 17.5 mol·m−2·d−1). Crops were sown in a commercial greenhouse near Hamilton, ON, Canada (lat. 43°14′N, long. 80°07′W) on 1 Feb. 2018, and harvested after 8, 11, 12, and 12 days, resulting in average natural DLIs of 6.5, 5.9, 6.2, and 6.2 mol·m−2·d−1 for sunflower, kale, arugula, and mustard, respectively. Corresponding total light integrals (TLIs) ranged from 60 to 188 mol·m−2 for sunflower, 76 to 258 mol·m−2 for kale, 86 to 280 mol·m−2 for arugula, and 86 to 284 mol·m−2 for mustard. Fresh weight (i.e., marketable yield) increased asymptotically with increasing LI and leaf area increased linearly with increasing LI, in all genotypes. Hypocotyl length of mustard decreased and hypocotyl diameter of sunflower, arugula, and mustard increased with increasing LI. Dry weight, robust index, and relative chlorophyll content increased and specific leaf area decreased in kale, arugula, and mustard with increasing LI. Commercial microgreen greenhouse growers can use the light response models described herein to predict relevant production metrics according to the available (natural and supplemental) light levels to select the most appropriate SL LI to achieve the desired production goals as economically as possible.

The use of biologically active substances in the composition of organic fertilizers in the cultivation of tomatoes in greenhouses

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of biologically active substances in organic fertilizers on the productivity of tomato Sherami F1 in a winter greenhouse. The production experience was laid in a winter glazed greenhouse, which is located in the sixth light zone.The objects of research were cherry tomato plants Sherami F1, organic fertilizers 5AP, Maxifol Rutfarm, Nutrimir 4-4-10, Quick-Link. In the experiment, the average plant growth per week, the height of the plants, the number of leaves, the number of brushes collected and the average weight of the fetus, the chemical composition of the plants and yield were determined. The largest growth in a week and the tallest plants were obtained with Quick-Link; the most brushes collected and the largest fruits - when applying fertilizer 5AP. The use of organic fertilizers contributed to the better absorption of macronutrients by tomato plants from a nutrient solution: the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves and fruits increased relative to the control. When using biologically active substances in organomineral fertilizers, tomato productivity increased by 1.1-2.7 kg/m2 compared to the control, and the biochemical composition of the fruits improved.

Використання сорто підщепних комбінувань – перспективний прийом підвищення продуктивності та якості помідора за вирощування способом малооб’ємної гідропоніки

Tomato grafting has a considerable scientific and practical interest, because it promotes plant resistance to illnesses, pests, stress factors, improves nourishment conditions and as a result increases crop yields and contributes to the greening of cultivation. The study of this issue is actual for the indoor ground conditions, particularly, for growing in glass greenhouses using low-volume hydroponics method. Experiments for studying three indeterminate hybrids of tomatoes Torero F1, Barteza F1 and Merlice F1 with grafting on rootstocks Maxifort F1, TD-1 F1 і Emperador F1 were conducted in the “Venlo” type on Private Joint Stock Company «Сombinat «Teplychnyy» («Комбінат «Тепличний»). The main goal of the experiments was to find out the efficiency of varietal-rootstocks combinations on the inderterminate hybrids F1 tomato. Consequently, the usage of rootstocks promotes the increase in early yield in all options. Significantly higher yield compared to the plants that were not rootstocked during all the years of research, was gotten from the Toreto F1 hybrid on the TD-1 F1 rootstock (in general during 3 years 30,4 kilograms per square meter), from Merlice F1 hybrid on Emperador F1 (31 kilogram per square meter). Mathematically significant difference in early yield between the studied cultivar-rootstock combinations was not found. The usage of the rootstocks also improves biochemical indicators, particularly, contributes to the increasing the dry matter content in the fruits of all hybrids by 0.1-0.8%. Emperador F1 rootstock causes an increase in the total sugar content in tomatoes by 0.3-0.5% and ascorbic acid by 1-4.7% for all studied rootstocks. It is recommended to use such grafting options as Torero F1 to TDß1 F1; Barteza F1 to Emperador F1; Merlice F1 to Emperador F1 with a view to increasing the share of early yield (10th July) in modern block hydroponic winter greenhouses of the “Venlo” type at the level of 30,4-31,0 kilograms per square meter with high biochemical indicators of fruits.

СПОСОБ РАСЧЕТА КОМБИНИРОВАННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ОТОПЛЕНИЯ КУЛЬТИВАЦИОННОГО СООРУЖЕНИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЗИМНЕЙ ТЕПЛИЦЫ

Modern systems of artificial heating of cultivation structures on the example of winter greenhouses intended for year-round use require the development of sufficiently accurate and reliable methods of calculation. According to the calculations, a decentralized heating system of agricultural facilities, which includes only ceiling infrared heating elements, is justified only in a moderately cold period of the year. At lower outdoor temperatures, mainly in January, the indoor temperature may drop below standard values due to the specifics of radiant heating. Therefore, the article considers the method of calculating heat power of the radiant and convective heating system that includes infrared emitters for soil heating and convective heating devices for maintaining the target indoor air temperature. The calculation procedure of radiant and convective (combined) heating system comes to the calculation of incoming and outgoing heat and mass fluxes as well as finding unknown microclimate parameters (first of all, inside air temperature) that form design heat and humidity conditions of an agrobiotechnological facility. The proposed calculation method has been tested at the industrial greenhouse “Fermer 7.5”.

Продуктивність сортів лохини високорослої (V. X covilleanum) в умовах зимових теплиць

Серед ягідних культур в останні роки значно зросли площі вирощування лохини високої, чому сприяють грунтово-кліматичні умови північно-західного регіону України і високі ціни (120-140 на оптовій торгівлі і 180-240 грн/кг при роздрібній). Розширенню площ лохини сприяє зростання обсягів виробництва посадкового матеріалу, який в Україні вирощують здебільшого біотехнологічними методами і ціна на які значно нижча (55-65 грн), ніж при закупівлі за кордоном (75-120 грн).Передовий досвід закордонних товаровиробників при вирощуванні лохини у відкритому ґрунті, адаптований до умов України, дозволяє отримувати до 7-8 кг ягід з куща, що забезпечує не менше 70-85 грн чистого прибутку на кожному кілограмі реалізованої продукції.Значним резервом надходження ранньої ягідної продукції є вирощування лохини у весняних теплицях, коли урожай ранніх сортів ягід поповнюється нею з третьої декади травня, а вартість зростає до 200-250 грн за кілограм.Наукові дослідження вказують на можливість вирощування лохини і в зимових теплицях, що дає змогу прискорити надходження ягідна продовольчий ринок з другої половини травня.З метою вивчення ефективності вирощуваннясортів лохини різних груп стиглості в умовах зимових теплиць проведено дослідження щодо їх адаптації, продуктивності і якості ягід. Внаслідок досліджень вивчена динаміка проходження основних фізіологічних фаз росту і розвитку сортів лохини, їх вурожайність та окремі якісні показники.Результати досліджень указують на те, що в умовах зимових теплиць доцільним є вирощування сортів лохини високої ранньої групи стиглості.

Influence of individual elements of hybrid seed technology on seed productivity of the parent form of cucumber F1 Murava

Relevance.It is very important not only to create a hybrid of cucumber, which in all respects suits the producers of vegetable products, but also to ensure that the production of hybrid seeds with high varietal and sowing qualities is not unprofitable. A high yield of hybrid seeds can be obtained only with good pollination of the maternal line, for this purpose there should be enough male flowers on the paternal form and the flowering time of the parent forms should coincide.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the first turn of the winter greenhouse with low-volume cultivation technology in 2017-2018. The object of research was the parent forms of a promising hybrid of parthenocarpic type F1 Murava. The maternal form is of the female type, the paternal form is predominantly of the female type of flowering. Terms of sowing of parental forms were studied: simultaneously and with a difference of 7-8 days. Experiments on different variants of treatments of the paternal form with gibberellic acid (concentration 0.09-0.1%) were laid in order to obtain a sufficient number of male flowers for pollination of the maternal form. The parent forms were planted at the hybridization site according to the 3:1 scheme. Pollination of female plants was carried out manually daily.Results. As a result, it was concluded that for good pollination of the maternal form of the hybrid F1 Murava, two triple treatments of the paternal form with gibberellic acid in the phase of two real leaves are needed. Treatment with gibberellic acid paternal form, sown a week later, was more effective. Obviously, this is due to the improvement of growing conditions at a later date of planting seedlings. When sowing the mother form a week later than the father, the seed productivity of hybrid seeds was higher, compared with simultaneous sowing of parent forms and reached 53.5 g per plant.

Non-season production of raspberry of red berry products in conditions of heated winter greenhouses

Relevance. Currently, in many countries of the world, the production of non-season raspberry berry products has become widespread. Recently, interest in this technology has arisen in Russia, which has great prospects for the development of industrial gardening. In our opinion, it is promising to develop elements of technology for the non-seasonal production of red raspberries, propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation with a traditional and remontant type of fruiting in the conditions of winter heated greenhouses.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of clonal micropropagation of garden plants in the fruit growing laboratory of RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev. The objects of research were varieties of red raspberries with a traditional (variety Volnitsa) and remontant (varieties Orangevoe Chudo and Bryanskoe Divo) type of fruiting. The experimental plants were propagated by the method of clonal micropropagation and grown before distillation in open and protected ground; plants propagated by root offspring served as control. Experimental plants were planted in open ground for growing in mid-May, in mid-October they were transplanted into 10 liter containers and transferred to protected ground conditions. Then put in the refrigerator compartment with a temperature of + 1 ... + 5°C. For distillation, the raspberry repairing plants were exposed in the winter heated greenhouse on January 20, while the shoots of replacing the aboveground system were normalized: without normalization, 3 shoots per plant, complete pruning of the aboveground system. Raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting were exposed in a winter heated greenhouse in three periods on January 20, February 10, March 2. Accounting for the passage of the phenological phases of development and yield was made for 3 months every 5 days.Results. In the conditions of winter heated greenhouses, efficiency has been shown and elements of technology for non-season production of raspberry berries remontant and berries with a traditional type of fruiting, propagated in vitro and grown before open field distillation are developed. It was revealed that it is necessary to normalize the shoots before distillation of raspberry remontant, and the optimal timing for the start of distillation for raspberries with a traditional type of fruiting has been established.

Response of growth, yield, and quality of edible-podded snow peas to supplemental LED lighting during winter greenhouse production

The occurrence of low natural light levels during winter months is a major limiting factor for greenhouse plant production in northern regions. To determine the effects of supplemental lighting (SL) on winter greenhouse production of pea pods, plant growth, pod yield, and quality were investigated under SL at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 50, 80, 110, and 140 μmol m−2 s−1, plus a no-SL control treatment, inside a Canadian greenhouse from January to March. Light-emitting diodes with a red-to-blue PPFD ratio of 4:1 and a 16 h photoperiod were used for the lighting treatments. During the trial period, the average natural daily light integral (DLI) inside the greenhouse was 6.6 mol m−2 d−1 and the average daily temperature was around 13 °C. Compared with the control, SL treatments increased pod yield and promoted plant growth, as demonstrated by faster main stem extension and greater aerial biomass. Also, total pod yield (g plant−1 or no. plant−1) and some growth traits (e.g., stem diameter, branch number, leaf thickness, and leaf chlorophyll content) were proportional to supplemental PPFD within the range of 0–140 μmol m−2 s−1. However, SL levels of 50–80 μmol m−2 s−1, corresponding to a total (natural + supplemental) DLI of 9.4–11.1 mol m−2 d−1, resulted in the best pod quality based on evaluations of individual fresh mass, length, soluble solids content, succulence, and firmness. Therefore, a total DLI ranging between 9.4 and 11.1 mol m−2 d−1 can be recommended as a target light level for greenhouse production of pea pods using SL under winter environment conditions.

The potential of urban agriculture in combination with organic waste valorization: Assessment of resource flows and emissions for two european cities

Abstract Large scale urban agriculture (UA) has been considered as a potential contributor to the sustainability and the resilience of the food system. However, its synergy with the tackling of another main challenge in cities, namely the management of organic wastes, has previously not been extensively explored. The aim of this work is to understand the potential of an integrated food-energy-water-waste system in terms of food production, resource circularity and carbon footprint, in comparison with the current food and waste management systems in cities and an UA system without integration with waste management. Employing spatial analysis and a breadth of process parameters and city-specific data, the monthly material and energy flows were simulated and optimized for two European cities, Glasgow and Lyon. The results indicate a strong dependency of food self-sufficiency, waste assimilation and carbon footprint on the ratio between high-intensity greenhouse growing and urban gardening. For a chosen greenhouse to garden ratio of 1:4, the production of a large share of fruit, vegetable and fish supplied with nutrients from waste products and water from rainwater harvesting is theoretically possible, and the integrated UA systems could assimilate 51.7% and 16.9% of food waste in Glasgow and Lyon, respectively. From a food production perspective, co-located waste valorization could reduce the carbon footprint of the UA system by 7.8% for Glasgow and 12.6% for Lyon. However, overall emissions for the integrated UA system are 75.1% (Glasgow) and 4.3% (Lyon) higher than the current system, primarily due to high heating and lighting requirements for greenhouses in winter, even more so in Glasgow which is colder and with a carbon-intensive electricity grid. However, if a UA system is already in place, the decentralized valorization in combination with UA could provide significant emission reduction benefits compared to existing waste-to-energy schemes, in particular for insect rearing in combination with aquaponics. The outcome may inspire urban policy makers and stakeholders to consider the propagation of urban agriculture in symbiosis with decentralized manage waste strategies, in particular in areas with a low-carbon electricity grid, as a move towards self-sustaining cities and a more circular economy overall.

Екологічна стабільність і пластичність нових індетермінантних гібридів F1 помідора за вирощування в продовженій культурі у скляних теплицях типу «ВЕНЛО»

The adaptive potential and ecological stability of new indeterminants of F 1 tomato hybrids for cultivation in a prolonged culture in glass greenhouses of the "VENLO" type and the most selective valuable are determined. Experimental researches were carried out in glass winter greenhouses of the "VENLO" type in the public joint stock company "Teplichny" (Kalinivka village, Brovarsky district, Kyiv region) in 2014-2017 and in the laboratory of the Institute of Agroecology of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. The plants of the studied F1 tomato hybrids have high stability (Sgi <25) on the basis of yield. Hybrid F1 - Merlis, Torero and Maximato, and specially adaptive ability - Foronti, Maximato, Raisa (control) and Barthez had the high effect of general adaptive ability (Vi). The hybrids F 1 - Torero - 39,17 and Althez - 38,59 had high indexes of breeding value of the genotype.

Direct wind heating greenhouse underground heating system

China’s three northern regions are rich in wind energy resources, with annual wind speeds of more than 3m/s reaching 5,000 hours. Traditional greenhouses use coal-fired heating, which has high pollution and low efficiency. Therefore, the system ingeniously combines wind and heating, and proposes a system that directly combines water agitation heating and greenhouse heating to realize the direct conversion of wind energy to thermal energy. The working principle of the system is: when the wind speed reaches the starting wind speed of the wind turbine, the wind turbine blade rotates to drive the stirring device, and the water in the stirring device is heated by the heat, and when the local table temperature is low, the water can be released, and the water is buried. The serpentine pipes in the greenhouse soil heat the soil, and the temperature in the greenhouse will also increase. At the same time, the temperature in the greenhouse is monitored by the temperature control system. If the temperature rises faster, the fluid flow is adjusted to reduce the heat release. Achieve intelligent regulation of greenhouse temperature to maintain its temperature in a suitable range. The system uses a wind-mixing device to use the abundant wind resources in the Sanbei area for greenhouse heating, thereby keeping the greenhouse temperature stable. From the perspective of green and energy saving, it has created an effective way to warm the greenhouse in winter. In the true sense, the consumption of fossil energy has been reduced, and the criteria for appropriate localization and recycling and renewable development have been realized.

TOMATO HYBRIDS ON A LOW-VOLUME SUBSTRATE OF TRANSITIONAL TURNOVER IN DAGHESTAN'S INDUSTRIAL GREENHOUSES

The area of greenhouses in Dagestan currently exceeds 220 hectares, most of which were built over the past 5 years and are high-tech facilities. The aim of our research was to identify highly productive tomato hybrids for growing in winter green-houses and to study the characteristics of their growth and development in transitional turnover; determination of the optimal time for sowing seeds and planting tomato seedlings for transitional turnover; determination of the level of accumulation of nitrates in the fruits of tomato, depending on the varietal characteristics and growing conditions. Experimental work was carried out in the greenhouse farm LLC Agro-AS, located in the Novolaksky district, p. Novokuli (Novostroy) is a suburb of Makhachkala. It has been established that when growing a tomato under conditions of a transitional culture under specific light conditions, the most expedient are the dates: sowing seeds in the first half of August, planting plants in the green-house in the first and second decade of September. Growing tomato plants during this period allows the plants to enter into the fruiting phase earlier and thereby form a larger number of fruits of greater mass as compared with the later sowing and planting dates. The highest yields were distinguished hybrids: Tomimaru Mucho F 1 , Kyoto F 1 (19.0 and 18.1 kg / m 2 ). The profitability of the production of hybrids was 70-100%.

Development of separate elements of cucumber growing technology in the first turn of winter greenhouses in order to increase the economic efficiency

Development of separate elements of cucumber growing technology in the first turn of winter greenhouses in order to increase the economic efficiency

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ «СИЛИПЛАНТ» И «ЭКОФУС» НА ЭТАПЕ АДАПТАЦИИ К НЕСТЕРИЛЬНЫМ УСЛОВИЯМ КЛОНОВОГО ПОДВОЯ ЯБЛОНИ 54-118

The efficacy of the use of Siliplant and Ecofus preparations for single and double strait of substrate at the stage adaptation of micro plants of apple clonal rootstock 54-118, taking into account the aftereffect during wintering and growing in the conditions of the winter greenhouses was studied. It was revealed that the best survival rates, overwintering and development in the first place were plants, pre-rooted on nutrient medium at the stage for rhizogenesis with double straits of substrate of the studied preparations.

Evaluation of the set of promising fruits of parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids for winter greenhouses

Evaluation of the set of promising fruits of parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids for winter greenhouses

ВПЛИВ РЕГУЛЯТОРІВ РОСТУ РОСЛИН НА РІСТ, РОЗВИТОК ТА УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ТРОЯНДИ В УМОВАХ ЗАКРИТОГО ҐРУНТУ

Rose flowers are in great demand among the population. The use of growth regulators on the culture of roses allows you to improve the biological properties of varieties, their potential, as well as increase the yield and decorative colors. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the action of plant growth regulators Biolan, Regoplant, Bionur, Bouton, Humisol-H and Zircon on growth, development, decorative qualities, yield dynamics and rose productivity under conditions of modern winter Venlo greenhouses. The study was conducted on plants of a variety of hybrid tea type Avalange of the Netherlands breeding company Lex +. Experimental work was carried out at the farm “Askania-Flora" during 2015-2016. Threefold spraying of plants with growth regulator solutions was applied: 7 days after planting, during budding and at the beginning of flowering. The control plants were not treated with growth regulating agents. As a result of research, it has been established that growth regulators Bud and Bionur accelerated the formation of flowering shoots and the time for slamming on plants, shortened the period of bud appearance and flower development. Established a different effect of preparats on the dynamics of the arrival of the crop by month. The influence of growth regulators Biolan, Bionur and Bud on the increase in total yield, plant productivity and decorative qualities of the rose flower has been determined. The results obtained should be taken into account when laying rose stands in winter greenhouses to regulate growth processes, plant development and increase crop yields.

Yield of Leafy Greens and Microclimate in Deep Winter Greenhouse Production in Minnesota

The Deep Winter Greenhouse (DWG) uses passive solar technology to create an environment where cold tolerant crops like leafy greens can be grown during the winter to satisfy consumer demand for fresh local produce year-round and increase revenue for farmers. A cultivar trial consisting of 12 different salad greens was conducted in partnership with three farmers in order to determine suitable cultivars for these unique systems. Yield and days to maturity were recorded, and microclimate conditions such as light, temperature, and relative humidity were tracked throughout the season. This study included three sites from three distinct locations within Minnesota. Environmental differences among the DWG sites and within site replicates were observed. Yield also varied with micro-climate. The trials demonstrate that lettuces and greens such as ‘Florence’ (Lactuca sativa L.), ‘Salanova’ (Lactuca sativa L.), and ‘Vitamin Green’ (Brassica rapa L.) generally grow well. These cultivar trials, coupled with other horticultural trials and economic analyses, will better inform recommendations for farmers growing in these unique environments.

SELECTION TO FEMALE TYPE OF FLOWERING OF CUCUMBER HYBRIDS FOR THE WINTER GREENHOUSES

The possibility of obtaining parthenocarpic hybrids of the female F1 cucumber type in combination with paternal forms of various sexual types – intermediate and predominantly female – has been studied. The research was carried out for four years – 2015-2018, in the winter greenhouse of the "Richelieu" type, in the winterspring turnover, with low-volume cultivation technology. In the competitive and preliminary tests, more than 100 promising hybrid combinations were studied. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the sexual type of perspective parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids for the winter-spring rotation depends on the genotype of the original parental forms. The use of predominantly female-type flowering as paternal forms led to an increase in the female F1 hybrids. In a combination of maternal female-type forms with male-type paternal forms, hybrids of the female sex-type cucumber were obtained, but much less frequently than from crossing with the predominantly female types of flowering. According to the results of the competitive variety testing, two promising hybrids of the cucumber – Murava F1 and Vera F1 were transferred to the state variety testing in 2017. These hybrids were created using the paternal forms of a predominantly female type of flowering.

Study for artificial recharge process of groundwater using natural isotope tracers

For overcome groundwater shortage at winter greenhouse farming, artificial groundwater recharge system was developed. And recharge process was studied by using natural isotopes, such as 3H, 222Rn and 87Sr/86Sr ratio variation. The 222Rn concentration variation was from 0.9 to 85.1 Bq/L depending upon the well. The concentration of 222Rn was decreased when water curtain cultivation and artificial groundwater recharge were started and slowly increased after these processes were ended. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio variation of the three monitoring well showed different appearance.

Response of growth, yield, and quality of pea shoots to supplemental light-emitting diode lighting during winter greenhouse production

Low natural light levels during the winter months are a major limiting factor for greenhouse production in northern regions. To determine the effects of supplemental lighting (SL) on winter greenhouse production of pea shoots, crop growth, yield, and quality were investigated under the treatments of supplemental photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 50, 80, 110, and 140 μmol m−2 s−1, all with a 16 h photoperiod, plus a no-SL control treatment, inside a Canadian greenhouse from December to March. Light-emitting diodes with a red to blue PPFD ratio of 4:1 and peak wavelengths at 665 and 440 nm were used for the lighting treatment. During the trial period, the average natural daily light integral (DLI) inside the greenhouse was 5.3 mol m−2 d−1 and the average daily temperature was around 13 °C. Compared with the no-SL control, SL of 50–140 μmol m−2 s−1 increased stem length and leaf number before the first harvest and promoted the cumulative yield (kg m−2) of pea shoots throughout the five harvest times. The total yield (kg m−2) of five harvests and weekly average stem extension rate were proportional to supplemental PPFD within the range of 0–140 μmol m−2 s−1; however, SL of 50–80 μmol m−2 s−1, corresponding to total (natural + supplemental) DLI of 8.1–9.8 mol m−2 d−1, resulted in the best integrated quality based on the evaluation of individual fresh mass, soluble solids content, succulence, and firmness. Therefore, a total DLI ranging between 8.1 and 9.8 mol m−2 d−1 can be suggested as a target for winter greenhouse production of pea shoots under conditions similar to this trial.