Greenhouse Vegetable Field Research Articles

京郊典型设施蔬菜地土壤N2O排放特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 京郊典型设施蔬菜地土壤N2O排放特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306091534 作者: 作者单位: 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部面源污染控制重点实验室,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部面源污染控制重点实验室,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部面源污染控制重点实验室,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部面源污染控制重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学青年基金（41201287）；公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201103039）；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费（302-30，402-15） Characteristics of nitrous oxide emissions from typical greenhouse vegetable fields in Beijing suburbs Author: Affiliation: Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,,Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对北京郊区设施蔬菜地典型种植模式（番茄-白菜-生菜）下土壤N2O排放特征进行了周年（2012年2月22日-2013年2月23日）观测，探讨了不同处理下（即不施氮肥处理（CK）、农民习惯施肥处理（FP）、减氮优化施肥处理（OPT）和减氮优化施肥+硝化抑制剂处理（OPT+DCD））N2O排放特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤无机氮含量对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明：每次施肥+灌溉之后设施蔬菜地会出现明显的N2O排放高峰，持续时间一般为3-5 d。不同处理N2O排放通量变化范围在-0.21-14.26 mg N2O m-2 h-1，平均排放通量0.03-0.36 mg N2O m-2 h-1。整个蔬菜生长季各处理N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水率（WFPS）均表现出极显著的正相关关系（P < 0.01）；不施氮处理5 cm深度土壤温度与N2O排放通量呈现显著的正相关关系（P < 0.05）；各处理N2O排放与土壤表层硝态氮含量具有较一致变化趋势。不同处理下N2O年度排放总量差异显著，依次顺序为FP（（20.66±0.91）kg N/hm2） > OPT（（12.79±1.33）kg N/hm2） > OPT+DCD（（8.03±0.37）kg N/hm2）。与FP处理相比，OPT处理和OPT+DCD处理N2O年排放总量分别减少了38.09%和61.13%。各处理N2O排放系数介于0.36%-0.77%，低于IPCC 1.0%的推荐值。在目前的管理措施下，合理减少施氮量和添加硝化抑制剂是减少设施蔬菜地N2O排放量的有效途径。 Abstract:Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been recognized as one of the most important trace gases in the atmosphere that causes global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is considered as the primary source of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. As a large agricultural country, China consumes the greatest amount of synthetic N fertilizer which accounts for 30% of the world consumptions. Therefore, quantifying N2O emissions from agricultural soils and seeking suitable mitigation measures have become a relatively hot issue in international global climate change studies. However, the task has proved to be uneasy because N2O production and emission processes are very complex and are influenced by a number of soil and environmental variables, interacting soil water and N processes, crop uptake and management practices. Especially the N2O emissions from the greenhouse vegetable systems are more complex because the system obtain relatively higher inputs of fertilizer (e.g., N fertilizer application rate can be as high as 1,500 kg N/hm2), more water irrigation and cultivation disturbance. This paper reported a field experiment with intensive measurements of N2O fluxes from a greenhouse vegetable system with varied management treatments in Fangshan District located in the western suburbs of Beijing, China. N2O fluxes in conjunction with the main environmental drivers (i.e., soil temperature, soil moisture, soil NO3--N and soil NH4+-N) were observed from Feb. 2012 to Feb. 2013. Four treatments, i.e., the control treatment (CK), the farmers' practice treatment (FP), the optimized fertilization treatment (OPT), and the OPT treatment with nitrification inhibitor amendment treatment (OPT+DCD), were implemented during the experimental period to test the impacts of fertilization on N2O fluxes from the agroecosystem. The CK had no fertilizer applied; FP consisted of 2,470 kg N/hm2 with 1,270 and 1,200 kg N/hm2 from synthetic fertilizer and manure, respectively; the OPT reduced synthetic fertilizer rate to 573 kg N/hm2. The field was planted with tomato, cabbage and lettuce rotation during the two experimental years. The results indicated that large amount of N2O emissions were observed in the spring and summer periods when the soil had relatively high temperatures and moisture. N2O emission peaks were measured following each event of fertilization or irrigation. The high peaks usually lasted for 3-5 days. During the experimental period, N2O emission rates ranged from -0.21-14.26 mg N2O m-2 h-1 with daily means ranging from 0.03-0.36 mg N2O m-2 h-1. The annual cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 1.69-20.66 kg N hm-2, based on which the annual emission factor was calculated to be 0.36%-0.77% of the fertilizer N. Compared to the FP treatment, the OPT and OPT+DCD treatments both significantly reduced the annual N2O emissions by 38.09% and 61.3%(P < 0.05), respectively. The N2O emissions during the tomato, lettuce, cabbage and fallow periods accounted for 60.65%, 26.32%, 10% and 3.3% of annual cumulative emissions, respectively. The fertilizer-induced N2O emissions varied across the N application rates, the crop growing periods and the management treatments. N2O fluxes were positively related to the soil water filled pore space (WFPS) when the WFPS values varied between 48.88%-79.88%(P < 0.05). There was no consistent correlation between N2O fluxes and the soil temperature at soil depth of 5 cm. Higher soil available nitrogen, especially nitrate, contributed higher N2O emissions. In conclusion, alternative management practices such as reduced fertilizer application rate and amendment of DCD could effectively reduce N2O emissions from the greenhouse vegetable field which usually emitted more N2O than other croplands in China. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Assessing the risks of trace elements in environmental materials under selected greenhouse vegetable production systems of China

The risk assessment of trace elements of different environmental media in conventional and organic greenhouse vegetable production systems (CGVPS and OGVPS) can reveal the influence of different farming philosophy on the trace element accumulations and their effects on human health. These provide important basic data for the environmental protection and human health. This paper presents trace element accumulation characteristics of different land uses; reveals the difference of soil trace element accumulation both with and without consideration of background levels; compares the trace element uptake by main vegetables; and assesses the trace element risks of soils, vegetables, waters and agricultural inputs, using two selected greenhouse vegetable systems in Nanjing, China as examples. Results showed that greenhouse vegetable fields contained significant accumulations of Zn in CGVPS relative to rice–wheat rotation fields, open vegetable fields, and geochemical background levels, and this was the case for organic matter in OGVPS. The comparative analysis of the soil medium in two systems with consideration of geochemical background levels and evaluation of the geo-accumulation pollution index achieved a more reasonable comparison and accurate assessment relative to the direct comparison analysis and the evaluation of the Nemerow pollution index, respectively. According to the Chinese food safety standards and the value of the target hazard quotient or hazard index, trace element contents of vegetables were safe for local residents in both systems. However, the spatial distribution of the estimated hazard index for producers still presented certain specific hotspots which may cause potential risk for human health in CGVPS. The water was mainly influenced by nitrogen, especially for CGVPS, while the potential risk of Cd and Cu pollution came from sediments in OGVPS. The main inputs for trace elements were fertilizers which were relatively safe based on relevant standards; but excess application caused trace element accumulations in the environmental media.

Analysis of daily dynamics of soil respiration rate in greenhouse vegetable fields

Analysis of daily dynamics of soil respiration rate in greenhouse vegetable fields

Measurements of N2O emissions from different vegetable fields on the North China Plain

Few studies have measured the N2O emission fluxes from vegetable fields. In order to identify the characteristics and the influencing factors of N2O emissions from different vegetable fields, we measured N2O emissions for a full year from four typical fields, including an open-ground vegetable field that has produced vegetables for over 20 years (OV20), a recently developed open-ground vegetable field that was converted from a maize field three years earlier (OV3), a recently developed greenhouse vegetable field that was converted from a maize field 3 years earlier (GV3) and a typical local maize field (Maize). Four different fertilization treatments were set additionally in the recently developed open-ground vegetable field. These were: no fertilizer or manure (OV3_CK), manure only (OV3_M) and the combination of manure with different rates of chemical fertilizer application (OV3_MF1 and OV3_MF3). The results showed that N2O emission fluxes fluctuated between 0.3 ± 0.1 and 912.4 ± 80.0 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 with the highest emission peak occurring after fertilization followed by irrigation. Nitrogen application explained 64.6–84.5% of the N2O emission in the vegetable fields. The magnitude of the emission peaks depended on the nitrogen application rate and the duration of the emission peaks was mainly associated with soil temperature when appropriate irrigation was given after fertilization. The N2O emission peaks occurred later and lasted for a longer period when the soil temperature was <24 °C in May. However, emission peaks occurred earlier and lasted for a shorter period when the soil temperature was around 25–33 °C from June to August. The annual N2O emissions from the fertilized vegetable fields were 1.68–2.38 times higher than that from the maize field, which had an emission value of 2.88 ± 0.10 kg N ha−1 a−1. The N2O emission factor (EF) of manure nitrogen was 0.07% over the whole year, but was 0.11% and 0.02% in the spring cucumber season and the autumn cabbage season, respectively. The EF of chemical nitrogen was 1.10–1.78% for the vegetable field over the whole year and it was higher in recently developed vegetable field than in the established field (1.54–1.78% vs. 1.10%). Vegetable fields may contribute greatly to the national greenhouse gas inventories due to the high fertilizer application rates, frequent irrigation and an increased number of tillage–planting cycles.

Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta, China

AbstractIntensive vegetable cultivation has developed very rapidly in China, and investigation of current soil nutrient problems in vegetable fields and their potential environmental risk is important for local soil nutrient management strategies. Three hundred and sixty‐six soil samples were collected from greenhouse vegetable fields, open vegetable fields and rice/wheat rotation fields in southern Jiangsu Province, the most intensive vegetable‐producing areas in Yangtze River Delta, China, for the analysis of their soil fertility status. Soil acidification and P enrichment were the main problems identified in this area of vegetable production, with about 20 and 17% of the open and greenhouse vegetable field soils, respectively, being extremely acid with soil pH values below 5.0. In contrast, no soils under rice/wheat rotation fields were as acidic. Percentages of sites with Olsen‐P concentrations &lt; 90 mg/kg were 61, 85 and 0% for soils growing greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable and rice/wheat, respectively. The nitrogen (N) surplus for vegetable fields exceeded 170 kg/ha/crop, and the phosphorus (P) surplus exceeded 40 kg/ha/crop. Thus, current vegetable production leads to potential environmental risks of N and P pollution of nearby aquatic bodies. Insufficient supplementation with potassium fertilizers was found in some vegetable fields. Several ameliorative measures are proposed.

Short-Term Responses of Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Concentration Profiles to Fertilization and Irrigation in Greenhouse Vegetable Cultivation

In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0–60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μg N m−2 h−1; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO−3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO−3-N and NH+4-N contents at depths of 0–20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0–10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.

Effects of land use intensity on dissolved organic carbon properties and microbial community structure

In the last three decades there has been a major shift in China's agriculture with the conversion from cereal fields to vegetable production, however little is known about the impact of this land use change on labile soil carbon and microbial community structure. We conducted a study to characterize dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil microbial community by comparing greenhouse vegetable fields with contrasting management intensity and adjacent cereal fields (wheat–maize rotation) in Shouguang and Quzhou in North China. Compared with cereal fields, greenhouse vegetable cultivation increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), while it decreased the soil pH, particularly at the high-intensity site. The DOC concentration was significantly higher in greenhouse vegetable fields than in cereal fields, whereas DOC composition differed between greenhouse vegetable fields and cereal fields only at high management intensity. Chemical fractionation indicated that DOC from greenhouse vegetable fields with high management intensity was less decomposed than DOC from cereal fields, because the percentage of hydrophobic acid (HOA) as DOC was higher in vegetable fields. Vegetable production significantly changed the microbial community structure in comparison to cereal fields: high-intensity management increased total bacteria, G (+) bacteria and fungi, while low-intensity decreased fungi and increased bacteria-to-fungi ratio. The main factor affecting microbial community structure was soil pH in this study, accounting for 24% of the differences.

Nitrogen Balance and Loss in a Greenhouse Vegetable System in Southeastern China

High rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) are applied in greenhouse vegetable fields in southeastern China to maximize production; however, the N budgets of such intensive vegetable production remain to be explored. The goal of this study was to determine the annual N balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system of annual rotation of tomato, cucumber, and celery at five N (urea) application rates (0, 348, 522, 696, and 870 kg N ha −1 year −1). Total N input to the 0–50 cm soil layer ranged from 531 to 1 053 kg ha −1, and N fertilizer was the main N source, accounting for 66%–83% of the total annual N input. In comparison, irrigation water, wet deposition, and seeds in total accounted for less than 1% of the total N input. The fertilizer N use efficiency was only 18% under the conventional application rate of 870 kg N ha −1 and decreased as the application rate increased from 522 to 870 kg N ha −1. Apparent N losses were 196–201 kg N ha −1, of which 71%–86% was lost by leaching at the application rates of 522–870 kg N ha −1. Thus, leaching was the primary N loss pathway at high N application rates and the amount of N leached was proportional to the N applied during the cucumber season. Moreover, dissolved organic N accounted for 10% of the leached N, whereas NH 3 volatilization only contributed 0.1%–0.6% of the apparent N losses under the five N application rates in this greenhouse vegetable system.

Effect of crop rotation on ion accumulation in secondary salinization soil of vegetable field in greenhouse

2007 年8 月在江苏省宜兴市采集10 个典型大棚土壤及其邻近露地蔬菜地土壤调查其离子组成和电导率, 并选择2 个土壤具有次生盐渍化特征的大棚研究轮作(蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻、辣椒-白菜-辣椒)对土壤电导率(<em>EC</em>)和离子组成的影响。结果表明, 大棚蔬菜地土壤<em>EC</em> 显著高于露地蔬菜地土壤, 20%的大棚土壤已发生次生盐渍化(<em>EC</em>>500 μS·cm^-1); 大棚土壤的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-离子浓度显著高于露地蔬菜土壤, 说明SO₄^2-、NO₃^-是影响大棚次生盐渍化的主要离子。2 年3 茬大棚蔬菜地轮作试验结果表明, 蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作导致土壤<em>EC</em> 下降5%, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作使土壤<em>EC</em> 下降33%, 表明后者对土壤次生盐渍化改良效果优于前者。两轮作系统盐分离子累积差异主要在于SO₄^2-, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作能降低土壤SO₄^2-的累积, 而蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作则不然。建议根据次生盐渍化土壤主控盐分离子以及不同作物对盐分离子吸收累积偏向性选择合适的轮作系统, 实现轮作改良次生盐渍化最佳效果。

Cadmium Accumulation in Vegetable Plantation Land Soils under Protected Cultivation: A Case Study

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in vegetable plantation land soils under a greenhouse was investigated in Shouguang County, Shandong Province, China. A total of 128 soil samples were collected from different agricultural fields. Soil samples were digested with the mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric acid (HNO3), and Cd content in the digested solution was detected with inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in the greenhouse vegetable field was significantly more than that in open vegetable field, cotton field, wheat/maize field, and uncultivated soils. Cadmium concentration increased with the cultivation age, and the related accumulation rate was 0.0289 mg Cd kg−1y−1 in a greenhouse vegetable field. Organic fertilizer such as livestock manure was the major source for Cd accumulation in the greenhouse vegetable field with the average input amount of 70.7 g Cd ha−1 y−1 from organic manure. Thus, a decrease of Cd input from organic fertilizer into greenhouse soils is necessary.

Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use

This study was conducted to determine status of heavy metals in agricultural soils under different patterns of land use. A total of 38, 40 and 45 soil samples for bare vegetable field, greenhouse vegetable field, and grain crop field were respectively taken from surface layer (0-20 cm) from selected experimental areas away from suburbs of ten counties (or districts or cities) in four provinces or municipalities of Huabei plain in north China. Information of crop production history, including varieties, rotation systems and fertilizer use, at the corresponding sampling sites was surveyed. Soil total Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As and Hg were measured. The results showed that the contents of total Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in the soil samples, especially soil total Cu and Zn contents, were higher in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field than that in the grain crop field. Long-term use of excessive chemical fertilizers and organic manures in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field contributed to the accumulation of Cu, Zn, and other heavy metals in the soils. The contents of total Cu, Zn, and other heavy metals in soils increased with increasing vegetable production history of the research areas. In comparison with the grain crop field, the comprehensive pollution indices of the seven soil heavy metals and the single-factor pollution indices of soil Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Hg based on the second criterion of Environmental Quality Standard for Soils were significantly higher in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field. Soils from the greenhouse vegetable field were slightly contaminated according to the comprehensive pollution index, and soils from the bare vegetable field and the grain crop field were at the warning heavy metal pollution level. The soils were contaminated with Cd according to the single-factor pollution index. The Cd pollution was relatively more serious in the bare vegetable field and the greenhouse vegetable field than that in the grain crop field. The soils selected with different land use patterns were not contaminated with Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, As and Hg.