Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Research Articles

Особенности оценки углеродного следа в сельском хозяйстве: сравнительный анализ методических подходов

The study of the components of the carbon balance and the possibilities of its regulation for different types of land use is an urgent scientific task within the framework of the global problem of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the development of the concept of carbon neutrality. In this article, an assessment of the carbon footprint of the farm was carried out based on an analysis of the capabilities of carbon calculators Cool Farm Tool, AgRe-Calc, Farm Carbon and Ex-Act V9.4, as well as the Methodology for quantitative determination of greenhouse gas absorption volumes, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 371 dated 05/27/2022. Calculations were carried out using the example of the farm located in the Burlinsky region of the Altai region. The results of the study showed that the largest carbon footprint of the considered farm is formed by the cultivation of flax, somewhat smaller by sun-flower and wheat crops, and the lowest by fodder crops. Differences in estimates based on different methods are recorded not only in the resulting total carbon footprints, but also in the structure of the carbon footprint for each crop. In general, in Russia and abroad there are different approaches to determining the carbon footprint. The approach used in carbon calculators assumes that all carbon generated in one way or another during economic activity forms a carbon footprint, while the 2022 methodology of the Ministry of Natural Resources also takes agriculture into account as an important sink and carbon reservoir.

Phase “Rise” of The 11-Year Solar Cycle with Contribution to Global Warming – Examples from The Bulgarian Meteo Stations’ Temperature Data

A high negative correlation between the average Sun Spot Number in phase “rise” in the 11-year cycle of solar activity and the annual average Earth’s surface temperature was observed in the data from several meteorological stations – first in the temperature data from meteorological stations in Bulgaria, and then from many stations from Europe and the world. As solar activity has decreased over the last 70 years – the last few solar cycles up to the 24th number have had a monotonically decreasing number of sunspots – their negative correlation with temperature results in a rising surface air temperature. This increase is related to processes in the Sun’s magnetosphere and has nothing to do with the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the surface atmosphere. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases may be also a consequence of the processes taking place on the earth’s surface as a result of solar activity and is not a cause of the increasing temperature of the earth’s surface.

A survey of interventions to actively conserve the frozen North

The frozen elements of the high North are thawing as the region warms much faster than the global mean. The dangers of sea level rise due to melting glacier ice, increased concentrations of greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost, and alterations in the key high latitude physical systems spurred many authors, and more recently international agencies and supra-state actors, to investigate “emergency measures” that might help conserve the frozen North. However, the efficacy and feasibility of many of these ideas remains highly uncertain, and some might come with significant risks, or could be even outright dangerous to the ecosystems and people of the North. To date, no review has evaluated all suggested schemes. The objectives of this first phase literature survey (which can be found in a separate compendium (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10602506), are to consider all proposed interventions in a common evaluation space, and identify knowledge gaps in active conservation proposals. We found 61 interventions with a high latitude focus, across atmosphere, land, oceans, ice and industry domains. We grade them on a simple three-point evaluation system across 12 different categories. From this initial review we can identify which ideas scored low marks on most categories and are therefore likely not worthwhile pursuing; some groups of interventions, like traditional land-based mitigation efforts, score relatively highly while ocean-based and sea ice measures, score lower and have higher uncertainties overall. This review will provide the basis for a further in-depth expert assessment that will form phase two of the project over the next few years sponsored by University of the Arctic.

Reversal of Projected European Summer Precipitation Decline in a Stabilizing Climate

AbstractPrecipitation projections in transient climate change scenarios have been extensively studied over multiple climate model generations. Although these simulations have also been used to make projections at specific Global Warming Levels (GWLs), dedicated simulations are more appropriate to study changes in a stabilizing climate. Here, we analyze precipitation projections in six multi‐century experiments with fixed atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, conducted with the UK Earth System Model and which span a range of GWLs between 1.5 and 5°C of warming. Regions are identified where the sign of precipitation trends in high‐emission transient projections is reversed in the stabilization experiments. For example, stabilization reverses a summertime precipitation decline across Europe. This precipitation recovery occurs concurrently with changes in the pattern of Atlantic sea surface temperature trends due to a slow recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in the stabilization experiments, along with changes in humidity and atmospheric circulation.

Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius Strain Engineering Using a Theophylline Responsive RiboCas for Controlled Gene Expression.

The relentless increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations as a consequence of the exploitation of fossil resources compels the adoption of sustainable routes to chemical and fuel manufacture based on biological fermentation processes. The use of thermophilic chassis in such processes is an attractive proposition; however, their effective exploitation will require improved genome editing tools. In the case of the industrially relevant chassis Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing has been demonstrated. The constitutive promoter used, however, accentuates the deleterious nature of Cas9, causing decreased transformation and low editing efficiencies, together with an increased likelihood of off-target effects or alternative mutations. Here, we rectify this issue by controlling the expression of Cas9 through the use of a synthetic riboswitch that is dependent on the nonmetabolized, nontoxic, and cheap inducer, theophylline. We demonstrate that the riboswitches are dose-dependent, allowing for controlled expression of the target gene. Through their use, we were then able to address the deleterious nature of Cas9 and produce an inducible system, RiboCas93. The benefits of RiboCas93 were demonstrated by increased transformation efficiency of the editing vectors, improved efficiency in mutant generation (100%), and a reduction of Cas9 toxicity, as indicated by a reduction in the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) observed. This new system provides a quick and efficient way to produce mutants in P. thermoglucosidasius.

Glacial inception through rapid ice area increase driven by albedo and vegetation feedbacks

Abstract. We present transient simulations of the last glacial inception using the Earth system model CLIMBER-X with dynamic vegetation, interactive ice sheets, and visco-elastic solid Earth responses. The simulations are initialized at the middle of the Eemian interglacial (125 kiloyears before present, ka) and run until 100 ka, driven by prescribed changes in Earth's orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations from ice core data. CLIMBER-X simulates a rapid increase in Northern Hemisphere ice sheet area through MIS5d, with ice sheets expanding over northern North America and Scandinavia, in broad agreement with proxy reconstructions. While most of the increase in ice sheet area occurs over a relatively short period between 119 and 117 ka, the larger part of the increase in ice volume occurs afterwards with an almost constant ice sheet extent. We show that the vegetation feedback plays a fundamental role in controlling the ice sheet expansion during the last glacial inception. In particular, with prescribed present-day vegetation the model simulates a global sea level drop of only ∼ 20 m, compared with the ∼ 35 m decrease in sea level with dynamic vegetation response. The ice sheet and carbon cycle feedbacks play only a minor role during the ice sheet expansion phase prior to ∼ 115 ka but are important in limiting the deglaciation during the following phase characterized by increasing summer insolation. The model results are sensitive to climate model biases and to the parameterization of snow albedo, while they show only a weak dependence on changes in the ice sheet model resolution and the acceleration factor used to speed up the climate component. Overall, our simulations confirm and refine previous results showing that climate–vegetation–cryosphere feedbacks play a fundamental role in the transition from interglacial to glacial states characterizing Quaternary glacial cycles.

A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth’s surface temperature to rise. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. Human activities are increasing greenhouse gas concentrations rapidly, which is causing global climate change. Global climate change is increasing environmental and public health problems. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to identify where the emissions are coming from, develop a plan to reduce them, and then implement and monitor the plan to ensure that emissions are actually reduced. Anthropogenic global climate change has large and increasingly adverse economic effects. Cities emit the most greenhouse gas due to fossil fuel burning and power usage. The four major greenhouse gas emitters are energy, transportation, waste management, and urban land use sectors. Organizations should prepare action plans to lower their greenhouse gas emissions and stop the worst consequences of climate change. These action plans require companies and local authorities to submit their greenhouse gas emissions reports on a yearly basis. A greenhouse gas emissions management system includes several processes and tools created by organizations to understand, measure, monitor, report, and validate their greenhouse gas emissions. Two of the most widely adapted frameworks for greenhouse gases inventory reporting are ISO 14064 and the greenhouse gas protocol. This review paper aims to identify some of the key points of GHG inventory preparation and mitigation strategies.

Variational techniques for a one-dimensional energy balance model

Abstract. A one-dimensional climate energy balance model (1D EBM) is a simplified climate model for the zonally averaged global temperature profile, based on the Earth's energy budget. We examine a class of 1D EBMs which emerges as the parabolic equation corresponding to the Euler–Lagrange equations of an associated variational problem, covering spatially inhomogeneous models such as with latitude-dependent albedo. Sufficient conditions are provided for the existence of at least three steady-state solutions in the form of two local minima and one saddle, that is, of coexisting “cold”, “warm” and unstable “intermediate” climates. We also give an interpretation of minimizers as “typical” or “likely” solutions of time-dependent and stochastic 1D EBMs. We then examine connections between the value function, which represents the minimum value (across all temperature profiles) of the objective functional, regarded as a function of greenhouse gas concentration, and the global mean temperature (also as a function of greenhouse gas concentration, i.e. the bifurcation diagram). Specifically, the global mean temperature varies continuously as long as there is a unique minimizing temperature profile, but coexisting minimizers must have different global mean temperatures. Furthermore, global mean temperature is non-decreasing with respect to greenhouse gas concentration, and its jumps must necessarily be upward. Applicability of our findings to more general spatially heterogeneous reaction–diffusion models is also discussed, as are physical interpretations of our results.

Development and Testing of NDIR-Based Rapid Greenhouse Gas Detection Device for Dairy Farms

As greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms are on the rise, effective monitoring of these emissions has emerged as a crucial tool for assessing their environmental impacts and promoting sustainable development. Most of the existing studies on GHGs from dairy farms involve stationary detections with long response times and high costs. In this study, a greenhouse gas detection system was constructed based on NDIR technology using a single broadband light source and a four-channel thermopile detector for the detection of CH4, N2O, and CO2; the detection range of CH4 was 0~100 ppm; that of N2O was 0~500 ppm; and that of CO2 was 0~20%. After the concentration calibration, the cross-interference between the gas measurement channels was studied, and the least-squares method was used to correct the interference between the three gases. The experimental results showed that the full-range deviation of the detection device was lower than 0.81%, the repeatability was lower than 0.39%, the stability was lower than 0.61%, and the response time was lower than 10 s. This study also carried out on-site testing in Luoyang Shengsheng Ranch (Luoyang, China), and the results show that the error between this device and the PTM600 portable gas analyzer is within 9.78%, and the dynamic response time of this device is within 16 s, at which point the content of greenhouse gases in dairy farms can be measured quickly and accurately. The objective of this study is to enhance the precision and effectiveness of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions monitoring from dairy farms, thereby contributing to environmental protection and sustainable development goals. By achieving this, we aim to facilitate societal progress towards a greener and low-carbon future.

Adsorption and sensing properties of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6) on pristine and Cr modified WSe2 monolayer based on density functional theory

With the increasing global warming, monitoring and reducing the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has become a top priority. In this study, we investigated the adsorption and sensing performances of pristine and two Cr-modified WSe2 (Cr-doped and Cr-substituted) monolayers on four greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6) based on DFT, and explored their application prospects as a greenhouse gas sensor. The mechanism of gas sensing was analyzed from the aspects of adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states (DOS), band structure, sensitivity, desorption time, etc. The experimental results show that both Cr modification methods could significantly improve the adsorption capacity of the intrinsic WSe2 monolayer. The two Cr-WSe2 monolayers possess strong chemisorption on all four gases according to high adsorption energy and charge transfer, so they can be used to purify CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6 in the atmosphere. In addition, Cr-WSe2 monolayers have good desorption behavior to CO2 and CH4 at high temperatures, which makes them possible to be used as gas-sensing material for recycling under certain conditions. Our research has some theoretical implications for exploring potential sensing materials for the recovery of greenhouse gases.

Opinion: Stratospheric ozone – depletion, recovery and new challenges

Abstract. We summarise current important and well-established open issues related to the depletion of stratospheric ozone and discuss some newly emerging challenges. The ozone layer is recovering from the effects of halogenated source gases due to the continued success of the Montreal Protocol despite recent renewed production of controlled substances and the impact of uncontrolled very short-lived substances. The increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have large potential to perturb stratospheric ozone in different ways, but their future evolutions, and hence impacts, are uncertain. Ozone depletion through injection of smoke particles has been observed following recent Australian wildfires. Further perturbations to the ozone layer are currently occurring through the unexpected injection of massive amounts of water vapour from the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano in 2022. Open research questions emphasise the critical need to maintain, if not expand, the observational network and to address the impending “satellite data gap” in global, height-resolved observations of stratospheric trace gases and aerosols. We will, in effect, be largely blind to the stratospheric effects of similar wildfire and volcanic events in the near future. Complex Earth system models (ESMs) being developed for climate projections have the stratosphere as an important component. However, the huge computational requirement of these models must not result in an oversimplification of the many processes affecting the ozone layer. Regardless, a hierarchy of simpler process models will continue to be important for testing our evolving understanding of the ozone layer and for providing policy-relevant information.

Understanding the Impact of Precipitation Bias‐Correction and Statistical Downscaling Methods on Projected Changes in Flood Extremes

AbstractThis study evaluates five bias correction and statistical downscaling (BCSD) techniques for daily precipitation and examines their impacts on the projected changes in flood extremes (i.e., 1%, 0.5%, and 0.2% floods). We use climate model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to conduct hydrologic simulations across watersheds in Iowa and determine historical and future flood extreme estimates based on generalized extreme value distribution fitting. Projected changes in these extremes are examined with respect to four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) alongside five BCSD techniques. We find the magnitude of the estimates of future annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) are expected to increase under all SSPs, especially for the emission scenarios with higher greenhouse gases concentrations (i.e., SSP370 and SSP585). Our results also suggest the choice of BCSD impacts the magnitude of the projected changes, with the SSPs that play a more limited role compared to the choice of downscaling method. The variability in projected flood changes across Iowa is similar across the downscaling technique but increases as the AEP increases. Our findings provide insights into the impact of downscaling techniques on flood extremes' projections and useful information for climate planning across the state.

Long-term management of rice agroecosystem towards climate change mitigation

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recognize to agriculture the responsibility for about 15 % of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing to global warming. The increasing nutrient inputs in industrial agriculture affect the GHG concentration in the atmosphere and varies substantially due to rate and type of fertilizers applied to the crops, making the management more or less sustainable. In this perspective, this study has investigated at small scale the effect of different adjusted agricultural management practices, based on different nutrient dosage, to optimize the effect of rice cropping systems on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Farmyard manure (FYM), rice stubbles and Azolla integrated with chemical fertilizers have been correlated with microbial and enzymatic activities, and with different carbon and nitrogen fractions in acid Inceptisol. Results have revealed that the integrated nutrient management used in rice-rice agroecosystem yielded a peak for CO2 and CH4 emissions, whereas two peaks for N2O emission. This study has shown an increase in greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) and grain yield of rice in the following order: rice stubbles > FYM > Azolla and it has confirmed CH4 emission as the dominant contributor to GHGI from the rice-rice agroecosystem. When analyzed together GHGs emission and soil properties, a positive correlation was found with biological properties as well as with the different carbon and nitrogen fractions in soil. The highest GHGI has been highlighted in the treatment where recommended dose of chemical fertilizers has been combined with rice stubbles, primarily due to the increase in CH4 emissions. In contrast, the lowest GHGI has been exhibited in Azolla treated plot, probably due to the cumulative effects of the photosynthetic rate of Azolla, the release of oxygen from the Azolla roots, and the physical protection capacity of the Azolla cover, which partially avoid the CH4 diffusion from the standing water. The seasonality did not affect the estimated rates of GHGI that have been lower both in case of winter and autumn rice compared to previous studies, probably for dissimilarities in management practices. Further research is required in other cropping sequences for addressing the ecological contribution of smallholder agriculture to help reducing GHG emissions, thus, mitigating global warming with actions at local scale.

Profile of Rainfall Patterns and Extreme Air Temperatures 1981-2020 in the Mosunal Region of Indonesia (Case Study: South Sumatra)

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have led to changes in extreme climate events. This study aims to describe the picture of climate change in the South Sumatra Region during the last 40 years, namely from 1981-2020. Rainfall and extreme temperature data were obtained from BMKG data for South Sumatra Province at the Palembang City Climatology Station (SK Palembang City) and the Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Meteorological Station (SM SMB II). Maximum temperature data, minimum temperature and rainfall were obtained based on parameter profiles obtained from BMKG data for South Sumatra Province based on the ETCCDMI provisions. Maximum temperature data, minimum temperature and rainfall are processed with RClimDex software so that temperature and extreme rain index data are obtained. These indices are extreme climate indices consisting of TN90p, TX90p, TNn, TNx,TXx, TXx, TMAXmean, TMINmean, RX1day, RX5day, SDII, CDD and CWD. The results of this study indicate that the trend of air temperature will increase significantly in South Sumatra Province, especially the minimum air temperature, then the precipitation pattern will also increase, especially the accumulation of rainfall for 5 consecutive days. There is an increase in the number of dry days and a decrease in the number of wet days, as well as the higher accumulation of daily rainfall but the wet days are decreasing day by day. This is also increasingly having an impact on climate change in South Sumatra Province which is getting hotter day by day and the smoke disaster due to land and peat fires in South Sumatra Province is increasingly worrying.

The Role of Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols, and Deforestation in Climate Change: a Multidisciplinary Assessment of the Interaction Mechanisms Between Human Activity and the Environment

Climate change can be caused by various anthropogenic or natural factors that influence atmospheric changes. The direct link between human activity and the environment is represented by the interaction mechanisms between anthropogenic factors such as urbanization, deforestation, hydrological changes, greenhouse gases and aerosols. These interaction mechanisms are assessed by the current state of knowledge in the climate change field. One of these mechanisms is related to greenhouse gases (GHGs), which increase surface level heating and lowers atmospheric temperature in the long term by increasing atmospheric GHG concentration. This heating reduces air density parcel and increases total evaporation to transfer excess heat from surface (latent heat) to atmosphere. Another mechanism is related to anthropogenic aerosols, which have direct and indirect effects on climate change with variable direct radiative forcing depending on the nature, density and composition of the aerosol particles. Anthropogenic sulphate is the main element that influences atmospheric conditions through its direct and indirect effects, which delay global warming by increasing the albedo and the lifetime of clouds formed by water droplets. A third mechanism is related to deforestation, which affects the environment according to the results of climate models based on deforestation scenarios. Deforestation alters the heat exchange between the oceans (relatively warm) and the atmosphere (relatively cold), generating a sensible heat flux (warming) that influences neighbouring regions. Deforestation also lowers surface temperature by changing coniferous vegetation to tundra and desert, causing a cooling of up to -4°C in North America and -6°C in Siberia. In Europe, deforestation scenarios show a decrease in surface temperature of -2°C to -3°C in spring and -1°C in summer in northern mid-latitudes, mainly due to the delayed melting of spring snow.

Analysis of Biomass Potential, Carbon Stock, Carbon Sequestration, Oxygen Production, and Value of Environmental Services CO2 Uptake in Three Types of Forests in Buton District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Global warming is a symptom of an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface. Global warming is caused by the large concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. One of the biggest greenhouse gases contributing to global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). Forest vegetation can absorb about 50% of total emissions through a sequestration process stored in biomass in all parts of the plant. The study aimed to determine the potential of biomass, carbon stocks, carbon sequestration, oxygen production, and the CO2 absorption value of environmental services in three types of ecosystems in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Research sampling was conducted using purposive sampling techniques and roaming methods. Calculation of biomass potential, carbon stock, carbon sequestration, oxygen production, and environmental service value of CO2 uptake using an allometric formula The results of research on the biomass potential of mangrove forests, lambusango forests, and pine forests were respectively, 16,108.27 tons/ha, 84,693.72 tons/ha, and 14,273.98 tons/ha. The potential carbon stock is 8,054.13 tons/ha, 42,346.86 tons/ha, and 7,136.99 tons/ha. The carbon absorption potential is 29,558.67 tons/ha, 155,412.98 tons/ha, and 26,192.75 tons/ha. The potential oxygen production is 21,504.54 tons/ha, 113,066.12 tons/ha, and 19,055.76 tons/ha, while the value of environmental services CO2 absorption is 2,221,038,614.63 Rp/ha, 11,677,731,637.57 Rp/ha, and 1,968,123,759 Rp/ha.

METODE TRIPLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING HOLT-WINTER’S MULTIPLICATIVE DAN DEKOMPOSISI KLASIK MULTIPLIKATIF UNTUK PERAMALAN RATA-RATA KENAIKAN KONSENTRASI KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) GLOBAL

Global warming occurs due the high concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, which is called the greenhouse effect. The highest greenhouse gas that causes global warming that is being piled up in the atmosphere due human activity is carbon dioxide. Data on the average increase in global carbon dioxide (C02) concentrations are assumed contain elements of trend and seasonality. Holt-Winter's Multiplicative Triple Exponential Smoothing Method and Multiplicative Classical Decomposition the best choices in predicting data that contains trend and seasonality elements. Forecasting data on the global average increase CO2 has the objective of predicting data for the next 12 periods. The data used is data on the global average increase for the period January 2013 to December 2022. The prediction error measure used is MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). The results of the analysis on the Triple Exponential Smoothing Holt-Winter's Multiplicative method obtained a MAPE value of 0.09395%, indicating very good prediction category, while the results of the analysis of the Multiplicative Classical Decomposition method had a MAPE value of 0.07021%, which means that it has very good category in do forecasting. Based on the MAPE value obtained, the best method is the Multiplicative Classical Decomposition method.

Supercell precipitation contribution to the United States hydroclimate

AbstractThis research seeks to understand simulated supercell precipitation characteristics across the conterminous United States (CONUS) using high‐resolution, convection‐permitting, dynamically downscaled simulations for three 15‐year epochs. Epochs include a historical end‐of‐20th‐century period (1990–2005) and two end‐of‐21st‐century (2085–2100) scenarios for intermediate and pessimistic greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. Simulated updraft helicity, which measures the corkscrew flow within a storm's updraft, is used as a proxy for supercells. An algorithm tracks and catalogues updraft helicity swaths that, when buffered, are used to acquire simulated precipitation from supercells. The historical epoch provides a baseline climatology of supercell precipitation for a contemporary climate, which is then compared against the two future epochs to assess how supercell precipitation may change during the 21st century. Despite their relatively small size, supercells provide critical precipitation to the Wheat and Corn Belts, large expanses of CONUS pasture and rangeland, regional aquifers and several large river basins. Many areas in the central CONUS receive upwards of 3%–6% of their annual and 5%–8% of their warm‐season precipitation from these storms. Results suggest that precipitation contribution from supercells will decrease in the future across most of the High Plains and Central and Northern Great Plains with robust increases likely across the south‐central and Southeast regions. Supercell precipitation rates are expected to increase for large portions of the CONUS by the end‐of‐the‐21st‐century, suggesting a growing threat for flash floods from these storms as they become more efficient precipitation producers. This research provides an initial perspective on the magnitude of supercell precipitation and potential changes to this important hydrologic input to assist water‐sensitive industries, private and public insurance markets, agriculture entities, as well as inform plans to mitigate and build resilience to rapid environmental and societal change.

Enhancing Sustainability in Potato Crop Production: Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Nitrate Accumulation in Potato Tubers through Optimized Nitrogen Fertilization

The complex ramifications of global climate change, which is caused by heightened concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, are deeply concerning. Addressing this crisis necessitates the immediate implementation of adaptive mitigation strategies, especially within the agricultural sector. In this context, this study aimed to assess how the supply of nitrogen (N) (0, 70, 140, and 210 kg N ha−1) in the forms of ammonium nitrate and urea affects the agronomic performance, food quality, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and carbon footprint of potato plants. The examined hypothesis was that by precisely calibrating N doses alongside appropriate sourcing, over-fertilization in potato cultivation can be mitigated. A decline in stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate disturbs physiological mechanisms, reflecting in biomass production. Application of 136 kg N ha−1 as urea showed a remarkable yield increase compared to other doses and sources. The highest nitrate content in potato tubers was achieved at 210 kg N ha−1 for both sources, not exceeding the limit (200 mg kg−1 of fresh mass) recommended for human consumption. The lowest carbon footprint was obtained when 70 kg N ha−1 was applied, around 41% and 26% lower than when 210 kg N ha−1 and 140 kg N ha−1 were applied, respectively. The results demonstrated that over-fertilization not only worsened the yield and tuber quality of potato plants, but also increased greenhouse gas emissions. This information is valuable for establishing an effective fertilization program for the potato crop and reducing carbon footprint.

Climate change impact on small mammals from two Neotropical hotspots

Abstract Current climate change represents the unprecedented change in weather patterns across global and regional scales over a short period due to human activity. It is expected to drive changes in species distributions across the globe. Our goal here was to analyse (i) how climate change can impact the future distribution of species in two Neotropical hotspots, and (ii) how future distribution can impact the threatened status of species. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate suitable areas in the present and four future climate change scenarios (SSPs) for 40 species of nonvolant small mammals endemic to the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes of South America. We also inferred species’ future threat levels according to the IUCN’s A3 criteria using future relative area estimates. We found that species will gradually lose more area in all future scenarios, from the most optimistic Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP1-2.6) to the most pessimistic (SSP5-8.5) scenario. Species endemic to the Cerrado will see a greater area reduction than species endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Consequently, the Cerrado will have more threatened species than the Atlantic Forest. Species that occupy both biomes will lose proportionally less area than those endemic to the Cerrado but more area than those endemic to the Atlantic Forest. In conclusion, small mammal species will, in general, be negatively impacted by climate change. However, the degree of impact depends on the trajectory of greenhouse gas concentrations and where the species live.