Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies Research Articles

Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potential of crop production in Northeast China

Agricultural management practices that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been identified as effective mitigation strategies. However, research on carbon emissions from major crops in Northeast China focuses on national and provincial data, overlooking city-scale variability and uncertainties, which prevents fine-scale assessment of crop emissions reduction potential. To address this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) combined with the Monte Carlo method was conducted to estimate the carbon footprint of rice, maize, and soybean production for different cities in Northeast China from 1991 to 2020. The results showed that the top one-third of cities with the highest total carbon emissions (TCE) account for approximately 40 % of the region's TCE. Nitrogen losses and production processes related to nitrogen fertilizer application were identified as the primary contributors to TCE from crop production, accounting for 29.6–62.5 % of the total, with a relative importance of 58.5–78.2 %. Scenario analysis indicated that optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management and reducing active nitrogen losses are the most effective strategies for reducing TCE from major crop production, offering a reduction potential of 34.5–60.6 %. Recommended strategies include phased application of nitrogen fertilizer, the addition of nitrification inhibitors, or using slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, combined with appropriate increases in crop planting density, straw return decomposition technologies and water-saving irrigation methods to reduce GHG emissions. These strategies aim to achieve low-carbon sustainable grain production and provide a foundation for exploring the emissions reduction potential of agricultural inputs and optimizing regional crop layouts, offering new insights for developing more effective GHG reduction strategies.

Onboard amino acid salt-based CO2 integrated absorption and mineralization: Kinetics, mechanism, economics and life cycle

The International Maritime Organization's ambitious greenhouse gas reduction strategy is driving efforts to capture carbon from marine engine exhaust gas. Onboard carbon capture and storage (OCCS) faced significant challenges, particularly due to the substantial thermal energy requirements during the capture process and the complexities of transporting captured CO2 to storage facilities. The integrated CO2 absorption and mineralization (IAM) process, a thermodynamically downhill process, offered a potential solution for rapidly absorbing and sequestering CO2 in-situ. In this study, a single-step amino acid salt-based IAM process was employed to address carbon emissions from ships. Under optimized conditions, over 85 % of the CO2 in simulated marine engine exhaust gas was captured and completely converted to calcium carbonate using a potassium glycinate/ calcium hydroxide blend absorption slurry. This approach tackled the key challenges of effectively capturing CO2 from ships, while minimizing energy consumption, and ensuring the safe storage of the captured CO2. A case study on a 1700 TEU container ship evaluated the economic benefits and global warming potential of the OCCS system, indicating that capturing CO2 from ships could be profitable (87.2 $/ton CO2) and calcium carbonate could be a commercial product. Despite high-carbon-intensity absorbents (such as calcium hydroxide) partially offset the carbon reduction effort, resulting in a decline of carbon capture efficiency from 85 % to 44 %. The proposed amino acid salt-based IAM method could be considered a promising technique for reducing carbon emissions from ships, providing a feasible technical means for achieving the International Maritime Organization's ambition strategy for zero-carbon shipping.

Navigating Climate Change: Alberta’s Carbon Program for Sustainable Agriculture

In 2021, the Government of Alberta launched the carbon program initiative to evaluate environmental practices and greenhouse gas reduction strategies in the agricultural sector. The program has produced various technical reports, policy briefing papers, industry surveys and roundtables. This policy paper consolidates the findings of the research. It presents an analysis of Alberta’s greenhouse gas emission profile, historical trends and the policy framework, as well as an examination of mitigation strategies such as carbon pricing and their effectiveness in Alberta’s agricultural system. The key question addressed in this paper is how Alberta can continue to support its thriving agricultural industry while responding to the federal and global calls to significantly reduce its methane and nitrous oxide emissions and fulfil Canada’s climate commitments. The paper also outlines the obstacles that producers encounter when implementing these strategies, as well as the limitations of the current emission estimation methodology in measuring the impact. To effectively address the challenges of emission mitigation in Alberta’s agriculture sector, a co-ordinated approach at both the federal and provincial levels is crucial. The paper concludes with the following recommendations that outline specific actions to help reduce uncertainties and support producers in implementing best management practices (BMPs) to lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Preface

This WSBE24 Conference Proceedings comprise the selected papers presented at the 2024 World Sustainable Built Environment Conference (WSBE24). The world conference, held on a triennial basis, is the premier event of the Sustainable Built Environment (SBE) Conference Series managed by the SBE Partners and Permanent Co-hosts – consisting of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE), the International Council of Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). WSBE24 was conducted online from 12-14 June 2024, under the overarching theme of “Innovation Pathways & Partnerships for Sustainable Built and Urban Environments”. This conference not only facilitated a diverse array of talks and discussions but also ensured wide accessibility by publishing its proceedings as an open access document, with both the whole proceedings and the individual papers available online. The video recordings of the presentations are also available online in another platform. This Proceedings include the articles that underpin the conference’s scientific program. Each submission underwent a double-blind peer-review process. A globally represented Scientific Committee and the Editors carefully reviewed initial abstracts and full paper submissions, ensuring that only those meeting the necessary scientific standards were presented at the conference and included in these proceedings. The breadth of topics covered in these papers is vast, spanning current trends and innovations, challenges and solutions, and empirical findings across the fields of science, industry, policy, and governance. A major focus was placed on reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the construction, building and real estate sector, reflecting discussions in line with those at the Buildings and Climate Global Forum held in Paris in March 2024, organized by UNEP and the French Government, amongst others. This collection reflects the field’s most pressing challenges and emerging solutions. Papers examine greenhouse gas reduction strategies, the integration of climate action and resource conservation, and the transition toward a circular economy. Tools for environmental performance assessment – including the expanding role of lifecycle assessment (LCA) in design and management workflows, especially in a digital environment (e.g., BIM) – feature prominently. Questions and innovative research and solutions range from specific materials and building physics in individual buildings to broad urban development strategies, always guided by the principles of sustainable development. The continuing needs for enhanced educational and capability development – which is also an emerging subject within the Global Alliance for Building and Construction (GlobalABC) – and expanded scope of SBE issues and impacts on people and communities and economics, and vice versa, in future editions are highlighted. The first principles concept of sustainability continues to be a suitable umbrella for topics such as circularity, resilience and regenerative design. List of Reviewers is available in this Pdf.

Inventory regionalization of background data: Influence on building life cycle assessment and carbon reduction strategies

Robust carbon reduction strategies are needed to meet climate targets, especially for emissions from building materials. Although research has shown that the production of materials can be influenced by local conditions, such as the energy mix, the impact of regionalization on embodied emissions from buildings has not yet been fully explored. In this paper, we investigate the impact of inventory regionalization on the life cycle assessment of buildings and its influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies. This is performed by first developing a consistent, automated and reproducible method for regionalizing the production process of building materials for all countries. We then apply life cycle assessment to a building for all European countries using the created regionalized processes. The results show strong deviations for certain countries, reaching a difference of up to 17% to the regional average data. When investigating the influence of regionalization on the choice of typical GHG reduction strategies, results show that the choice of strategy can be influenced by the regional context, supporting the need for greater geographic representativeness of building materials inventories for successful GHG emissions reduction pathways. Regionalization can also support the development of more accurate product-specific environmental product declarations (EPDs), which currently rely on average background data.

The productivity paradox in carbon‐intensive companies: How eco‐innovation affects corporate environmental and financial performance

AbstractEmpirical studies analyzing the relationship between strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and firms' environmental and financial performance often fail to find significant effects when firms invest in innovative green technologies. Indeed, as efficiency and productivity gains of new technologies can often be reaped only after a certain time gap, cross‐sectional studies are bound to ignore the time component, thus becoming subject to the productivity paradox. Employing an integrative approach, drawing on eco‐efficiency theory, productivity paradox, and innovation diffusion principles, this longitudinal study observes companies with high GHG emissions during and after the first two European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) trading periods (2005–2019). It analyzes (1) the dynamics of carbon reduction practices over time, (2) the impact of GHG reduction strategies on environmental performance, (3) the positive effect of GHG‐related efficiency improvements on firm performance, while considering (4) the moderating effect of GHG emissions type on the latter relationship.

Reduction Method of Carbon Emission in Chemical Plants: Comparison of Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Korea

There are various methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the construction and operational processes of chemical plants; however, the greenhouse gas reduction effects, investment costs, and benefits of their application have not been evaluated. Therefore, this study proposes greenhouse gas reduction measures that can be applied to chemical plant projects, including photovoltaic power generation, power factor improvement, VSD (Variable Speed Drive) motors, LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting, and minimizing on-site business trips. Subsequently, the potential greenhouse gas reduction, estimated costs, and expected benefits for each measure were calculated by region. Among these measures, power factor improvement demonstrated the highest CO<sub>2</sub> reduction potential, with an estimated investment cost as low as 27 USD/tCO<sub>2</sub>, making it an effective greenhouse gas reduction strategy. Additionally, LED lighting and minimizing on-site business trips, which require little initial investment, should be implemented promptly. The proposed five measures, considering the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, estimated investment costs, and benefits, can be applied to identify ways to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in new chemical plants.

GHG Emission Accounting and Reduction Strategies in the Academic Sector: A Case Study in Mexico

The carbon footprint (CF) quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by human activities, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) units. It is an instrument for monitoring and mitigating the effects of climate change, which particularly affects low- and middle-income countries such as Mexico. The Mexican government has established a goal of reducing GHG emissions by 22% from the levels in 2000 by 2030. Although most efforts to reduce GHG emissions have been focused on the energy and agriculture sectors, the academic sector is also important since it can advise changes in public policy. In this study, the 2019 CF of the Centro Roberto Garza Sada (CRGS), a design school at the Universidad de Monterrey, was estimated in an effort to develop measures for reducing GHG emissions. The GHG Protocol was employed to calculate the total CF of the CRGS and identify the greatest contributors, including commuting (50.2%), energy purchase (28.5%), business travel (19.6%), and energy generation, use of paper, refrigerants, and shipments (1.7%). Three progressive mitigation scenarios were developed to reduce the GHG emissions from commuting, energy consumption, collaborators and student mobility, and material resources. These strategies could reduce the GHG emissions of the CRGS by 63.5% of the baseline assessed.

An overview of current trends in greenhouse gas reduction and possible strategies for their application in the oil and gas industry

This article provides an overview of the flare gases composition and methods for quantifying its emissions, as well as current trends in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the oil and gas industry which are associated with the combustion of associated gas at flare installations. For the oil and gas industry, synergy strategies have been proposed with bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) technologies. Modern technologies for the use of associated gas without combustion at flare installations are considered. Proposals to reduce flare gas emissions in the conditions of the Far North and the Arctic are presented to ensure sustainable development. Keywords: flare gas; greenhouse gases; associated gas; oil and gas industry; sustainable development.

How can we estimate carbon emissions and reduction of buildings at the local government level in South Korea?

Background and objective: Carbon neutrality must be achieved across societal sectors through carbon neutral policies. Therefore, local governments, which realize the actual greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, must develop GHG reduction strategies. This study aims to present information on the GHG reduction of the building sector (BS) at the local government level, for the carbon neutrality by 2050 (CN).Methods: The gross floor area (GFA) of all buildings and the total floor area of household (HBs), business (BBs), and public buildings (PBs) and by 2050 were predicted using building and demographic information from Jeollanam-do. Buildings were classified as over or under 10 years old. GHG emissions projection by 2050 were combined the GFA prediction results with public information on building energy consumption (BEC). After adjusting the nationwide CN goal for the BS in Jeollanam-do, the pathways for two scenarios were to estimate GHG reduction.Results: HBs showed the steepest increase in GFA, while BBs and PBs showed a very modest increase. About 30% of HBs and BBs were under 10 years and about 70% were over 10 years. The HB's GHG emissions increased remarkably, reflecting the GFA results, while the emissions of BBs and PBs didn't raised much. GHG reduction targets by 2030 were calculated as 1.4, 0.7, and 0.35 million TOE for HBs, BBs, and PBs, respectively. Reduction Scenario 1 shows a straight-line path with a negative slope from 2023. Reduction Scenario 2 shows an increase in emissions after 2023, which begins to decrease from 2028, falling with a curved steep slope until 2035, followed by a very modest decline until 2050.Conclusion: This study calculated GHG emissions from the BS by 2050 using the latest information on BEC and GHG calculation guidelines. The method in this study helps establish regional/local GHG reduction targets, setting scenarios, and estimating GHG reduction.

Analysing municipal energy system transformations in line with national greenhouse gas reduction strategies

Climate change mitigation and transformation strategies with expansion targets for renewable energy sources are defined at the national level. Due to the decentralised character of these sources, local energy system planning plays an important role. However, local communities often lack the capacity to develop energy concepts and thus exploit local renewable potentials consistently. This study develops a highly transferable methodology for deriving local energy system transformation scenarios in line with national greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Thus, an energy system optimisation model is substantially extended to collectively optimise the transformation of final energy demand in the residential, industry, tertiary and transport sectors, as well as established and niche greenhouse gas reduction technologies. Here, a focus is set on the building stock transformation, and a stochastic model is presented to better grasp and represent the dynamic developments and heterogeneity of the local building stock. Based on superordinate parameters such as retrofit rates and heating technology diffusion, the stochastic model generates informative building stock scenarios that are used as input for the developed energy system optimisation model. Exemplarily, the model is applied to the central European city of Karlsruhe. The results show that an increase of the retrofit rate to 2 %/a and strong electrification of the heat supply in the building sector is economically and environmentally beneficial. Furthermore, an accelerated expansion of photovoltaics compared to the national expansion rate can save costs and CO2 emissions. Building on the methodology presented, transferable infrastructure models for the electricity, gas and district heating network should be developed that can be used to assess the feasibility of the transformation paths determined by the methodology presented.

Greenhouse Gases Emission from Rice Paddy under Different Tillage Intensity during Fallow Season

Reduced tillage is a useful practice to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and decrease methane (CH4) emission in a rice paddy. However, the impacts of reduced tillage on the global warming potential (GWP) are generally analyzed for CH4 fluxes only during rice cultivation season. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tillage on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission including both CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) and SOC stock changes were evaluated during the fallow season under two different tillage systems (conventional tillage and reduced tillage practice). The emission rate of GHG emissions was monitored using the closed chamber method. The SOC stock changes were estimated by the net ecosystem C budget (NECB), which is defined as the difference between total organic C input and output. Finally, the net global warming potential (net GWP), which was calculated as CO2 equivalents was compared between the different tillage system in rice paddy during fallow season. The net GWP of tillage and reduced tillage treatment were 4.09 and 4.96 Mg CO2 eq. ha-1, respectively during fallow season. However, the net GWP was not significantly different tillage systems. The decrease of SOC stock as CO2 emission was the most influential part on increasing the net GWP. Our study suggest that regardless of tillage conditions, it is necessary to establish a greenhouse gas reduction strategy focusing on increasing SOC accumulation during the fallow season. However, as this study was conducted for only single fallow season, long-term study is required to estimate the cumulative effects of tillage treatment on GHG emissions during fallow seasons in paddy.Net global warming potential (net GWP) under different tillage systems during fallow season in rice paddy (CT, conventional tillage; RT, reduced tillage).

Analysis of Impact Mitigation Policy and Greenhouse gas Reduction Strategies At Pt Xyz

Background: Environmental issues have now become a very important topic for the attention of countries around the world, especially efforts to prevent climate change by mitigating the greenhouse effect. Objective: aims to analyze the impact mitigation policies and GHG reduction strategies carried out by PT XYZ as one of the manufacturing industries that is committed to contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse gas impacts. Methods: AHP method, is affected by this assessment. Pairwise comparison matrices, or pairwise comparison matrices containing the preference levels of several options for each criterion, were used to organize the findings of this assessment. Results: which produces the highest CO2 emissions due to the use of Production Machinery in Factory 1 location of 14,599 Ton.CO2eq per year, or 37% of the total CO2 emissions in this company, then the second highest is from factory 5 location, namely 14,311 Ton.CO2 eq.

ANALISA KEBIJAKAN MITIGASI DAMPAK DAN STRATEGI PENURUNAN GAS RUMAH KACA DI PT XYZ MENGGUNAKAN METODE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

Environmental issues have now become a critical topic for the attention of countries around the world, especially efforts to prevent climate change by mitigating greenhouse impacts. There are six types of greenhouse gases, namely Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane ( CH4 ), Nitrous oxide ( N2O ), Hydro perfluorocarbons ( HFC ), Perfluorocarbons ( CFCs ), Sulfur Hexafluoride ( SF6) this which naturally exists in the air (atmosphere). The gas layer causes infrared heat rays A to reflect sunlight, causing geothermal heat that reaches 13°C. The earth's temperature will increase when the greenhouse gas layer gets bigger. Increased greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations contribute to climate change by destroying stratospheric ozone and trapping excessive heat in the atmosphere. CO2 contributes 76.7% of total GHG emissions. Industrial activities are suspected to be one of the sources of co2 emission production. Research using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method aims to analyze impact mitigation policies and GHG reduction strategies carried out by PT XYZ as one of the manufacturing industries committed to contributing to mitigating the impact of greenhouse gases. The research results obtained the Priority Policy on the operation of production machines at the Factory 1 location. The strategies carried out include replacing old machines that are no longer efficient with new machines that are more productive, and efficient in their electricity use, the use of high technology, and changing the layout or layout of machines that are more compact and grouped based on the type of product. From the analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, it was concluded that the most priority greenhouse gas (GHG) impact mitigation policy was to reduce CO2 emissions based on the use of electrical energy by Reducing the use of electrical energy.

Analysis of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biokerosene with 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Additive

The increase in population and living standards has sparked to mobility of people. Therefore, mobility of the people who enhanced welfare causes a raising in travel activities. Such a demand growth results in the accumulation of the energy requirement. In parallel, leads to developing greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies. To decrease the GHG in the aviation sector comes into prominence nowadays. Emissions from the aircrafts that using as the transportation medium are related to the fuel characteristics. In this sense, growing attention of using biokerosene instead of the fossil based kerosene is encountered in some air carriers. In this study, biodiesel produced via transesterification manner and obtained from waste frying oil was blended with fossil based kerosene in volumetrically (B60K40: 60% waste frying oil methyl ester and 40% fossil based kerosene). Then, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4000 ppm amount of 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) cetane improver have been added to the biokerosene mixture of B60K40. These fuels have been scrutinized emission and engine parameters in 4 cylinder, 4 stroke, turbocharged, direct injection compression ignition (CI) engine with the volume of 3.908 liters and 17/1 compression ratio at full load at 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm. In consequence of the present study, biokerosene fuel (B60K40) with additive 2-EHN improves the emissions.

Greenhouse gas reduction strategies for building materials: A reality check with the climate targets

The increasing importance of the embodied emissions in the life cycle of buildings has led to a growing interest in strategies supporting their mitigation. In this paper are presented the environmental impacts of 10 variants of a single-family house assessed with the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. A set of potential technological improvements and strategies are applied at the material level. Their influence at the building level is discussed and the resulting global warming potentials are compared to the COP21 targets for Austrian buildings. Finally, potential trade-offs in 9 other environmental impact categories are explored. The results show that, when incorporating all of the assessed strategies for emission reduction, the embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could be reduced up to 87% at the material level and 50% at the building level. Carbon capture and storage and the use of bio-based materials are to be credited for the highest share of these reductions. However, there is no version of this building that fulfils the COP21 targets. Other pathways, which do not solely rely on material-related technological improvements, should be investigated. A more radical change of the building industry might even be necessary. Overall, the implementation of the strategies decreased the environmental impacts in almost every impact category, except for freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity.

Characterizing methane and nitric oxide interaction in oxygen-free outwardly propagating spherical flame

Co-firing methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) has attracted growing concerns as a feasible greenhouse gas reduction strategy in gas turbine-based power generation, which raises the need to better understand the interaction of methane and nitric oxide (NO) under flame conditions. In this work, laminar flame propagation of CH4/NO mixtures at initial pressure (Pu) of 1 atm, initial temperature (Tu) of 298 K and equivalence ratios of 0.4–1.8 was experimentally investigated using a constant-volume combustion vessel. Laminar burning velocities (LBVs) and Markstein lengths were experimentally determined. A kinetic model of CH4/NO combustion was developed with rate constants of several important reactions updated, presenting reasonable predictions on the measured LBVs of CH4/NO mixtures. The modeling analyses reveal that the reduction of NO can proceed through two mechanisms, i.e. the hydrocarbon NO reduction mechanism and non-hydrocarbon NO reduction mechanism. Among the two mechanisms, the non-hydrocarbon NO reduction mechanism which includes reactions NO+H = N+OH, NO+O = N + O2 and NO+N = N2+O has a higher contribution to NO reduction at the equivalence ratio of 0.6, while the hydrocarbon NO reduction mechanism with hydrocyanic acid (HCN) as the key intermediate plays a more important role at the equivalence ratio of 1.8. NO+H = N+OH and CH3+NOHCN+H2O are found to be the two most sensitive reactions to promote the flame propagation, while the LBVs measured in this work are demonstrated to provide strong constraint for these reactions. Furthermore, previous CH4/O2/NO oxidation data measured in flow reactor and rapid compression machine were also simulated, which provides extended validation of the present model over wider conditions.

The value of recycling for low-carbon energy systems - A case study of Germany's energy transition

To achieve climate neutrality, synergies between circular economy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions must be strengthened. Previously unused emission reduction potentials of resource efficiency are to be exploited. Since all potentially possible emission reduction measures are linked by interactions, the evaluation of a single measure in terms of cost efficiency, effectiveness, and compliance with climate protection targets is very complex and requires a model-based analysis that takes the entire energy system into account.This work advances an energy system model for Germany so that through comprehensive modeling of industrial processes and implementation of recycling options, the impact of recycling measures in the context of national greenhouse gas mitigation strategies can be analyzed.The scenario evaluation shows that different recycling strategies have large effects on the German energy system. Without recycling energy demand in 2050 will increase by more than 300 TWh and cost of transformation will rise by 85% compared to a reference scenario, with today's recycling rates. On the other hand, if maximum recycling rates can be achieved, costs of transformation can be reduced by 26% until 2050. Recycling is an essential and cost-efficient greenhouse gas reduction strategy for future low-carbon energy system designs.

Cost minimized hydrogen from solar and wind – Production and supply in the European catchment area

Green hydrogen plays a major role in the net-zero greenhouse gas-reduction strategy of the European Union. To supply hydrogen as cheap as possible, a well-balanced production system is needed to handle fluctuations of solar radiation and wind energy. Thus, this paper investigates the onsite hydrogen supply costs in the European catchment area in 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050. Furthermore, a subsequent transport per pipeline to one of the projected demand centres in Europe (exemplary Germany) is considered. Also, the sensitivity regarding the additional use of salt caverns as hydrogen storage and less restricting supply profiles is assessed as well as the technical annual supply potential for 2030 and 2050. To do so, the optimal system design for minimized hydrogen supply cost for water electrolysis based on photovoltaic and wind turbines is estimated for a 0.5°x0.5° grid using a linear optimization model. For the best locations, coastal regions at the North Sea, Western Sahara and parts of Algeria, onsite hydrogen supply cost decreases from 3€2020/kgH2 in 2030 to 2 €2020/kgH2 in 2050. The technical hydrogen supply potential is tremendous, especially from Northern Africa, and a supply to Central Europe (Germany) via pipeline for around 3€2020/kgH2 is possible in 2050, while a domestic hydrogen production in Germany covering the projected demand would lead to cost up to 4.5 €2020/kgH2. Furthermore, a large scale hydrogen storage e.g. in salt caverns, can reduce the hydrogen supply costs for regions with high seasonality of solar and wind up to 50% and excess electricity to less than 10%, leading to fewer cost deviations between the sub-regions, resulting in lower import costs from Northern and Western Europe than from Northern Africa or Middle East.

Basic Ship-Planning Support System Using Big Data in Maritime Logistics for Simulating Demand Generation

Dynamic changes in the global market demand affect ship development. Correspondingly, big data have provided the ability to comprehend the current and future conditions in numerous sectors and understand the dynamic circumstances of the maritime industry. Therefore, we have developed a basic ship-planning support system utilizing big data in maritime logistics. Previous studies have used a ship allocation algorithm, which only considered the ship cost (COST) along limited target routes; by contrast, in this study, a basic ship-planning support system is reinforced with particularized COST attributes and greenhouse gas (GHG) features incorporated into a ship allocation algorithm related to the International Maritime Organization GHG reduction strategy. Additionally, this system is expanded to a worldwide shipping area. Thus, we optimize the operation-level ship allocation using the existing ships by considering the COST and GHG emissions. Finally, the ship specifications demanded worldwide are ascertained by inputting the new ships instance.