Growing Greenhouse Gas Research Articles

The Sustainable Organization Design for Transport Services: Guarantees of Origin (GOs) via Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

Abstract This study explores the potential for change that Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) can bring to the transportation sector. It seeks to tackle the pressing need for sustainable progress in light of increasing concerns about climate change and growing greenhouse gas emissions. The transportation industry, essential for global supply chains and movement, is confronted with the task of lessening its environmental impact while maintaining operational efficiency and dependability. The emergence of ITS presents a hopeful solution by combining information and communication technologies with transport infrastructure and vehicles to streamline logistics, improve safety, and reduce emissions. These systems offer crucial up-to-date information on traffic conditions, vehicle function, and route planning, enabling well-informed decision-making and effective resource management. This study focuses on the creative use of the "Guarantee of Origin" (GO) idea, typically utilized in the renewable energy industry to validate the environmental friendliness of energy sources, in the field of logistics and transportation. The research suggests that expanding the GO framework to include detailed emissions tracking for complete travel plans within an ITS system could greatly improve the sector's environmental responsibility and openness. Generating a clean GO is exclusively feasible within an ITS, particularly for intricate travel itineraries or AWBs. Using a qualitative approach, this study delves into an in-depth review of literature to investigate how the organizational structure of transportation needs to change in order to incorporate sustainability through ITS. The goal is to bridge the gap between ambitions for sustainable transportation and the practical steps necessary for their achievement. A new model for organizational design is proposed, which utilizes ITS and the GO concept. This model envisions a comprehensive travel system that integrates various modes of transport within a government-run cloud platform. It will allow for accurate calculation and distribution of emissions data for each segment and mode of transportation. Ultimately, this research aims to demonstrate that ITS can be considered as projects that reduce emissions upstream (UER), paving the way for new funding opportunities in digital infrastructure development with a focus on sustainability. This study supports the overall objective of reaching carbon neutrality and sustainable growth in the transportation industry, emphasizing the essential function of ITS in aiding this significant shift.

Southern Hemisphere temperature trend in association with greenhouse gases, El Niño Southern Oscillation, and Antarctic Oscillation

In this study, the trend of mean seasonal and annual temperatures of the Southern Hemisphere was calculated based on the HadCRUT5 and NASA-GISS data networks, for the period 1901–2021 and 1951–2021. In order to determine the possible effects on temperature, man, or nature, the relationship with CO2 concentration, GHG (greenhouse gases) radiation exposure, and teleconnections ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and AAO (Antarctic Oscillation) was examined. The obtained results indicate that there is a significant increasing trend of seasonal and annual temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere, which intensified in the period between 1951 and 2021 (from 0.11 to 0.12 °C per decade). According to climate models, one of the indicators of the dominance of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect is the polar amplification (more intense temperature rise going from the equator to the poles). However, polar amplification was not recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the fact that there was the smallest increase in temperature in the belt between 44°S–64°S. Moreover, in the mentioned zone, the positive trend was smaller in the period between 1951 and 2021 than in the period between 1901 and 2021, which was not to be expected. Nevertheless, the Southern Hemisphere temperature showed a statistically significantly strong correlation with the concentration of CO2observed at the Mauna Loa station. It was also found that there is a significant relationship between the energy impact of greenhouse gases and the Southern Hemisphere temperature, which is logical, because with the growth of GHG, positive radiative forcing increases. When it comes to the impact of telecommunications, both considered teleconnections (ENSO and AAO) have an impact on changes in the temperature of the Southern Hemisphere.

Utilizing carbon dioxide from refinery flue gas for methanol production: System design and assessment

As a main growing greenhouse gas emitter, petroleum refining is responsible for 4%–10% of the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which approximately 25% is derived from fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. The flue gas released by FCC units has a high CO2 content (11–17 vol%), creating potential for methanol production when the methane and hydrogen in the dry gas as a byproduct of FCC are considered. To unlock this low-carbon opportunity for refineries, we employed Aspen Plus to develop a methanol synthesis system by recovering the CO2 in the flue gas and the methane and hydrogen in the dry gas of an FCC unit. Based on pinch theory, a process heat integration technique was designed and optimized to reduce the energy penalty of the system. The developed system enables an annual CO2 mitigation of 2.80 million tons and boosts the energy efficiency of the FCC units by 2.8%. The system developed by this study is more economically favorable than traditional coal-to-methanol production. The developed system provides technological routes for refineries to achieve large-scale CO2 mitigation, thus advancing the green transition of the petrochemical industry.

Inventorying Earth’s Land and Ocean Greenhouse Gases

A new special collection in AGU journals will present findings from the Second REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP2) study with a decade of data on greenhouse gas growth.

Efficiency of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in the Dairy Farms: Case Study in the Mediterranean Region (Tlemcen)

With the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, renewable energies have become a promising solution to reduce global warming and pollution. One of the government’s goals is to introduce renewable energy in all sectors, especially the agricultural sector, which relies heavily on fossil fuels to operate milking cooling systems and other systems. This article presents a real study on the feasibility and efficiency of Grid connected PV system on a dairy farm, in Tlemcen province. It’s a typical farm that consumes about 42MWh / year of electrical energy. On this basis, we will dimension the system using the HOMER software, to feed this farm. A Grid connected PV system of 30W could produce 54.03MWh/yr, with Renewable Fraction of 53%, and 28.54kWh/yr was generated from the PV array, and 25.44kWh/yr is the amount of electricity purchased by the grid, while, the energy injected into the grid was estimated at 8.430 MWh/yr. In order to show the feasibility of this system we will proposed another system based on diesel generator, so that we can economically compare between the two systems, the lowest net present cost (NPC) of Diesel system of 25kW was estimated at 826$, with a cost of energy (COE) of 1.51$/kWh, while, the highest net present cost (NPC) of PV-Grid system (40kW) is 233$, and the cost of energy (COE) is 0.42$/ kWh. Therefore, this study shows the effectiveness of the grid-PV system in economic and environmental terms, thus, the use of this system in most dairy farms in Algeria contributes to the development of national agricultural production.

Optimized Energy Management Schemes for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Bibliometric Analysis towards Future Trends

Concerns over growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel prices have prompted researchers to look into alternative energy sources, notably in the transportation sector, accounting for more than 70% of carbon emissions. An increasing amount of research on electric vehicles (EVs) and their energy management schemes (EMSs) has been undertaken extensively in recent years to address these concerns. This article aims to offer a bibliometric analysis and investigation of optimized EMSs for EV applications. Hundreds (100) of the most relevant and highly influential manuscripts on EMSs for EV applications are explored and examined utilizing the Scopus database under predetermined parameters to identify the most impacting articles in this specific field of research. This bibliometric analysis provides a survey on EMSs related to EV applications focusing on the different battery storages, models, algorithms, frameworks, optimizations, converters, controllers, and power transmission systems. According to the findings, more articles were published in 2020, with a total of 22, as compared to other years. The authors with the highest number of manuscripts come from four nations, including China, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, and five research institutions, with these nations and institutions accounting for the publication of 72 papers. According to the comprehensive review, the current technologies are more or less capable of performing effectively; nevertheless, dependability and intelligent systems are still lacking. Therefore, this study highlights the existing difficulties and challenges related to EMSs for EV applications and some brief ideas, discussions, and potential suggestions for future research. This bibliometric research could be helpful to EV engineers and to automobile industries in terms of the development of cost-effective, longer-lasting, hydrogen-compatible electrical interfaces and well-performing EMSs for sustainable EV operations.

Consumer Motivation by Using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology towards Electric Vehicles

The transport sector is the leading source of growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. To consider environmental degradation aspects due to transport, electric vehicles (EVs) have the prospect to lead road transport to electric mobility from conventional petroleum vehicles. Despite various eco-friendly benefits, the EV market penetration ratio is very low, especially in developing countries. The primary reason for low penetration is consumer limited motivation and knowledge about the EVs features. This paper uses a unified theory of acceptance and technology (UTAUT) model to assess consumer motivation and environmental knowledge towards EVs. This research used convenience random sampling to collect data and analyzed the results using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method on the example of 199 respondents from Malaysia. The study results revealed that factors identified in the motivational context significantly influence consumer intentions to purchase EVs. Perceived environmental knowledge and technophilia have been included in UTAUT from a motivational perspective. Furthermore, a significant relationship between effort expectancy, social influence, technophilia, perceived environmental knowledge, and purchase intention towards electric vehicles has been observed, without performance expectancy. The study findings serve to inform policymakers and automakers to formulate effective marketing strategies to enhance consumer motivation, knowledge, and value creation for EVs in a sustainable era. Ultimately, the policies will help to encourage consumers to buy eco-friendly vehicles that will help reduce transport carbon emissions and attain sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Influence of Thermal Air Pollution on the Urban Climate (Estimates Using the COSMO-CLM Model)

It is well known that large cities and urban agglomerations not only make a decisive contribution to the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but also significantly shape their own climate by transforming the underlying surface of urban areas, as well as thermal, gas and aerosol pollution of the urban boundary layer of the atmosphere. The most powerful manifestation of the city’s influence on local and regional climate processes is the thermal pollution of the atmosphere created by anthropogenic heat fluxes forming primarily due to the energy consumption of the urban economy. This paper summarizes the results of the work of the authors on numerical modeling of the influence of anthropogenic heat fluxes (thermal pollution of the urban atmosphere) on the climatic characteristics of urban agglomerations using the COSMO-CLM mesoscale climate model. The work was carried out as part of the Analysis of an impact of the regional climate change on the residential and commercial energy consumption of Russian megacities project of the Russian Science Foundation.

Common but Differentiated Strategies

The climate policies of China and India have undergone significant changes over recent years. Initially, both bluntly rejected any international mitigation obligations imposed from the outside and held industrialized countries accountable for deteriorating environmental problems. Later, as mounting scientific evidence of the devastating consequences of climate disasters became indisputable and an increasingly number of small island nations, along with Western countries, ratcheted up pressure on Beijing and New Delhi to take more vigorous climate actions, China and India began to adopt more conciliatory and cooperative attitudes toward global climate actions. At the same time, both nations’ evolving climate diplomacy is also driven by domestic realities, such as their rising economic status and growing greenhouse gas emissions. Bureaucratic establishments in the two countries’ political systems play different roles in their respective climate policy-making processes. While Beijing and New Delhi will continue to highlight their developing nation status and push advanced economies to assume the bulk of mitigation responsibilities, both have turned to more flexible policy positions, with Beijing more ready to set more ambitious targets and take on a more proactive role in global climate talks.

Photocatalytic Chemical CO2 Fixation by Cu-BDC Nanosheet@Macroporous–Mesoporous-TiO2 under Mild Conditions

Growing greenhouse gas CO2 is driving the research on the chemical fixation of CO2. Here, the organic reaction of CO2 with benzyl halogen for chemical CO2 fixation under ambient conditions with irr...

The future GHG emissions of tourism by Brazilians

ABSTRACT The rapid development of tourism in emerging countries is a major contributor to the sector’s growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. An assessment of emissions produced by Brazilian tourists confirms this trend, and reveals the importance of each country’s unique economic, social and environmental factors, which make it difficult to treat emerging countries as a homogenous group. This paper explores the possible futures of Brazilian tourism emissions by using various scenarios, starting with the reconstruction of submarkets based on transport modes and distances travelled, using national sources for the year 2010. A reference scenario shows that GHG emissions are likely to be multiplied by four by 2030 and by eight by 2050. Finally, alternative hypotheses on the driving forces behind Brazilians’ domestic and international tourism are combined and used as building blocks to develop alternative scenarios. The outcome of reasonable mitigation options would maintain tourism’s contribution to national greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 at a level comparable to those currently observed in highly developed countries. However, between 2030 and 2050, tourism emissions would continue to grow, whereas national emissions would diminish. Tourism could therefore become a major burden in national mitigation policies.

Greening the South Africa’s Economy Could Benefit the Food Sector: Evidence from a Carbon Tax Policy Assessment

South Africa has a competitive and viable food production sector which enables the country to be a consistent net exporter of agricultural products. Lately, the business and labour organisations have raised concerns that the government’s intention to implement the carbon tax policy will affect the food supply, subsequently exacerbating the unemployment and food insecurity in the country. Carbon tax is one of the policy tools to be implemented in order to reduce the growing greenhouse gas emissions thus helping the government meets its Paris Agreement commitments. South Africa’s National Treasury released a second draft of the carbon tax bill in 2017, which takes into account the concerns raised by different organisations. In this paper, we evaluate the potential impact of the carbon tax policy on agriculture, food and other sectors using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. The results show that the carbon tax is an effective policy tool to mitigate emissions, as they decline by 33% relative to the baseline by 2035. This also leads to a welfare loss of R98.326 billion as the country transforms into a green economy. The carbon-intensive sectors like transport, steel and coal-generated electricity experiences significant output decline. However, the agriculture and food sectors show improvements in terms of jobs and production when the carbon tax is implemented. The positive effects on these two sectors are greatly reduced if tax exemptions provided to the agricultural sector are removed and the tax revenue is not recycled in the form of production subsidy to industries.

Effects of large-scale atmospheric flow and sunshine duration on the evolution of minimum and maximum temperature in Switzerland

The evolution of mean annual minimum (TMIN) and maximum temperature (TMAX) on the Swiss Plateau shows distinct differences over the last 150 years. TMIN increased relatively steadily by about 3 °C. TMAX increased by only 1.5 °C with substantial decadal variability and hardly any increase until about 1940. However, in the most recent decades, TMAX trends are somewhat larger than TMIN trends. While most aspects of the TMIN evolution can be well explained by the global forcing and the modifying effects of the large-scale atmospheric flow alone, local sunshine duration (SD) information is crucial to explain major features of the TMAX series and the differences between TMIN and TMAX since about 1950. SD shows no clear trend until 1950, a decline from 1950 to 1980 and an increase since 1980 resembling the global dimming and brightening signal. TMAX is strongly influenced by SD and the TMAX evolution can be well reconstructed with local TMIN and SD. Strong TMAX declines are found from 1950 to the 1970s. TMIN shows no trend in this period. Between 1980 and about 2005, both TMIN and TMAX show strong increases caused by the greenhouse gas forcing, decreasing aerosols and probably also decreasing cloud cover. Since about 2005, the increases are weaker. The brightening has weakened and the warming effect of the continuously growing greenhouse gas forcing has additionally been reduced by cooling effects caused by large-scale atmospheric flow anomalies. The reasons for the considerable differences in the TMIN and TMAX evolution prior to 1950 remain unknown and further investigations are needed to shed more light on this disparity.

A three-level framework for balancing the tradeoffs among the energy, water, and air-emission implications within the life-cycle shale gas supply chains

Two critical challenges, namely high water resources consumption and growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are encountered across the current shale gas supply chains. This study presents a three-level modeling framework for economic and environmental life-cycle optimization of the shale gas supply chains. Life cycle analysis (LCA) approach and Stackelberg leader-follower game are integrated into the optimization framework to account for a hierarchical structure.This hierarchical framework is capable of not only addressing the sequential decision-making problem raised by decision makers at different levels (e.g., the whole-system decision maker as a leader and the environment-development decision maker as a follower), but also developing multilevel cooperative control of water management and GHG-emission mitigation. An application to the Marcellus Shale is then given to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed three-level model. An improved leader-follower-interactive solution algorithm based on satisfactory degree is presented to tackle the computational challenge of the three-level program. The overall satisfaction solution is generated for satisfying the goals of different decision makers by compromising the trade-offs among energy, water, and air-emission implications. Optimal solutions with respect to well drilling schedule, shale gas production, freshwater supply, wastewater treatment, GHG emissions, and electricity generation would be obtained. These analyses are capable of helping decision makers adjust their tolerances to make informed decisions for the supply chains. Moreover, the decision making is not kept static but improved by repeatedly communicating with both different models and sensitivity analysis. Through the communications, the robustness and objectivity of the model solutions can further be enhanced.

A review of market‐based climate change regulation in Alberta's oil and gas sector

Alberta has implemented the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation to address the issue of growing greenhouse gas emissions. The regulation allows large emitting facilities to achieve emission reduction targets using market‐based compliance instruments. The goal of this analysis is twofold: (1) Overview market participants, composition, and offset management approaches and (2) discuss future corporate offset strategy options. Market participants are generally weighted toward firms in the electricity generation sector. In the oil and gas sector, while many firms participate in the offset market, a small number dominate. Market composition analysis of program compliance instruments over time offers insights regarding supply and demand. A program‐level view of all market‐based compliance instruments, as well as offset credits specifically, shows how major policy changes can transform market dynamics. Corporate offset management approaches of firms in the oil and gas sector are then analyzed and categorized into one of three approaches: development, sourcing and use, and banking. Based on the analysis, a discussion of future offset strategy options for firms operating under the regulation is provided for a range of policy scenarios. The analysis serves to inform regulated emitters in the private sector exposed to newly enacted or increasingly stringent regulation by assessing the current state of activities and providing insights of emergent strategies. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e277. doi: 10.1002/wene.277This article is categorized under: Fossil Fuels > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment

Smart Transportation CO2 Emission Reduction Strategies

Transport represents the sector with the fastest growing greenhouse gas emissions around the world. The main global objective is to reduce energy usage and associated greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. For this study it was analyzed the road transportation system from Brasov Metropolitan area. The study was made for the transportation route that connects Ghimbav city to the main surrounding objectives. In this study ware considered four optimization measures: vehicle fleet renewal; building the detour belt for the city; road increasing the average travel speed; making bicycle lanes; and implementing an urban public transport system for Ghimbav. For each measure it was used a mathematical model to calculate the energy consumption and carbon emissions from the road transportation sector. After all four measures was analyzed is calculated the general energy consumption and CO2 reduction if this are applied from year 2017 to 2020.

Fusion of multi-source near-surface CO2 concentration data based on high accuracy surface modeling

Under the background of growing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting global warming, researches about the spatial-temporal variation analysis of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the regional and global scale has become one of the most important topics in the scientific community. Simulating and analyzing the spatial-temporal variation of the carbon dioxide concentration on a global scale under limited observation data has become one of the key problems to be solved in the research field of spatial analysis technology. A new research approach based on high accuracy surface modeling data fusion (HASM-DF) method was proposed in this paper, in which the output of the CO2 concentration of the GEOS-Chem model were taken as driving field, and the observation values of CO2 concentration at ground observation station were taken as accuracy control conditions. The new approach's objective is to fulfill the fusion of the two kinds of CO2 data, and obtain the distribution of CO2 on a global scale with a higher accuracy than the results of GEOS-Chem. Root mean square error (RMSE) was chosen as the basic accuracy index, and the experimental analysis shows that the RMSE of the result of the proposed approach is 1.886 ppm, which is significantly lower than that of the GEOS-Chem's 2.239 ppm. Furthermore, compared with the results created by the interpolation methods used the observation values at stations; the fusion results keep a good spatial heterogeneity similar to the results of GEOS-Chem. This research analyzed the spatial distribution and time series variation of the near-surface CO2 based on the fusion result on a global scale. And it can found that areas such as East Asia, Western North American, Central South America and Central Africa and other region show a relatively high value of the near-surface CO2 concentration. And we also found that the near-surface CO2 concentration changes with season, especially in North America and Eurasia, the near-surface CO2 in summer was significantly lower than winter in these areas.

Can the Internet Be Greener? [Point of View

In order to counter the trend of growing greenhouse gas emissions, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), tasked with evaluating the impacts of climate change, recommends “efficiency enhancements and behavioral changes, in order to reduce energy demand compared to baseline scenarios without compromising development” as a key mitigation strategy. This is where information and communications technology (ICT) comes into play. On the one hand, ICT can be used as a tool to change users' behaviors toward more sustainable actions (this research area is often referred to as “ICT for Green”). On the other hand, we should limit the carbon footprint of ICT itself, which is already considerable today and expected to keep growing in the coming years (this research area is often referred to as “Green ICT”).

Uncertainties in estimates of the impact of recent climate variations on groundwater

Objective and subjective uncertainties in modern estimates of the impact of long-term climate variations on the subsurface runoff and groundwater reserves are discussed. It is shown that the assessment of groundwater reserves should take into consideration the insufficient reliability of the main hydrogeological parameters and estimates of their likely changes. Therefore, the prediction of the influence of climate changes on groundwater reserves and its regime is now impossible. The mechanism of the natural floral damping of possible changes in the groundwater replenishment and temperature–moisture regime of large regions determined by climate changes due to the growing greenhouse gas concentration in the troposphere is described for the first time.

Discharge Voltage and Maximum Power Density of Li-Air Batteries with Dual Electrolyte

Growing greenhouse gas emission and degrading air quality, mainly in the cities due to automobiles and power generation driven by fossil fuels has resulted in a shift in interest towards renewable energy sources and storage technologies. Among the available energy storage devices based on electrochemical systems, metal-air batteries have received much attention because of their high theoretical energy densities. Nevertheless, the power density of these batteries is relatively small. For instance, in the case of Li-air batteries, the power density is limited by the following factors: (1) low oxygen solubility and diffusivity in the electrolyte, resulting in low oxygen concentration at the reaction sites, (2) resistive losses in the electrolyte and the separator, (3) resistivity of the deposit product in the cathode, and (4) clogging of the pores with deposit product, thereby, making it difficult for oxygen to flow to the reaction sites. Li-air batteries with mixed/dual electrolyte possess the unique advantage of having soluble reaction products at low electrolyte concentrations during discharge. This makes it possible to eliminate the last two limitation factors by using them as flow batteries. In this presentation we develop a new analytical model and derive a closed-form expression for the discharge voltage and power density of Li-air batteries with mixed electrolyte. We take into account oxygen diffusion, Butler-Volmer kinetics at the cathode/anode, the resistance of the separator, aqueous electrolyte, solid-electrolyte insulating layer at anode, and the finite conductivity of the electron conductive medium. The cathode and anode reaction rates are coupled with the oxygen diffusion equation and used to develop expressions for the cathode and anode overpotentials. The combined resistance of the cell is considered as a function of temperature. The expressions for the overpotentials and the resistance are then used to develop an equation for the cell voltage. In this way, we are able to derive a closed-form equation for the power density of Li-air batteries with mixed electrolyte (the power density being defined as the product of the cell voltage and the current density). By maximizing this expression we compute the maximum (theoretical) power density of these batteries and analyze the factors that limit this power density. We show that the maximum power density depends not only on the internal resistances but also on the oxygen pressure, solubility, and diffusivity in the electrolyte. Results are shown for Li-air batteries with aqueous/basic electrolyte in the cathode (i.e. LiOH) but the model can be extended to other metal-air batteries by appropriately adjusting the material constants and geometrical proportions. A very good agreement is obtained between our analytical approach and previously published experimental results. The derivation of our model, a comparison between the analytical and experimental results, and different mechanisms influencing the power density will be discussed at the conference. Analytical results of the discharge voltage and maximum power density for different physical parameters like temperature, oxygen partial pressure and different battery specific parameters like discharge current density, cathode reaction rate constant, specific surface area, and oxygen diffusion coefficient will be presented at the conference. Possible approaches to improving the power density of these batteries are discussed along with anticipated future impediments. The figure shows the dependence of the maximum power density on temperature for different oxygen diffusivities ranging from 10-7 cm2/sec to 10-4 cm2/sec. Figure 1