Greenhouse Effect Research Articles

Carbon Dioxide Recycling into Fuels and Valuable Chemicals

The present review proposes an approach for remediation of atmosphere pollution by carbon dioxide. The global economic growth nowadays requires extensive energy consumption. Energy is produced traditionally by combustion of carbon containing fuels, resulting in the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These emissions of released CO2 lead to the greenhouse effect on the atmosphere with subsequent impact on the global climate. Remediation of this harmful effect requires reduction in CO2 emissions. In addition to improving the efficiency of energy consumption, this reduction can be also accomplished by the recycling of carbon dioxide into fuels and useful commodities. This conversion of CO2 into fuels and commercial products leads to multiple benefits such as reduction in carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, production of value-added goods, thus reducing oil consumption and associated pollutions of the environment. This review summarizes the efforts to remove, or at least to remediate, the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by its conversion to value-added products prior to discharging. Some of these products are urea, methanol, formic acid, some polymers of practical importance, light hydrocarbons and methane. The recent achievements in chemical catalysis, electrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry and photocatalysis are considered. Discussion on the feasibility of the considered methods compared to the traditional technologies is made. It is concluded that although production of value-added chemicals by carbon dioxide recycling is not yet competitive, it seems promising in the future when its economic feasibility will become a reality.

UV-Curable Optical-Silicone-Modified Coatings Prepared from CO2-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Diol

Though polyurethanes (PUs) are widely used in people’s daily lives, traditional PUs are generally fabricated from toxic (poly)isocyanates. Furthermore, (poly)isocyanates are commonly industrially prepared from a seriously toxic and injurious chemical compound named phosgene, which is a dangerous gas that can cause lung irritation and eventually death. As is known to all, the consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)-based raw materials in chemical reactions and productions will be conducive to reducing the greenhouse effect. In this paper, non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) diol was fabricated through a polyaddition reaction from ethylenediamine and CO2-based ethylene carbonate, and then NIPU-based silicone-containing thiol hyperbranched polymers (NIPU-SiHPs) were synthesized from the NIPU diol. Finally, UV-curable optical-silicone-modified CO2-based coatings (UV-NIPUs) were fabricated from NIPU-SiHPs and pentaerythritol triacrylate by a UV-initiated thiol-ene click reaction without a UV initiator. The UV-NIPUs demonstrated high transparency over 90% (400–800 nm), good mechanical performance with tensile strength reaching 3.49 MPa, superior thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature (Td5) in the range of 239.7–265.6 °C, moderate hydrophilicity with a water contact angle in the range of 42.6–62.1°, a high pencil hardness in the range of 5–9H, and good adhesive performance of grade 0. The results indicate that it is a promising green chemical strategy to fabricate CO2-based high-performance materials.

Greenhouse Gases and their Role in Air Pollution and Global Warming

Today, one of the most significant global challenges is the increase in climate change due to the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide gas, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, and methane are recognized as the primary greenhouse gases and the foremost contributors to climate change. Population density, increased vehicular traffic, industrial factories, and neglect of environmental concerns are major factors influencing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Recent global studies indicate that since the onset of the Industrial Revolution—a period marked by a significant rise in fossil fuel consumption—human activity has played a crucial role in the process of climate change and global warming through the production and emission of greenhouse gases. Understanding how these types of pollution evolve requires attention to the various factors affecting their emission. Accordingly, this study collects and examines data obtained from library-based research using a descriptive-analytical method. Consequences of the greenhouse effect include flooding, reduction in potable water and agricultural products, increased soil erosion, the extinction of some plant and animal species, and the migration of certain population groups. These consequences underscore the necessity and importance of focusing on the use of renewable energy sources.

Environmental impact of propofol: A critical review of ecotoxicity and greenhouse effects

Environmental impact of propofol: A critical review of ecotoxicity and greenhouse effects

The Volatility of Sugar and Ethanol Prices: A Tale of Two Markets Using Wavelet Analysis

This study ventures into the dynamic and interconnected realms of sugar and ethanol prices, unveiling their volatility patterns using the powerful tool of wavelet analysis. The first part of the study establishes a link between Brazil's sugar price surge and significant economic events, including the National Alcohol Program (Proálcool), the military dictatorship, and the implementation of the Real Plan. The second part zooms out to global factors, such as concerns about the greenhouse effect, flex-fuel engine technology, and recent challenges like droughts and COVID-19. The analysis uncovers distinct patterns in the volatility of sugar and ethanol prices. Factors like global supply and demand, climate-induced crop variations, and government policies influence sugar prices. In contrast, ethanol prices are more directly influenced by energy market dynamics, particularly crude oil prices, due to its role as a biofuel component. Furthermore, the study reveals time-frequency correlations between these two markets, shedding light on moments of synchronization and divergence. In this narrative of the two markets, wavelet analysis emerges as a powerful tool for deciphering past volatility and predicting future trends. It allows both estimating the degree of correlation and verifying the unfolding of these relationships over time. The findings of this study contribute as a bridge between theory and practice for decision-making, such as resource allocation and risk management in a constantly evolving economic scenario, highlighting the importance of analysis in this context.

Enhancing oil recovery and carbon sequestration through alternating injection of methane-rich associated gas and CO2 in deep reservoirs

The direct emission of methane-rich associated gas from oil fields is a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect. Currently, alternative gas flooding predominantly employs CO2 and N2 as displacement phases, with limited research focusing on the alternating injection of methane-rich associated gas and CO2 tailored for oil field production. This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing oil recovery and mitigating the greenhouse effect through the alternating injection of methane-rich associated gas and CO2 into reservoirs using experimental and numerical simulation approaches. Initially, core-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on the alternating injection of methane-rich associated gas and CO2, followed by establishing a corresponding numerical simulation model. The results indicate that, compared to continuous CO2 injection, the alternating injection method results in a 2.48% reduction in oil recovery efficiency. However, this method demonstrates superior control over the mobility of oil, gas, and water. This is because there are two ways to enhance oil recovery efficiency: improve extraction efficiency and increase the swept area. CO2 has a high extraction efficiency but a relatively small swept area. Therefore, we aim to increase the swept area by using an alternating injection method of CO2 and associated gas, where mobility is a key factor in expanding the swept area. Specifically, the mobility ratio between oil and gas decreases from 9.65 to 8.24, and the ratio of oil mobility in the remobilized zone to water mobility in the unswept zone reduces from 0.770 to 0.441, suggesting significant potential for improving the sweep efficiency of heterogeneous reservoirs through alternating injection. Subsequently, numerical simulations were performed at the reservoir scale to investigate the alternating injections of methane-rich associated gas and CO2 with varying slug sizes. At the reservoir scale, compared to continuous CO2 injection, the alternating injection method increases the swept area of injected gas from 4.72 to 7.82 km2, consequently resulting in an additional production of 18 969 m3 of oil and sequestration of 9.0619 × 108 kg CO2 equivalents, representing increases of 15.6% and 460.4%, respectively. Finally, the slug ratio for alternating injection was optimized using the surrogate optimization method in MATLAB. After optimization, the cumulative oil production increased by 31.6% and the carbon sequestration capacity increased by 74.1%, compared to continuous CO2 flooding. This study offers valuable theoretical support for improving oil recovery through gas injection and facilitating carbon sequestration in reservoirs.

Novel and Highly Efficient Carboxylative Cyclization of CO2 to 2-Oxazolidinones Using Nano-SiO2-Supported Ionic Liquid Sustainable Catalysts

The conversion of CO2 into 2-oxazolidinones through carboxylative cyclization with propargylic amines is considered an effective method for utilizing waste gas as a sustainable C1 resource and mitigating the greenhouse effect. In this context, a series of nano-SiO2-supported ionic liquids have been prepared and developed as multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts in the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2. The catalyst IL-SbF6@nano-SiO2 demonstrated a high compatibility with various propargylic amines, achieving excellent yields (90~98%) for the desired 2-oxazolidinones under mild conditions. Additionally, IL-SbF6@nano-SiO2 can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused for up to six cycles without any significant activity loss. This is important for sustainable chemistry, as it reduces waste and potentially lowers costs. This study offers novel insights into the development and design of green and efficient catalysts for the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones from carbon dioxide.

Research Progress on CO2 Geological Storage Reservoir and Caprock Mechanics: Methods and Status

ABSTRACTGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have caused serious global climate change, and countries worldwide are taking steps to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by carbon emissions. CO2 geological storage (CGS) is emerging as a large‐scale technology for reducing GHG emissions and is gradually becoming one of the most important means of mitigating the greenhouse effect. There are several problems in the implementation of this technology, among which the geomechanical problems caused by injection sequestration cannot be ignored. This article reviews the impacts and hazards of geomechanical problems caused by injection and sequestration in CGS, which can lead to risks, including changes in reservoir and caprock mechanical properties, reservoir stability, caprock closure, fault activation, and induced seismicity during CO2 injection and sequestration. This article reviews the above studies and summarizes the research methods of CGS geomechanical problems and generation mechanisms, which can help to comprehensively understand the risks faced in the CGS process and provide references and guidance for the operation, monitoring, and research of CGS in the future.

Microporous Adsorbents for CH4 Capture and Separation from Coalbed Methane with Low CH4 Concentration: Review

A rapid increase in natural gas consumption has resulted in a shortage of conventional natural gas resources, while an increasing concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere has intensified the greenhouse effect. The exploration and utilization of coalbed methane (CBM) resources not only has the potential to fill the gap in natural gas supply and promote the development of green energy, but could also reduce CH4 emissions into the atmosphere and alleviate global warming. However, the efficient separation of CH4 and N2 has become a significant challenge in the utilization of CBM, which has attracted significant attention from researchers in recent years. The development of efficient CH4/N2 separation technologies is crucial for enhancing the exploitation and utilization of low-concentration CBM and is of great significance for sustainable development. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current methods for CH4/N2 separation, summarizing their respective advantages and limitations. Subsequently, we focus on reviewing research advancements in adsorbents for CH4/N2 separation, including zeolites, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous carbon materials. We also analyze the relationship between the pore structure and surface properties of these adsorbents and their adsorption separation performances, and summarize the challenges and difficulties that different types of adsorbents face in their future development. In addition, we also highlight that matching the properties of adsorbents and adsorbates, controlling pore structures, and tuning surface properties on an atomic scale will significantly increase the potential of adsorbents for CH4 capture and separation from CBM.

Theoretical Investigation of C4F7N–CO2 Mixture Decomposition Characteristics Under Extreme Conditions

Due to their low greenhouse effect and exceptional insulating properties, C4F7N-CO2 gas mixtures have garnered significant attention. In particular, understanding the decomposition characteristics of C4F7N-CO2 is crucial for their practical use as an eco-friendly dielectric medium. At elevated temperatures, the pyrolysis of C4F7N produces high concentrations of CFN, CF3, and C2F2, along with lower levels of C3F5, C4F6N, C2F, and CN. A further increase in temperature may lead to the decomposition of CO2 into CO and additional components such as C2, C2F3, C3F4, C4F7 and C3F6, CF, CO, C3F7, C3F2, C3F, C3F3, C3F3N, C3, CF2, and CF2N. Under electrical discharge conditions, the decomposition of CO2 becomes more pronounced, forming products like CO, C2O, O2, C2O2, and C2O4, with up to 25 decomposition components observed. These include products originated from both C4F7N and CO2 and their combinations. In ultra-high electric field intensities, only small molecules such as O2, C2, C3, and N2 are detected among the decomposition products. This study aims to provide theoretical insights and valuable data to advance research into the decomposition behavior and practical engineering applications of C4F7N-CO2 gas mixtures under extreme conditions.

CO2 Capture: A Comprehensive Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Scalable Materials and Sustainable Solutions

The greenhouse effect and global warming, driven by the accumulation of pollutants, such as sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and CO2, are primarily caused by the combustion of fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions. These phenomena represent an international crisis that negatively impacts human health and the environment. Several studies have reported novel carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, promising solutions. Notable methods include chemical absorption using solvents, and the development of functionalized porous materials, such as MCM-41, impregnated with amines like polyethyleneimine. These technologies have demonstrated high capture capacity and thermal stability; however, they face challenges related to recyclability and high operating costs. In parallel, biodegradable polymers and hydrogels present sustainable alternatives with a lower environmental impact, although their industrial scalability remains limited. This review comprehensively analyzes CO2 capture methods, focusing on silica-based porous supports, polymers, hydrogels, and emerging techniques, like CCUS and MOFs, while including traditional methods and a bibliometric analysis to update the field’s scientific dynamics. With increasing investigations focused on developing new CCUS technologies, this study highlights a growing interest in eco-friendly alternatives. A bibliometric analysis of 903 articles published between 2010 and 2024 provides an overview of current research on environmentally friendly carbon capture technologies. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and India are leading research efforts in this field, emphasizing the importance of scientific collaboration. Despite these advancements, implementing these technologies in industrial sectors with high greenhouse gas emissions remains scarce. This underscores the need for public policies and financing to promote their development and application in these sectors. Future research should prioritize materials with high capture capacity, efficient transformation, and valorization of CO2 while promoting circular economy approaches and decarbonizing challenging sectors, such as energy and transportation. Integrating environmentally friendly materials, energy optimization, and sustainable strategies is essential to position these technologies as key tools in the fight against climate change.

Enhanced methanol-xylose co-utilization strategy in Komagataella phaffii.

Bio-manufacturing based on non-food carbon sources is conducive to alleviating the global food crisis and greenhouse effect. However, the mechanism of the utilization of methanol and xylose in Komagataella phaffii based on endogenous metabolic pathways has not been fully explored. In this study, transcriptomics revealed a positive correlation between methanol metabolic efficiency and the transcription level of genes related to xylose metabolism and phosphate metabolism. By providing sufficient phosphate to the strain, the methanol utilization rate of the Komagataella phaffii GA01 strain was improved, and the final biomass reached 7.5g DCW/L. Metabolomics further confirmed that methanol could effectively activate xylose metabolism of the strain, and the consumption rates of methanol and xylose of the Komagataella phaffii GA01 strain could reach 3.87g/L/d and 1.83g/L/d, which were 34% and 357.5% higher than that of the wild-type strain, respectively. This study further promotes the application of methanol and xylose in microbial fermentation.

The Role of Leaf Area Changes Within Plant CO2 Physiological Impacts on the Global Hydrological Cycle

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 concentrations enhance greenhouse warming and drive changes to plant physiology, leading to innumerable climate impacts. This study explores the impacts of plant responses on hydrological cycling at 2x preindustrial CO2 concentrations by analyzing simulations that isolate plant physiological effects using the Community Earth System Model versions 1 and 2. We find that leaf area growth increases canopy evaporation, which offsets transpiration declines, and dampens changes in global mean evapotranspiration, precipitation, and runoff in a CESM2 experiment with dynamic leaf area. These leaf area impacts are also evident in the differences between CESM1 and CESM2, with CESM2 better capturing observed leaf area magnitudes but potentially overestimating leaf area‐CO2 sensitivity, highlighting the importance of plant CO2 physiology on hydrological cycle changes and the need to improve its representation in climate models.

Effect of CO2 Concentration on the Microbial Activity of Orenia metallireducens (Strain Z6) in Surface Inert Materials

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration has garnered widespread attention as a key strategy for mitigating CO2 emissions and combating the greenhouse effect. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between CO2, widespread siliceous minerals and biological processes remain unclear. The present study explored the potential impacts of different CO2 concentrations on microbial activity, environmental conditions and their feedback on the fate of CO2. A total of 20 experimental conditions was created, with the variables including different natural and synthetic siliceous minerals (e.g., quartz sand and a type of commercial glass beads), the presence or absence of the iron-reducing microorganism Orenia metallireducens (strain Z6) and varying CO2 concentrations (0%, 20%, 50%, 100%) in the presence of ferrihydrite and pyruvate. Geochemical, microbial and mineralogical analyses revealed that elevated CO2 concentrations significantly inhibited microbial Fe(III) reduction and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, compared to cultures without mineral amendments or those with glass beads alone, the addition of quartz sand enabled strain Z6 to better withstand the environmental stress caused by elevated CO2, promoting pyruvate fermentation and iron reduction. In addition to an increased pH, the formation of siderite, hematite and vivianite was also observed in the bioactive systems. Although both glass beads and quartz sand were primarily composed of silica, differences in the mineral structure, elemental composition and acid neutralization capacity rendered quartz sand more chemically active and unexpectedly led to greater CO2 sequestration.

Quantifying the variation patterns and environmental controls of forest litterfall: A regional synthesis of ecological data across South Korea.

Enhancing the strength of forest carbon sinks is critical in the wake of the accelerating global climate change and intensifying greenhouse effect. However, the regional patterns and environmental controls of forest litter, a major carbon pool and entry pathway from tree-to-soil systems, remain uncertain. Herein, we consolidated up to a decade of data from six ecological studies (totaling 28 stands) conducted across South Korea between 1999 and 2022 (spanning 23years) to examine variations in total and component-based litterfall with geo-topography and climate. Linear mixed-effects models for leaf, non-leaf, and total litterfall were further developed to understand mechanistic litter-environment relationships and identify key abiotic factors controlling regional litterfall. Our analysis reveals a pronounced latitudinal pattern in total litterfall, with >37°N zones generating up to 54% less litter than areas of lower range (p<0.001). Leaf and non-leaf fractions varied significantly with slope (p<0.01 for leaf; p<0.001 for non-leaf), while only non-leaf litter responded substantially to elevation (p<0.001). Total litterfall increased with rising growth season temperature but decreased with increasing precipitation. Our top-performing models adequately captured litterfall variation, as evidenced by conditional R2 values of 0.77 (RMSE=39.2gm-2), 0.93 (28.9gm-2), and 0.98 (7.4gm-2) for non-leaf, leaf, and total litter, respectively. Climate emerged as the main regulating factor for coarse-scale litterfall, with evapotranspiration largely explaining total and non-leaf litter and temperature strongly relating to leaf litter. Large-scale conservation strategies should therefore consider regional abiotic variations to ensure stable plant-soil-atmosphere feedbacks and improve the preparedness of natural systems against the detrimental impacts of climate change.

A satellite-based analysis of semi-direct effects of biomass burning aerosols on fog and low-cloud dissipation in the Namib Desert

Abstract. In the Namib Desert, fog is the only regular water input and, thus, is a crucial water source for its fauna and flora. Each year, between June and October, absorbing biomass burning aerosols (BBAs) overlie the stratocumulus clouds in the adjacent Southeast Atlantic. In some synoptic settings, this layer of BBAs reaches Namibia and its desert, where it interacts with coastal fog and low clouds (FLCs). In this study, a novel 15-year data set of geostationary satellite observations of FLC dissipation time in the Namib Desert is used, along with reanalysis data, to better understand the potential semi-direct effects of BBAs on FLC dissipation in the Namib Desert, i.e., through adjustments of atmospheric stability and thermodynamics via the interaction of aerosols with radiation. This is done by investigating both the time of day when FLCs dissolve and the synoptic-scale meteorology depending on BBA loading. It is found that FLC dissipation time is significantly later on high-BBA-loading days. BBAs are transported to the Namib along moist free-tropospheric air by a large-scale anticyclonic recirculation pattern. At the surface, the associated longwave heating strengthens a continental heat low, which modifies the circulation and boundary layer moisture along the coastline, complicating the attribution of BBA effects. During high-BBA days, the vertical profiles of the temporal development of air temperatures highlight contrasting daytime and nighttime processes modifying the local inversion. These processes are thought to be driven by greenhouse warming as a result of the moisture in the BBA plumes and BBA absorption (only during the daytime). A statistical learning framework is used to quantify meteorological and BBA influences on FLC dissipation time. The statistical model is able to reproduce the observed differences in FLC dissipation time between high- and low-BBA days and attributes these differences mainly to differences in circulation, boundary layer moisture and near-surface air temperature along the coastline. However, the model is prone to underfitting and is not able to reproduce the majority of the FLC dissipation variability. While the model does not suggest that BBA patterns are important for FLC dissipation, the findings show how the moist BBA plumes modify local thermodynamics, to which FLC dissipation is shown to be sensitive. The findings highlight the challenges of disentangling meteorological and aerosol effects on cloud development using observations and invite detailed modeling analyses of the underlying processes, for example, with large-eddy simulations.

A Comprehensive Approach to CO2 Emissions Analysis in High-Human-Development-Index Countries Using Statistical and Time Series Approaches

Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is vital at both global and national levels, given their significant role in exacerbating climate change. CO2 emissions, stemming from a variety of industrial and economic activities, are major contributors to the greenhouse effect and global warming, posing substantial obstacles in addressing climate issues. It is imperative to forecast CO2 emissions trends and classify countries based on their emission patterns to effectively mitigate worldwide carbon emissions. This paper presents an in-depth comparative study on the determinants of CO2 emissions in twenty countries with high Human Development Index (HDI), exploring factors related to economy, environment, energy use, and renewable resources over a span of 25 years. The study unfolds in two distinct phases: initially, statistical techniques such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), fixed effects, and random effects models are applied to pinpoint significant determinants of CO2 emissions. Following this, the study leverages supervised and unsupervised time series approaches to further scrutinize and understand the factors influencing CO2 emissions. Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables (SARIMAX), a statistical time series forecasting model, is first used to predict emission trends from historical data, offering practical insights for policy formulation. Subsequently, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), an unsupervised time series clustering approach, is used to group countries by similar emission patterns. The dual-phase approach utilized in this study significantly improves the accuracy of CO2 emissions predictions while also providing a deeper insight into global emission trends. By adopting this thorough analytical framework, nations can develop more focused and effective carbon reduction policies, playing a vital role in the global initiative to combat climate change.

The profound impact of the greenhouse effect on urban environments based on mechanisms and mitigation strategies

As the city of Xi'an expands rapidly, the urban heat island (UHI) effect and the greenhouse effect are becoming more and more pronounced in terms of the city's temperature impact. The dense population in the urban core, coupled with the expanding suburbs, makes the city's climate change particularly dramatic. This study examines how the greenhouse effect is further exacerbating the urban heat island effect in Xi'an, with a particular focus on the impacts on the city's energy demand, public health, and the quality of life of its residents. Based on long-term climate data, pollutant levels and satellite remote sensing analysis, the study shows that urban sprawl and the accumulation of greenhouse gases are clearly leading to an increase in the temperature difference between the city centre and the surrounding areas. These findings not only reveal the causes of localized climate anomalies, but also show increased health risks and energy demand for residents. Through these observations, this paper highlights the strong link between urban planning and climate, and suggests that the necessary measures to address these challenges are to increase green space and promote energy-efficient buildings, measures that are essential to alleviate the problems in Xi'an's urban environment.

Analysis on the Effects of Ocean on Temperature

Nowadays, global climate change is one of the main concerns of modern society and an enormous issue for all humankind. Temperature is closely related to the greenhouse effect, so one of the major topics to be investigated in global climate is the factors affecting temperature rise. To estimate this change, it is typically crucial to forecast the temperature in the future. The Earth's average temperature is determined by a multi-step and complex process that uses statistical techniques and data from various sources. By collecting and summarizing data, this paper mainly focuses on analyzing the trends in sea surface temperature over the past few hundred years. Through recent studies and case analysis, this paper highlights that the ocean has become an indispensable part of mitigating climate warming and stabilizing temperature. The significance of studying the impact of the ocean on temperature lies in its role as a climate regulator, providing scientific basis for global climate change and guidance for regional adaptation efforts. Because of its enormous heat capacity and thermal inertia, the ocean is an important component of the climate system and plays a buffering and regulating role in atmospheric temperature.

Current Status of Research on Marine Nitrous Oxide Greenhouse Gases

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 200 times that of carbon dioxide (CO) [1]. N2O not only enhances the greenhouse effect but also breaks down in the stratosphere to produce nitrogen oxides (NO), which catalyze the destruction of the ozone layer [2]. This article reviews studies on N2O, exploring its distribution and generation mechanisms in various marine regions and discussing its environmental impact.The ocean is the largest natural source of N2O, with significant contributions from oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs) where high rates of nitrification and incomplete denitrification occur. Other high-oxygen areas, which cover 97% of the ocean, have different production mechanisms that are not well understood [4].This article aims to summarize the formation mechanisms, distribution, and effects of N2O, providing an overview of its current research status as a greenhouse gas