Green Water Scarcity Research Articles

From Oasis to Desert: The Struggle of Urban Green Spaces Amid Heatwaves and Water Scarcity

From Oasis to Desert: The Struggle of Urban Green Spaces Amid Heatwaves and Water Scarcity

Understanding Links Between Water Scarcity and Violent Conflicts in the Sahel and Lake Chad Basin Using the Water Footprint Concept

AbstractWhilst there are several empirical studies linking water scarcity and violent conflicts, existing quantitative studies use mostly climate and environmental variables even though such variables have been shown to not be strong predictors of water conflicts by some studies. The aim of this study was to use the water footprint concept and the Falkenmark index to identify water scarcity hotspots at the sub‐national scale and to understand the links between water scarcity and violent conflicts in the Sahel and Lake Chad Basin over a period of two decades (2000–2021). We achieve this by developing five water scarcity metrics at a monthly timescale using runoff, soil moisture, potential evapotranspiration, water consumption and demographic data. The developed metrics show high levels of water scarcity across the study area during the dry, pre‐monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons. Analyses further reveal high green water scarcity (GWS) (soil moisture deficit) and low Falkenmark index scores (water stress) during the dry, pre‐monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons, across all reported water conflict locations. This suggest that there is an indirect link between GWS, the Falkenmark index scores and water conflicts. Results from this study may be used to enhance water management, mitigate, and prevent water conflicts in the study area and likewise the methodology adopted may be used to address water scarcity and conflicts in other regions.

The impact of human activities on blue-green water resources and quantification of water resource scarcity in the Yangtze River Basin

Under the influence of climate change and human activities, water scarcity and uneven spatial distribution have become critical factors constraining societal development and threatening ecological security. Accurately assessing changes in blue and green water resources (BW and GW) caused by human activities can reveal the actual situation of water scarcity. However, previous research often overlooked the calibration of GW and human water usage, and it rarely delved into the primary human factors leading to water scarcity and potential impact mechanisms. Therefore, based on the PCR-GLOBWB model that considers human impacts, and with reasonable calibration of B/GW and human water usage, hydrological processes were simulated under both human-influenced and natural conditions. A comprehensive assessment of the impact of human activities on BW and GW was conducted. The results show that: (1) BW and GW exhibit a spatial pattern of increasing from northwest to southeast in the basin. From 1961 to 2020, the proportion of BW showed an upward trend, while GW was decreasing; (2) The impact of human activities on changes in water resources is mainly concentrated in the midstream and dowmstream of the basin. Due to human influences, the green water flow (GWF) increased by 3–24.4 mm, and the BW volume increased by 67.2–146.4 mm. However, the green water storage (GWS) decreased by 5.6–75.4 mm; (3) The impact of human activities on blue water scarcity (BWscarcity) is significantly greater than green water scarcity (GWscarcity). The worsening of GWscarcity does not exceed 0.2, while areas where BW reaches significant deterioration (BWscarcity > 1.5) account for 1.3 %, 9.8 %, and 17 % of the upstream, midstream and downstream, respectively. (4) Irrigation activities are the main factor causing water resource scarcity. In the future, it is important to reasonably develop the potential for GW utilization and optimize BW management measures to address water resource crises.

Solutions to agricultural green water scarcity under climate change.

Rain-fed agricultural systems, which solely depend on green water (i.e. soil moisture from rainfall), sustain ∼60% of global food production and are particularly vulnerable to vagaries in temperature and precipitation patterns, which are intensifying due to climate change. Here, using projections of crop water demand and green water availability under warming scenarios, we assess global agricultural green water scarcity-defined when the rainfall regime is unable to meet crop water requirements. With present-day climate conditions, food production for 890 million people is lost because of green water scarcity. Under 1.5°C and 3°C warming-the global warming projected from the current climate targets and business as usual policies-green water scarcity will affect global crop production for 1.23 and 1.45 billion people, respectively. If adaptation strategies were to be adopted to retain more green water in the soil and reduce evaporation, we find that food production loss from green water scarcity would decrease to 780 million people. Our results show that appropriate green water management strategies have the potential to adapt agriculture to green water scarcity and promote global food security.

Future water security under climate change: a perspective of the Grand River Watershed

Abstract Climate change poses a threat to the water security of the Grand River Watershed (GRW) by altering the precipitation patterns and other weather variables, which affect streamflow and freshwater availability. Therefore, in this study, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the GRW, Ontario, Canada, was used to assess the blue and green water scarcity for future periods for future sustainable management of freshwater resources in the region. The ensemble results predicted a warmer and wetter future for the GRW. The ensemble model result, when considering both emission scenarios and future periods, showed that blue water (BW) is projected to increase by 23–40% while green water storage (GWS) is projected to experience an overall decrease (2–8%). The results suggested that BW may become more scarce compared to green water in the future. The scarcity of BW is primarily due to the projected increase in population growth and water demand in the watershed. Green water scarcity in some regions indicated that changes in irrigation might be needed in the future in some parts of the watershed. The results indicate that the careful planning is essential for future water management in GRW.

Date Fruit Production and Consumption: A Perspective on Global Trends and Drivers from a Multidimensional Footprint Assessment

Date production and consumption is mostly diffused in Middle East and Northern African countries. Date production is linked to the land and water footprint in countries where agricultural land and freshwater are scarce. We estimate the global land, green water, blue water, and water scarcity footprint at the country scale from a production perspective. We show that production trends are increasingly driven by foreign demand. By tracking the international trade dynamics of dates, we map the shift of environmental footprint from the producing to the consuming countries. We find that dates production and consumption are not yet decoupled from the associated environmental burden. Global dates consumption accounted for 1.4 million hectares of agricultural land, 5.8 Gm3 of green water, 7.5 Gm3 of blue water, and the related impact on water scarcity reached 358 Gm3 world equivalent in 2019. The primacy of the economic driver is revealed, indicating that in the case of dates, the environmental sustainability aspects are currently overlooked for the sake of the economic benefit. The time-series analysis provides informative results to support policymakers in the design of mitigation strategies that can help the achievement of the SDGs.

Green, blue and economic water productivity: a water footprint perspective from the Upper Awash Basin, Central Ethiopia

Abstract The rise in global freshwater consumption, inefficient water use and population growth are the main drivers of water scarcity and food insecurity. This study analyzed the green, blue and economic water productivity (GWP, BWP and EWP, respectively) of the rainfed (teff, maize and sorghum) and irrigated (sugarcane) crops along with green water scarcity (GWS) in the Upper Awash Basin using water footprints (WFs) approaches. Teff has the lowest average GWP (∼0.3 kg/m3) and the highest average WF (4205 m3/ton) between 2000 and 2010 with an average EWP of ∼0.3 USD/m3 which is higher than those of other rainfed cereal crops (maize and sorghum). The highest GWS of maize was recorded in Metehara (269 mm/growing period) and the lowest in Debrezeit (70 mm/growing period) with an intermediate value of 90 and 117 mm in Wonji and Melkassa, respectively. All the rainfed crops have lower EWP (less than 0.3 USD/m3) compared with the irrigated sugarcane in the basin. This study demonstrates that increasing the value per unit of green/blue water through increasing yield per unit of supply and switching from high to low WFs crops has significant implications for addressing the water scarcity problem by setting a WP benchmark in the basin.

基于SWAT模型的图们江流域蓝绿水资源供需平衡分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于SWAT模型的图们江流域蓝绿水资源供需平衡分析 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202112173586 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC0409104035679); 国家自然科学基金项目(42061042) Analysis of blue and green water scarcity based on SWAT model in the Tumen River Basin Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:随着经济快速发展和工农业各类用水量大幅增加,对河流的开发程度随之加强,流域水资源可持续利用受到不利影响。从蓝绿水视角出发,基于SWAT模型量化了图们江流域2015-2020年不同时间尺度下的蓝绿水资源并探讨了研究区水资源供需平衡情况。结果表明:研究时段内流域蓝绿水资源均具有明显的季节特征,年均蓝绿水资源量为117.16 亿m3,其中蓝水资源量30.14 亿m3,绿水资源量87.02 亿m3,绿水占水资源量的74.27%。以年为尺度,蓝水资源供需评估指数＞1,可利用蓝水资源量基本不能满足其需求量,降水少的年份蓝水资源供需矛盾突出,而绿水资源可以达到供需平衡,其供需评估指数集中在0.1-0.2之间。在月尺度分析中研究区蓝水供需评估指数出现极端值的频率较高,表明该地区蓝水供需不平衡,尤其是可利用蓝水资源一般在每年的7-8月才较为丰富,而蓝水需求用水集中分布于作物生长期,导致蓝水供应与蓝水需求在时间分配上不均衡,且在实际水资源分配中忽略了生态用水;月尺度绿水供需评估指数集中在0.1-0.4之间,有明显的季节变化特征,整体上绿水资源供需平衡安全性较高。 Abstract:With the rapid economic development, the amount of water used for industry and agriculture has significantly increased, most rivers were blind developed and affected the sustainable utilization of water resources. This study quantified water resources from the perspective of blue and green water. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the natural runoff in the Tumen River Basin from 2015 to 2020, quantitatively analyzed the change trend of blue water and green water resources at different time scales, and discussed the balance of water supply and demand in the study area. The results showed that the blue and green water resources of the Tumen River Basin presented significantly seasonal characteristics from 2015 to 2020. The average annual amount of blue and green water resources was 11.716 billion m3. The blue and green water resources of the study river basin from 2015 to 2020 were 3.014 billion m3/a and 8.702 billion m3/a, respectively. The study area had different degrees of water scarcities in different time scales. At the annual scale, the supply and demand index of blue water resource was greater than 1, which indicated the supply of blue water basically could not satisfy the demand. The imbalance degree of supply and demand of blue water resource was evident in less precipitation years. In contrast, the balance of supply and demand of green water resource was relatively stable, the index concentrated between 0.1 and 0.2. At the monthly scale, the blue water supply and demand balance index put up high frequency of extreme value, illustrated there was an imbalance appearance between the blue water supply and demand in this region. Especially the blue water availability in annual July to August had the maximum values. However, the blue water withdrawal intensively distributed in the crop growth period, there had a time mismatch between the supply and demand of blue water in the river basin. Moreover, the ecological water was neglected in actual water resources allocation. The monthly green water supply and demand index concentrated between 0.1 and 0.4, with prominently seasonal variation characteristics. Overall, the balance between the supply and demand of green water resource was relatively safe. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Dynamic simulation and coupling coordination evaluation of water footprint sustainability system in Heilongjiang province, China: A combined system dynamics and coupled coordination degree model

With the development of the social economy, a reasonable evaluation of the sustainable utilization capacity of water resources (WR) is of great significance to alleviate the pressures of water shortages and pollution faced by cities. This study first proposed a water footprint sustainability (WFS) system using system dynamics to evaluate the influence of WR on the environment, economy, and society of Heilongjiang province. The WFS assessment used a comprehensive evaluation method, and the coupling coordination degree model was applied to analyze the coupling coordination of the WFS system. The results showed a fluctuating increase tendency in the total water footprint (WF), blue WF, green WF, agricultural WF, and ecological WF from 2000 to 2019. However, the gray WF, domestic WF, and industrial WF presented a fluctuating decrease. The prediction for the next 30 years indicated that the green WF, agricultural WF, and domestic WF would be stable while the other indicators would increase with time. The blue water shortage degree was greater than 1; however, the green water scarcity index and water pollution degree were less than 1. The economic sustainability of the total WF, blue WF, and gray WF increased year by year; however, the social sustainability of the total WF gradually weakened. In addition, the water supply and demand ratio was below 1. Overall, the regional WFS worsened, and the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of the WFS system varied in the range of 0.85–0.91 and 0.28–0.31, respectively. This study was of great significance in realizing the sustainable management of regional WR.

Three-dimensional agricultural water scarcity assessment based on water footprint: A study from a humid agricultural area in China

The comprehensive assessments of quantitative and qualitative water scarcity have been agreed upon in many parts of the world. However, most of the previous studies on water scarcity focus on quantitative water scarcity and arid regions. In this study, based on the water footprint theory, we proposed three-dimensional agricultural water scarcity indexes by simultaneously considering water quantity and water quality, blue water scarcity, green water scarcity, and grey water scarcity. With the help of CROPWAT 8.0, we calculated the three-dimensional agricultural water scarcity index of Liuyang City, a humid region in China, from 2010 to 2019. Meanwhile, the STIRPAT model was used to investigate the effect of human and natural factors on the agricultural water scarcity index. The results show that: (1) During the study period, the agricultural water resources had a shortage of water quantity in Liuyang City, and the blue water scarcity index (WSIblue) exceeded the water shortage threshold in drought years. The green water scarcity index (WSIgreen) exceeded the water shortage threshold from April to July in most years; while the grey water scarcity index (WSIgrey) did not exceed the threshold, which means there was no water qualitative water scarcity during the study period. (2) The natural meteorological conditions have the greatest influence on the three-dimensional scarcity index, among which meteorological factors inhibit the WSIblue and WSIgrey, and promote the WSIgreen. (3) Green water contributes significantly to crop growth, accounting for 42 % of the crop's total water footprint. According to the change law of the green water scarcity index on the monthly scale to guide agricultural production, it plays an important role in regional water resources management. This study is expected to provide scientific suggestions for alleviating regional water resources pressure by considering virtual water use.

Rising agricultural water scarcity in China is driven by expansion of irrigated cropland in water scarce regions

Rising agricultural water scarcity in China is driven by expansion of irrigated cropland in water scarce regions

Water Footprint of Forest and Orchard Trees: A Review

The measurement of water consumption by trees is fundamental for detecting potential opportunities to mitigate water resource depletion. The water footprint (WF) is a tool to address the environmental effects related to water use, identifying ways to reduce overall water consumption. This work presents a review, updating the information on how WF is being addressed when applied to forest and orchard trees, identifying the methodological trends of the WF studies, and highlighting the main challenges that deserve further research for a consistent WF assessment of these trees. A sample with 43 publications selected based on keyword screening criteria was comprehensively reviewed, showing that most of the studies focus on orchard trees (mainly olive and citrus trees). The bulk of the studies only presented accounting or inventory results (i.e., water volumes consumed) and disregarded their sustainability or impact. This review highlights that a robust WF assessment of forest and orchard trees requires further research for harmonising the quantification of the green water scarcity footprint, and puts key challenges to the WF practitioners, such as the selection of the most adequate method to estimate ET considering trees specificities and climatic parameters, and the adoption of high spatial and temporal resolution for the WF assessment.

Quantifying the potential impacts of climate change on irrigation demand, crop yields, and green water scarcity in the New Jersey Coastal Plain

Climate change has significant implications for irrigated agriculture and global food security. Understanding how altered precipitation patterns and magnitudes, coupled with rising growing season temperatures, affect irrigation demand and crop production is a prerequisite for formulating effective water resources management strategies. This study evaluated the effects of near-term climate change (centered on 2035) on irrigation demand, green water scarcity, and row crop yields in a major agricultural watershed in southern New Jersey, USA. Downscaled precipitation and temperature from six General Circulation Models (GCMs) for two representative concentration pathways (RCP-4.5 and 8.5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were used to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydrological model.Temperature and precipitation increases resulted in greater surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater recharge, and total streamflow. Seasonal ET for corn is projected to alter between −3.0 % to 0.5 %, with irrigation demand between −17 % to −1 %, and yield ranges between −4 % to +9 % depending on the GCMs in the RCP-4.5 scenario, with similar patterns projected by RCP-8.5 scenario. For soybean, the simulation also indicates a declining trend of ET and irrigation demand while increasing yield. Increasing yield for both crops is attributed to changes in agronomic management practices combined with genetically improved cultivars and higher soil fertility due to CO2 fertilization. Green water scarcity analysis under future climate change for corn and soybean display a decreased soil moisture stress due to increased water use efficiency resulting from reduced stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 concentration.

Potential Environmental Impacts of Peanut Using Water Footprint Assessment: A Case Study in Georgia

The recent decade has witnessed an increase in irrigated acreage in the southeast United States due to the shift in cropping patterns, climatic conditions, and water availability. Peanut, a major legume crop cultivated in Georgia, Southeast United States, has been a staple food in the American household. Regardless of its significant contribution to the global production of peanuts (fourth largest), studies related to local or regional scale water consumption in peanut production and its significant environmental impacts are scarce. Therefore, the present research contributes to the water footprint of peanut crops in eight counties of Georgia and its potential ecological impacts. The impact categories relative to water consumption (water depletion—green and blue water scarcity) and pesticide use (water degradation—potential freshwater ecotoxicity) using crop-specific characterization factors are estimated for the period 2007 to 2017 at the mid-point level. These impacts are transformed into damages to the area of protection in terms of ecosystem quality at the end-point level. This is the first county-wise quantification of the water footprint and its impact assessment using ISO 14046 framework in the southeast United States. The results suggest inter-county differences in water consumption of crops with higher blue water requirements than green and grey water. According to the water footprint analysis of the peanut crop conducted in this study, additional irrigation is recommended in eight Georgia counties. The mid-point level impact assessment owing to water consumption and pesticide application reveals that the potential freshwater ecotoxicity impacts at the planting and growing stages are higher for chemicals with high characterization factors regardless of lower pesticide application rates. Multiple regression analysis indicates blue water, yield, precipitation, maximum surface temperature, and growing degree days are the potential factors influencing freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. Accordingly, a possible impact pathway of freshwater ecotoxicity connecting the inventory flows and the ecosystem quality is defined. This analysis is helpful in the comparative environmental impact assessments for other major crops in Georgia and aids in water resource management decisions. The results from the study could be of great relevance to the southeast United States, as well as other regions with similar climatic zones and land use patterns. The assessment of water use impacts relative to resource availability can assist farmers in determining the timing and layout of crop planting.

Assessing the hotspots of crop water footprint in Jilin Province of China.

Water is one of the important key biophysical factors determining crop production. The increasing demand for crop products has placed substantial pressures on water resources and then led to a series of water issues. To shed light on multiple water issues in crop production, taking water footprint (WF) as a measurement, a WF hotspot index system including green water scarcity (GWS), blue water scarcity (BWS), water pollution level (WPL), water use efficiency ratio (WUER), and water use benefit ratio (WUBR) was constructed, and an empirical study was conducted to assess the WF hotspots of crop production in Jilin Province. Multiple types of hotspots exhibited obvious differences in spatio-temporal distribution. Hotspots of BWS and WPL were concentrated in the middle and western subregions and the grades of hotspots were higher in the drought and normal years. BWS and WPL had the same changing trend, showing superimposed distribution in space. Hotspots of GWS and WUBR occurred in most prefectures, whereas there were more WUBR hotspots and fewer GWS hotspots in the humid year. The hotspots of WUER were scattered in fewer prefectures with no obvious differences in different rainfall years. The water issues in the middle and western subregions were various and the grades of hotspots were higher than those in eastern subregion. The results of this study would contribute to comprehensively understanding various water issues during crop production and providing more information for sustainable agricultural water management.

Water security assessment with the improvement of modifying the boundary consistency between footprint and provision

Clarifying specific water resources distribution and quantifying water security are vital for sustainable management. There is still unexplored gap regarding security indicators as the linkage between water footprint and availability. This study proposed a dynamic water security assessment framework considering the boundary consistency between green water footprint and provision at multi spatio-temporal scales and applied it to Yalong River Basin (YLRB) of southwest China. Results show: 1) The temporal variation of blue water was stronger than green water. Green water flow exhibited more homogeneous spatial distribution than blue water and green water storage. 2) The hotspots of green water crisis were observed in the middle reach with the higher scarcity/vulnerability. 3) Under anthropogenic disturbance, pastureland exhibited lower green water sustainability with scarcity >1 than forest. 4) Lower green water scarcity denoted the potential for rain-fed agriculture in the southeastern YLRB and higher blue water security indicated the water supply prospect for socioeconomic utilization. This work contributes to ensure water resources sustainable management in eco-socioeconomic nexus.

An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation

An analytical review of physical blue and green water scarcity in terms of agricultural use, and its amenability to economic interpretation, is presented, employing more than 600 references. The main definitions and classifications involved and information about reserves and resources are critically analyzed, blue and green water scarcity are examined along with their interchange, while their causal connection with climate in general is analyzed along with the particular instances of Europe, Africa, Asia and the WANA region. The role of teleconnections and evaporation/moisture import-export is examined as forms of action at a distance. The human intervention scarcity driver is examined extensively in terms of land use land cover change (LULCC), as well as population increase. The discussion deals with following critical problems: green and blue water availability, inadequate accessibility, blue water loss, unevenly distributed precipitation, climate uncertainty and country level over global level precedence. The conclusion singles out, among others, problems emerging from the inter-relationship of physical variables and the difficulty to translate them into economic instrumental variables, as well as the lack of imbedding uncertainty in the underlying physical theory due to the fact that country level measurements are not methodically assumed to be the basic building block of regional and global water scarcity.

Clarifying Regional Water Scarcity in Agriculture based on the Theory of Blue, Green and Grey Water Footprints

Water scarcity mitigation in regional agricultural systems contributes to water use efficiency improvement. Blue (WSIblue), green (WSIgreen) and grey (WSIgrey) water scarcity indices were proposed to describe various water stresses in detail and further determine the type of regional water scarcity. WSIblue and WSIgreen reveal resource-based water scarcities, and WSIgrey characterizes environment-based water shortages. Provincial water scarcity indices of China from 2000–2014 were calculated and analyzed in the current paper. The results indicated that the national WSI, WSIgrey, WSIblue and WSIgreen values are 0.84, 0.16, 0.39 and 0.89, respectively. China is facing a high water stress, manifested as a resource-based water shortage. Northwest and Northeast China experience a severe water quantity scarcity with high WSIblue and WSIgreen values, and the central and eastern regions exhibit a high WSIgrey value. Eastern China faces both serious resource-based and environmental water shortages. The constructed blue, green and grey water scarcity indices compensate for the inability of the existing index to determine the type of water shortage and indicate the reason for water scarcity. They also provide a targeted guiding significance for the formulation of effective measures to improve agricultural water resource management and alleviate regional water scarcity.

Water Resources for Sustainable Healthy Diets: State of the Art and Outlook

Sustainable healthy diets are high on the research and policy agendas. One of the crucial resources to provide such diets are water resources. This paper provides a brief overview of the current research state regarding this topic, with a focus on the water footprint concept, as latter quantifies water use along a supply chain. The water footprint (WF) quantifies blue and green water consumption, as both these water resources are essential for food and energy production as well as for the environment. Different kinds of information are embedded in a dietary WF and different data sources and modelling approaches exist, leading to WF dietary amounts that are not always directly comparable. A full sustainability assessment of a dietary WF encompasses three components: (1) an equity assessment of the total WF amount; (2) an efficiency assessment for each food item in the diet as well as (3) an impact assessment (blue water stress and green water scarcity) for each food item in the diet. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research on the topic, listing the following points: (1) future clarity in system boundary and modelling assumptions, with comparison of results between different approaches; (2) full sustainability assessments including all three components; (3) dietary footprint family assessments with the WF as one member; (4) WF assessments for multiple dietary regimes with support to the development of local dietary guidelines and (5) assessment of the synergies with LCA-based mid-point (scarcity-weighted WF) and end-point (especially human health) indicators and evaluation of the validity and empirical significance of these two indicators

The water footprint of carbon capture and storage technologies

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important technology to reduce fossil CO2 emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Scenarios for CCS deployment consistent with global climate goals involve gigatonne-scale deployment of CCS within the next several decades. CCS technologies typically involve large water consumption during their energy-intensive capture process. Despite potential concerns, the water footprint of large-scale CCS adoption consistent with stringent climate change mitigation has not yet been explored. This study presents the water footprints (m3 water per tonne CO2 captured) of four prominent CCS technologies: Post-combustion CCS, Pre-combustion CCS, Direct Air CCS, and Bioenergy with CCS. Depending on technology, the water footprint of CCS ranges from 0.74 to 575 m3 H2O/tonne CO2. Bioenergy with CCS is the technology that has the highest water footprint per tonne CO2 captured, largely due to the high water requirements associated with transpiration. The widespread deployment of CCS to meet the 1.5 °C climate target would almost double anthropogenic water footprint. Consequently, this would likely exacerbate and create green and blue water scarcity conditions in many regions worldwide. Climate mitigation scenarios with a diversified portfolio of CCS technologies have lower impacts on water resources than scenarios relying mainly on one of them. The water footprint assessment of CCS is a crucial factor in evaluating these technologies. Water-scarce regions should prioritize water-efficient CCS technologies in their mitigation goals. In conclusion, the most water-efficient way to stabilize the Earth's climate is to rapidly decarbonize our energy systems and improve energy efficiency.